20 Presentation CHPs Cogen - Tech - Env - Benefits 57pp PDF

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration
EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III
Cogeneration Technologies and Its

Environmental Benefits
Seminar on COGEN 3: A Business Facilitator
Manila, Philippines
20-21 August 2002
Cebu, Philippines
22 August 2002
Bangkok, Thailand
20 August 2002
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
22-23 August 2002
Jakarta, Indonesia
26-27 August 2002
Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
28-29 August 2002
Hanoi, Vietnam
30-31 August 2002
Singapore
30 August 2002
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2-3 September 2002
Outline
1.
Cogeneration
2.
Steam Turbine Cogeneration
3.
Gas Turbine Cogeneration
4.
Combined Cycle Cogeneration
5.
Gas Engine Cogeneration
6.
Steam Engine Cogeneration
7.
Cogeneration Case Studies
8.
Environmental Benefits of Cogeneration
Cogeneration or Combined Heat

and Power (CHP)
Sequential generation of two different
forms of useful energy using a single
primary energy source
Most usual:
electrical (or mechanical)
thermal: heating or cooling
Benefits of Cogeneration
Lower primary energy consumption
Reduced energy bills
No transmission and distribution losses
Less burden on national government for
power generation
Less environmental pollution
Conventional Power Generation vs

Cogeneration
Conventional system
Cogeneration system
Efficiency Comparison between Cogeneration and

Separate Production of Electricity and Heat
Separate Production of Electricity and Heat
Fuel
Power Plant
100
Fuel
100
Boiler
Electricity
36
Total efficiency:
=
Heat
80
36 + 80
200
= 0.58
Cogeneration
Fuel
100
Cogeneration
System
Electricity
Total efficiency:
30
Heat
55
30 + 55
100
(Numbers below arrows represent units of energy in typical values)

Source: The European Educational Tool on Cogeneration, 2nd ed., December 2001
= 0.85
Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters

Prime Mover in
Cogeneration Package
Nominal Range
(Electrical)
Efficiencies %
Electrical
Conversion
Overall
Cogeneration
10 100 MW
17 34
Up to 80*
Smaller Gas Turbines
800 10,000 kW
24 31
74 81
Larger Gas Turbines
10 20 MW
26 31
78 81
Smaller Reciprocating
Gas Engines
10 500 kW
20 32
74 82
Larger Reciprocating
Gas Engines
500 3,000 kW
26 36
76 86
Steam Turbines
NOTE: Adapted from Cogeneration Handbook California Energy Commission, 1982

* taken from Cogeneration Guide Cogen Europe
Characteristics of an Ideal
Cogeneration Facility
Reliable power requirement
Utilisation of higher thermal energy
(kWth) than electricity (kWe)
Quite stable load patterns of thermal
energy and electricity
Long operating hours
High price of grid
inaccessibility to grid
electricity
or
Typical Cogeneration Applications

Industrial cogeneration
wood and agro-industries, food processing,
pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, oil refinery,
textile industry, steel industry, cement industry,
glass industry, ceramic industry
Residential/commercial/institutional
cogeneration
hospitals, schools & universities, hotels, houses
& apartments, stores & supermarkets, office
buildings

Principle

Main Elements
Boiler
Turbine
Fixed grate boiler

Inclined grate boiler
Travelling grate boiler
Vibrating grate boiler
Fluidised bed boiler
Circulated fluidised bed boiler
Back pressure turbine

Extraction condensing turbine
Generator
Condenser
Feed water pump

Application
Appropriate for sites where
Electrical base load is over 250 kWe
High pressure process steam is required
Cheap, low-premium fuel is available
High grade process waste heat is available
Existing boiler plant is in need of
replacement
Section Through of a Steam Turbine of Higher

Output

Possible Fuels
Biomass, solid waste
Coal
Natural gas
Petroleum
Others: basically every fuel that can be
burnt in a boiler

Advantages
Versatility of fuel
Well-established technology
Flexibility in the size of plants
Disadvantages
Low electrical plant efficiency
Low part load performance
High operating cost

Basics
Fuel is burnt in a pressurised combustion
chamber using combustion air supplied by
a compressor
Conversion of mechanical energy (turbine)
into electrical energy with the help of the
generator.
Utilisation of gases escaping from the
turbine for heat supply.

