ACKNOWLED

GEMENT

I would like to express my deep gratitude and sincere

thanks to all who have supported me and helped to
complete my project successfully.
I am sincerely thankful to Ar. VIBHA UPADHYAYA and
Ar. ALOK KUMAR MAURYA

my mentors for their

guidance and guidance at the time of need.

Page | 1

Serial No.

Topics Covered

Page No.

1.

Aim / Scope

2.

Flexibility of Spaces (Introduction)

3.

Functionalism

4.

.Flexibility Properties of Space

5.

Examples of Flexibility of Spaces

10

i. Walking Architecture
ii. Milwaukee Art Museum
iii. Multipurpose Equipments
6.

Advantages

12

7.

Building Automation (Introduction)

13

8.

Intelligent building technologies incorporate

14

9.

BMS and Benefits

17

10.

Intelligent Safety Systems

18

i. CCTV
ii. Access Control System
iii. Smoke Detectors
Page | 2

iv. Fire Sprinklers

11.

Intelligent Comfort System

23

12.

Passive Infrared Occupancy System

24

13.

BMS and Illumination System

25

14.

Automation Software

27

15.

Extra Features

29

16.

Alarms and Events Handlimg

33

17.

How and What to Display

37

18.

Necessary Customization in the CAIFI System

38

19.

Planning and Installation of the System

40

Page | 3

AIM
The aim of my research is to incorporate
the concept of Flexibility of spaces inside
the building and provide Building
Automation (manual/Automatic control of
networking systems).

Page | 4

SCOPE
To design a building in which spaces are
flexible to use according to the
functionality.

This technique reduces the no. of spaces

to be designed for various purposes.

Building Automation helps to keep

monitoring different automatic systems.
Eg. CCTVs, Projectors, Security Alarms,
Maintaining HVAC System, etc..
Page | 5

FLEXIBILITY OF SPACES
(in a building)

The objective of flexibility in the architecture is to

provide spaces with simply changing structures
respect to changes in required performance and
application.
Though architectural spaces could be identified and
restricted through physical elements such as floor,
ceiling, and walls and so on, it should be designed
in a way that changes flexibly.
For example, the space may be required to be
uncovered most of the time and sometimes be roof
Page | 6

covered, or simply the space may be required to be

shrunk or expand.
Flexibility of constructional elements depends on
dissociation of mobility and load.
Therefore it could be pointed out to more cases of
flexible design since structural systems succeeded
to separate the load and mobility.
Eg. Of Domino house - The plan included flat
plates (as floor and roof), some pillar supports (to
stand against level loads) and stairs to connect
levels together. No inner walls were included except
for space partitioning. So inner walls could be
located wherever required that result in absolute
liberalization in form and design flexibility.

FUNCTIONALISM

Page | 7

 Functionalism, in architecture, is the

principle that a building should be
designed in order to function properly.
It implies a Multi-functional space.
The space has to be capable of
accommodating various conditions, so
flexible space has to be designed to fulfill
requirements that depend on the
functions that are supposed to be in the
space.

Page | 8

Flexible Properties of
Space

Fluidity represents the design of space for flows of

individuals, sight, sound, and air.
Open spaces lend themselves to fluidity.
Well-placed windows can also increase a sense of flow and
connection between spaces.
Page | 9

 Versatility indicates the property of space that allows for

multiple uses.
Cafeterias, auditoriums, and "multi-purpose
rooms" signal one mode of versatility.

Convertibility designates the ease of adapting educational

space for new uses.
Space designed for convertibility requires
an imagination for future eventualities; it should possess a
degree of modularity and open-endedness at a structural level
a design open to re-design by others.

Scalability describes a property of space for expansion or

contraction.

Page | 10

Tightly coupled spaces (rooms, corridors, etc.) may

utilize space efficiently in the short run but present costly
obstacles for later growth.

Modifiability is the spatial property which invites active

manipulation and appropriation.
Spaces that lend themselves to quick
reconfiguration are comprised of mobile components such as
walls, partitions, furniture, and equipment. The spaces must
take into account many structural dependencies such as ceiling
configuration for lighting and air circulation, floor materials for
ease of partition movement, etc.

Support Mobility
Consider wireless technology and mobile phones to
enable workers to move

effortlessly among spaces

as their needs change.

Page | 11

Provide a multiplicity of spaces for individual and group

work.

Enable Informal Social Interaction

Provide multiple places to meet and greet.
Locate the interaction places centrally along well traveled
pathways to encourage use and interaction.
Design the circulation system with informal
communication opportunities in mind.

Design for a Variety of Meeting Sizes and Types

Page | 12

Provide enclosed rooms to support groups of different

sizes.
If open informal spaces are used, make sure that they are
separated from individual
quiet spaces.
Consider sharing meeting spaces among offices.
Provide visual display technologies and for group work.
Consider the use of dedicated project rooms for some
types of group work.

Support Individual Concentration

If open spaces such as pods or bull pens are used, provide
attractive acoustically sound rooms for individual
concentration as needed.
Locate concentration booths close to work spaces.
Zone space for range of quiet and interactive needs.
Page | 13

EXMAPLES OF FLEXIBLE SPACES

WALKING ARCHITECTURE
"Walking City"
The idea of Walking City. This fancy dream emerged in
"Ron Herron"s plan in 1965. In those plans buildings of
a city are depicted as a living creature with walking
foots same as an octopus and are capable of walking
around. It is probable that this idea comes true same as
old sci-fi stories of "Joule Wren", however it would serve
as a motive to create simpler abstract models for the
todays architecture. Though no moving building has
Page | 14

been constructed yet, it is reasonable to find similarities

between small building and vehicles riding on the
ground, going into the deep part of ocean, and flying
up to the sky. Dynamic Walking
Dynamic walking in parts of the structure may represent
the high-tech constructional arts and engineering of
current era. Dynamics of the structures basic elements
(such as ceiling, floor, walls and so on) in the modern
architecture take place for two main objects; better
utilization of space, and creation of an abstract and
delusive concepts.
Structure of dynamic configuration is one of the main
concerns of architect such as "Santiago Calatrava" in
recent years. He is one of the experts of linking
structure and modern architecture and has researched
on dynamic behaviors of structures and architectures.
He believes that buildings as a part of the nature could
change. So he has inspired his ideas of dynamic plans
Page | 15

from the nature. One the prominent sample of such

idea could be seen in Art Museum of "Milwaukee"
which is a metaphor of wing hove of a bird.

MILWAUKEE ART MUSEUM

OPENING-CLOSING STRUCTURES
Everything in the nature experiences change, evolution,
and movement. Movement also includes expansion and
shrinkage of body forms.
Expanding

structures

or

simply

openingclosing

structures same as other artifact manufactured by

human being are inspired by the nature.
Blooming of bud or blossom is the design origin of "Fre
Otto" and "Mahmood Bodo Rosch" in forms of ceiling
Page | 16

of Prophet Mosque in Medina that is made of canvas to

be opened and closed at ease so in hot weather of the
day could provide people with shadow and could be
opened if not needed.

MULTI PURPOSE EQUIPMENT- FOLDING FURNITUREFURNITURE COLLECTION AND SHRINKAGE

Maximum & optimum utilization of the space require
multipurpose design of furniture in the space as
combined and easily moving.
Today lots of furniture is designed using folding
patterns or drawer included with mechanical or electrical
features.
Space

limitations

and

constraints

of

the

modern

generation made manufacturing of furniture as simple

and efficient as possible and provide features such as
Page | 17

easily moving, folding, shrinking, and combining with

other applications to be accepted by the public.
Industrial design of such tools with the aim of maximum
efficiency takes place through ergonomic and human
fitness.