Principle

Application
Suitable if
Power demand is continuous and over 1
MWe
Natural gas is available (though not a
limiting factor)
There is high demand for medium/high
pressure steam or hot water, particularly
at temperature higher than 140 C
Section Through of a Gas Turbine of Higher Output

Possible Fuels
Gas
Petroleum
Kerosene
Light oil
Diesel oil
Gasification of coal

Advantages
High reliability
Wide fuel range capability
Relatively low investment cost per kW
electrical output
Low emission
Disadvantages
Poor efficiency at low loading (but can
operate continuously at low loads)
High maintenance cost
High fuel cost
Combined Cycle Cogeneration
Combined Steam-and-Gas Cycle Cogeneration

Principle

Possible Fuels
Gas
Petroleum
Fuels obtained through
gasification of biomass or coal

Advantages
High electrical efficiency
Disadvantages
Only suitable for high electrical output
High operating cost

Basics

Application
Suitable for sites where
Power or processes are cyclical or not
continuous
Low pressure steam or medium or low
temperature hot water are required
Low heat to power demand ratio

Main types
1. Compression-ignition (diesel)
engines [100 kWe to 20 MWe]
2. Spark-ignition engines [3 kWe to
10 MWe]

Possible Fuels
Biogas
Natural gas
Gas oil
Heavy fuel oil

Advantages
High power efficiency over a wide load
range
Relatively low investment cost per kWe
electrical output
Multi-fuel capability
Low exhaust emission
Disadvantages
High levels of low frequency noise
High maintenance cost

Basics

Steam throughput rates up to 40 tph
Power outputs up to 1,500 kW
Intake pressures from 6 to 60 bars
Steam temperatures from saturated
steam to 450 C
Back pressures up to 25 bars

Possible Fuels
Coal
Petroleum
Biomass, garbage
Others: basically every fuel is possible
Efficiency
Electrical efficiency :
Overall efficiency
6 20%
: 80 90 %

Advantages
Long service life
Very good part-load performance
Mature technology
Disadvantages
Low electrical plant efficiency
Requires much maintenance work
Noise intensive
Cogeneration Case Studies
Cogeneration Case Study (I)

A Rice Husk Fired Plant in Thailand
2.5 MW Cogeneration Plant
Steam boiler :
Reciprocating inclined grate type
Capacity: 17 tph, 35 bar, 420 oC
Turbine : 2.5 MW gross
Cost : 3.60 M (1997)
Customer : Chia Meng Co., Ltd., Thailand
Cogeneration Case Study (II)

Hybrid Cogeneration Plant in Thailand
Uses
6
2
2
4
x
x
x
x
35 MW gas turbine generators

152 MW steam turbine generators
Circulating Fluidised Bed Boilers
Heat Recovery Units
Primary fuels:
Natural gas
Indonesian bituminous coal
Back-up fuel:
Diesel oil
Cogeneration Case Study (II)

Hybrid Cogeneration Plant in Thailand
Cost: approx. 600 M

Product
514 MW electricity
200 tph steam (medium pressure)
150 m3/h demineralised water
Environmental Benefits of
Cogeneration
Increased energy efficiency leads to less

emissions
Less contribution to acid rain phenomenon
Significant reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions
Elimination of unwanted solid wastes
Source: Joule Thermie, 1997
Emissions Associated with Cogeneration

CO2, CH4 and N2O
Direct Greenhouse Gas

Effect
CO, NOX and NMVOC
Indirect Greenhouse Gas

Effect
NOX and SOX
Acid rain
CO
Public health
Particulates
Public health
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

and Cogeneration
CDM can be defined as
a mechanism under which developed countries can
implement GHG mitigation projects in developing
countries and acquire Certified Emission
Reductions to meet a part of their commitments.
How does CDM work for Cogeneration?

If you are developing/implementing any
project, such as cogeneration, which results in
the global mitigation of Greenhouse Gas effect
(caused by CO2, CH4 and N2O emission) then
you could get a certificate for your emission
mitigation (Certified Emission Reduction
CER).
1 Unit = 1 ton of CO2 equivalent mitigation
How does CDM work for cogeneration?

(continued)
This CER can be sold in the international market.

Current market price: 2 - 4 US$ / ton of CO2
equivalent
Expected to increase depending on the demand
and supply
For more information on CDM

http://unfccc.int/cdm/ebhome.html
http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Climate_Cha
nge/CDM.html
http://www.unido.org/knitt/
http://unfccc.int/cdm/
http://www.unctad.org/ghg/Projects/project
s.htm
http://www.ieta.org/
http://www.itut.de/cdm/pages/aboutCDM_c
ycle.html

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Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Cogeneration Technologies and Its

20-21 August 2002

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

22-23 August 2002

26-27 August 2002

Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

28-29 August 2002

30-31 August 2002

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2-3 September 2002

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Steam Turbine Cogeneration

Gas Turbine Cogeneration

Combined Cycle Cogeneration

Gas Engine Cogeneration

Steam Engine Cogeneration

Cogeneration Case Studies

Environmental Benefits of Cogeneration

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Cogeneration or Combined Heat

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Conventional Power Generation vs

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

Efficiency Comparison between Cogeneration and

(Numbers below arrows represent units of energy in typical values)

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters

Smaller Gas Turbines

Larger Gas Turbines

NOTE: Adapted from Cogeneration Handbook California Energy Commission, 1982

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Typical Cogeneration Applications

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Steam Turbine Cogeneration

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Steam Turbine Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

Steam Turbine Cogeneration

Fixed grate boiler

Back pressure turbine

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Steam Turbine Cogeneration

Clean Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III

Section Through of a Steam Turbine of Higher

EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme Phase III