ADVANTAGES

Unique Open Space room and service structure

Completely flexible room structure
Partition walls easy to be integrated and changed later
Air management possible even when layouts change later
Industrial production of all components
Interdisciplinary guarantee
Lowest possible building height
Parallel installation of all trades on the floor

Page | 18

 Shortest possible planning and building time

Simplest Maintenance

BUILDING AUTOMATION
Building automation systems (BAS) are networks of microprocessor
controls that:
=> control the climate in the building
=> supervise and control the heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning equipment

Page | 19

=> perform facility management (generate reports, graphs and

annunciate alarms when there is a problem)
=> perform energy management strategies to reduce operating
and energy costs.
=> integrate building systems such as security, fire alarm, lighting
controls,etc.

Building automation is the goal that a Building Automation System

(BAS) attempts to achieve. The computer networking of electronic
devices designed to monitor and control the mechanical, security,
fire and flood safety, lighting (especially emergency
lighting), HVAC and humidity control and ventilation systems in a
building.

BAS core functionality keeps building climate within a specified

range, light rooms based on an occupancy schedule monitors
performance and device failures in all systems, provides malfunction
alarms.

Page | 20

The most common example of room automation is corporate

boardroom, presentation suites, and lecture halls, where the
operation of the large number of devices that define the room
function (eg. videoconferencing equipment, video
projectors, lighting control systems, public address systems etc.)
would make manual operation of the room very complex. It is
common for room automation systems to employ a touch
screen as the primary way of controlling each operation.

INTELLIGENT BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES INCORPORATE

Fire and life safety systems

Heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC)
Elevators and escalators
Access control systems and security systems
Lighting management
Energy management systems
Telecommunications
IT infrastructure
Community infrastructure
End user services

Page | 21

INTELLIGETNT BUILDING

Page | 22

o Many building automation systems have alarm capabilities. If

an alarm is detected, it can be programmed to notify
someone. Notification can be through a computer, pager,
cellular phone, or audible alarm. Fire detection and alarm
systems as per NFPA72 and AHJ requirements, and in
accordance with project and design guidelines.

Page | 23

o Main/repeater fire alarm control panel, smoke/heat detectors,

visual/audible strobes and manual call points are integral
components of the system.

Page | 24

Building Management System Panel

With the usage of various building automation techniques
the energy efficiency is possible
With the help of occupancy sensors provided in various
areas of the building, the service plants can be brought
into operation only when needed and also to the
optimum, thereby leading to huge energy savings
Page | 25

BMS AND BENEFITS

General
BMS improves quality of built environment,
efficiency of workstations, while allowing great
savings in energy consumption

Security and Life safety systems

With the introduction of the various security
and life safety systems like Smart Access
control, Smoke detector, Fire alarm and Fire

Page | 26

sprinkler, the environment can be made much

easy and fear free to work with.

Mechanical systems
Provide an acceptable level of temperature and
humidity and safe guard against odours and
indoor air pollutants.
Create a sense of habitability through air
movement, ventilation and slight temperature
variation.
Allow the occupant to control and modify
conditions to suit individual preferences.

INTELLIGENT SAFETY SYSTEMS

Page | 27

Life safety factors involved in Intelligent

Buildings are:
Closed-circuit television
Card access control
Smoke detection
Emergency control of elevator, doors
,HVAC system
UPS
Data access security
Page | 28

CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISIONS AND

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of

video cameras to transmit a signal to a
specific, limited set of monitors.
It differs from broadcast television in that the
signal is not openly transmitted, though it
may employ point wireless links. CCTV is
Page | 29

often used for surveillance in areas, which

need security, such as banks, casinos, airports
etc.
Modern

CCTV

cameras

use

small

high

definition color cameras that can not only

focus to resolve minute detail, but by linking
the control of the cameras to a computer,
objects can be tracked automatically

ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

Controlling access to any premise is of vital

importance at present, whether it is a high
security area such as a Hospital, Airport, Bank,
Page | 30

or any common building such as an Insurance

Office, School, or Department store.

There are: Portrait ID System, Swipe Card

Access Control Systems, Biometric Access
Control Systems

SMOKE DETECTION SYSTEM

Smoke is often the first sign that the fire is

occurring, therefore an automatic detection
system based on smoke detectors is a
valuable tool in the early section of fire
Smoke detectors are commonly classified by
their mode of operation.
Page | 31

Ionization Smoke Detector

Ionization smoke detector uses a radioactive
material to convert the air contained within
an ionization chamber into positive and
negative charges.

Page | 32

Photoelectric Smoke Detectors

Photoelectric smoke detectors use light to
detect visible smoke particles produced by
burning material.

SMOKE DETECTOR

Page | 33

FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

General
Fire sprinklers are very useful in extinguishing
the fire before it spreads out.
More than extinguishing its very important to
control it. Especially in libraries, office
buildings, hotels etc, its service is invaluable.
Fire sprinklers can be automatic or open
orifice type.
Page | 34

Automatic fire sprinkler

Automatic fire sprinklers operate at a
predetermined temperature, utilizing a fusible
link, a portion of which melts, or a frangible
glass bulb containing liquid which breaks,
allowing the plug in. the orifice to be pushed
out of the orifice by the water pressure in the
fire sprinkler piping, resulting in water flow
from the orifice

Page | 35

AUTOMATIC FIRE
SPRINKLER

INTELLIGENT COMFORT SYSTEMS

It is difficult to get an optimum working

environment only through design for the
whole year.
Mechanical fans, desert coolers, airconditioners etc. supplement the indoor
comfort to a great extent. But all these are
operated and controlled manually in general.

Page | 36

At the same time some artificial intelligent

systems like Occupancy Sensors, Temperature
Sensors etc. can be used to sense the
temperature increase and the presence of
occupants to decide comfort level required to
achieve the optimum conditions.

Page | 37

PASSIVE INFRARED OCCUPANCY

SENSORS (PIR)

Passive Infrared Occupancy Sensor turns lights

on and off based on the occupancy.
When the PIR sensor detects a change in the
infrared heat radiated within the controlled
area, lighting systems are switched ON.
When occupants leave the area, lighting is
switched OFF after the user adjustable time
delay elapses.

Page | 38

BMS AND ILLUMINATION SYSTEM

Lighting up the building is an art.

Without proper illumination the entire space
will look dull, creating an uncomfortable
working space. Any how we cannot depend
Page | 39

on artificial lights alone. It will add up the

running costs.
Hence some methods to bring natural light
inside the habitable space shall be sort out.

LIGHTING CONTROL
With the help of a light dimming device its
possible to control the intensity of lights
especially when its requirement becomes less.
This can be made possible by suitably
integrating the lighting systems with the BMS
Page | 40

through sensors by which it is also possible to

turn off the lights automatically when its not
needed. Hence there is the economy in using
the building.

Different control systems exist, again timebased control and optimizer parameter-based
where a level of luminance or particular use
of lighting is required.
Zones: lights are switched on
corresponding to the use and layout of
the lit areas, in order to avoid lighting a

Page | 41

large area if only a small part of it needs

light.
Time control: to switch on and off
automatically in each zone to a preset
schedule for light use.
Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Occupancy sensing:
In areas which are occupied intermittently,
occupancy sensors can be used to indicate
whether anybody is present or not, and
switch the light on or off accordingly.
Light level monitoring: this consists of
switching or dimming artificial lighting to
maintain task-specific light level measured
by a photocell.
Page | 42

AUTOMATION SOFTWARE

Automation systems directly receive sensed

information from the peripheries. Usually this
vendor-specific software runs on a computer,
where administrators can monitor the
collected information.
Automation system software shows the
input values of the measurement and usually
allows users to monitor the map of the
sensors.

Page | 43

 Unfortunately these systems rarely support

exporting the collected information, though
its an essential condition to the integration
with CAIFI systems.
Different automation systems can have
different database and/or file storage formats.
Automation systems can be integrated with
a chosen CAIFI system, if they are connected
with interfaces or if they know each others
database and file storage formats and their
locations.
CAIFM systems usually can open/reach only
Geographic Information System (GIS) and

Page | 44

ComputerAided Design (CAD) files, though

there are some limitations.
Generally objects of CAIFM systems are
stored in GIS or CAD-based graphical files,
while peripheral inputs are in other file
formats or in databases, but inputs of sensors
that collect spatial
information (e.g. GPS) are stored in databases,
instead of files.
Latest stored information of each stored
sensor periphery means the current state of
the observed objects.
If only changes are stored or sent, capacity
needs in the system can be significantly
Page | 45

reduced, however sometimes sensed

information have to be sent, else any data
errors in the network, processing or storage
can result false values in the CAIFI system.

EXTRA FEATURES:
History list (changes with time-codes; not
supported if file-storage is used),

Page | 46

 Several periphery-specific reporting and

analysis possibilities.
3.3 Data exchange and data processing.
Among the monitoring and CAFI systems can
be even used one or more (third-party) data
processing units (e.g. services or software
agents), but some CAFI systems are currently
able to reach the collected and stored data in
shared databases or through interfaces.
In remote-sensing automation systems the
distance between the sensor and the
monitoring/control units can significantly
differ either inside the system (e.g. GPS and
temperature sensors response times), but a
little delay usually will not heart the
automation system.
Page | 47

The remote-sensing systems collect and store

peripheral information in different frequency,
so alarm conditions needs to be re-evaluated
in the CAFI system every time a data change
occurs.
Data processing units (DPU) are usually
software agents, daemons or services that
execute those works that are not supported in
the connected subsystems.
There is need for data processing if the
connected automation and CAIFI systems or
any periphery in the system could not do
that.

Page | 48

Data Processing Units can access and

manipuate each subsystems database, so
they can even be used for mirroring the
database
of the automation systems and notify the
CAIFI system. DPU-s can even have an ownuse-database.
Data processing can be executed
In the peripheral devices,
Between peripheries and the automation
system (as a DPU),
In the automation system,

Page | 49

 Between automation and CAIFI systems (as

a DPU),
In the CAIFI system,
More from the options above,
Nowhere, if no data processing needed.

Data exchange is usually implemented in

interfaces, shared databases or common-used
files on both the input and output sides.
The algorithms are usually periphery-specific
(e.g. video or audio compressing).

Page | 50

With data processing anyone can:

Create new structures (e.g. new database
tables using the received input data),
Compress the collected data for storing or
sending through a low-bandwidth network,
Transform data between two systems (if
they wouldnt understand each others
otherwise).
With data loss compression techniques
network bandwidth and/or storage needs can
be highly reduced, meanwhile multimediaquality remains enjoyable, but later analyzing
may require better media quality.
Page | 51

They usually require to be decompressed

before analyzing, so processing may become
slower. Additionally, these compression
techniques may clear the analysed
information from the data sources.

Page | 52

ALARMS AND EVENT HANDLING

Alarms are usually supported in CAIFI
systems. They are triggers that can alert the
specialists (e.g. by showing a message-box or
optionally with some sound), if the formally
given logical condition becomes to true (false)
or is true (false).
These conditions should be re-evaluated by
every expression input data change, whether
these inputs come from automation systems
or not. CAIFI systems should automatically
Page | 53

sense these changes, re-evaluate and start

alarms.
Note, that even the current CAIFI systems are
not able to sense the data changes in outer
databases, so software agents needed for the
proper integration if the system needs to
handle alerts based on such information.
Unfortunately, the production of software
agents needs programming, but the
integration can become very expensive.
This time software agents should sense the
data change and notify the CAFI system, so it
can react.

Page | 54

Since usually there is no event that can be

sensed by the software agent if some data
change occurs in the observed database(s),
the agents often poll these database(s),
searching for data changes.
It may need full mirror of the observed
database data for later comparison.
If the database size is large or can become
large, it can result significant process time
consumption that can be critical for the
operation ofthe whole system.
Usually agents can notify the CAFM system
only indirectly, by changing its database, so
the CAFM system can sense the changes and

Page | 55

raise alerts if some logical conditions

automatically re evaluated value needs it.

Of course, agents in this model can be even

used to process any data.
These conditions may use more separated
automation systems sensed data in the same
expression, thats a kind of integration more,
separated automation systems.
Responsibility could become very high,
because these alerts may trigger even
catastrophes (e.g. fire in the observed rooms).
Because of some errors between the
Automation System and the CAIFI system,
users wont be alerted by the system at all.
Page | 56

If automation systems support alarms, from

security reasons its suggested to alert in the
relevant subsystem.

If the automation system doesnt support it,

or needs to make an alarm with a condition
that needs input from separated automation
systems, the alarm should be implemented in
the connected CAIFI system.

If the CAIFI system receives every sensed

information without information loss filtering,
changes and events can be displayed in a
history-list for the whole system. Automation
systems may not support it, and this way all
Page | 57

the historical information could be seen from

here.

This report could be used for later historical

analysis of the observed objects and the
information system.

Unfortunately neither CAIFI nor automation

systems support user interface integration.
Vendor-specific automation systems are
closed systems with various storage formats.

Page | 58

There are such systems that doesnt support

that third-party applications (e.g. CAIFI
systems) can access their data.
Therere no standards in any side, so
integration on the user interface is rarely
supported.

Page | 59

HOW AND WHAT TO DISPLAY

The CAIFI systems usually show a CAD-layout,

where users can choose the appropriate
object. Additional supported navigation
methods are usually even simple (e.g. treebox based search).
If CAIFI systems support displaying different
kinds of sensed information that is linked to
the object, with some customisation the

Page | 60

sensed data and their links can be displayed

with
previous data fields.
Display sensed information in custom fields
among conventional FM information for a
chosen object,
Show remote sensors on the user interface
of the CAIFI system,
Show reports with this information,
Displays time-coded historic information.

Page | 61

NECESSARY CUSTOMIZING IN THE CAIFI

SYSTEM

Unlike the vendor-specific automation

systems usually doesnt support it,
customisation is highly supported in CAIFI
systems. In these systems needs to be defined
how to get and display information from AS-s
or DPU-s.
For integrated displaying new data fields,
alerts and reports should be generated.
To reach the automation information in CAIFI
systems, needs to set up data-exchange
Page | 62

interfaces, or the shared databases and files

should be bind with the newly created data
fields on the user interface.
Since every system dont support such
customisation, we should choose an
appropriate CAIFI system.
Sometimes we should use or implement
third-party applications (DPU-s) to connect
the automation and CAIFI systems correctly.
In such cases for the CAIFI system DPU- s
behave like automation systems.

Page | 63

If position changes occur, usually these

changes cant change the graphical CAD- or
GIS based map. So, if a wall crashes down, it
wont be eliminated from the showed CAD
map, but alerts can be generated.
In such cases the showed map needs
redrawing (e.g. an alarm can support alerting
the specialists), but it would be usually hard
to follow changes. If we need this, we can
implement appropriate DPU-s that can redraw
the map automatically.

Page | 64

PLANNING AND INSTALLING THE SYSTEMS

Its suggestable to follow the steps below for

a successful integration:
Collecting the requirements,
Logical planning,
Page | 65

 Includes hardware and software plans, the

logical specification of each subsystems (AS,
CAIFI and optionally DPU- s) and database,
network, device sizing (storage and input
periphery
sizing),
Have to decide whether to purchase a
customizable solution or develop an own
application for CAIFI and AS purposes,
Phisical planning and planning system
integration,

Page | 66

 Installing the separated subsystems

(automation systems, the CAIFI system and
optionally the DPU-s),
Build the connection between Automation
System(s) and CAIFI system
Hardware-level: network connection,
Software-level: interfaces, DPU-s, share files
and/or databases,
Customize the CAIFI system
Create alerts, reports and custom used data
fields, etc.

Page | 67

 Functional, value and integration tests

(including catastrophe tests).

Page | 68