113

CHAPTER 6
VECTOR CONTROL OF DOUBLY FED
INDUCTION GENERATORS

6.1

DESCRIPTION
One of the most recent rotor-side-control schemes is the doubly fed

induction generator. The method uses bi-directional AC-AC converters in the

rotor circuit to control the currents injected into the rotor. The converters,
being bi-directional, can be used to feed the rotor power back to the grid,
reducing rotor power losses and surmounting the main drawback of the rotor
resistance control.
Vector control techniques can be applied to control rotor currents to
achieve fast and decoupled control of the generator (Tapia et al 2003). This
chapter describes the control of doubly fed induction generators using vector
control principles and discusses the effectiveness of the control strategy in
controlling the output power in the presence of disturbances.
6.2

PRINCIPLE OF CONTROL
The control strategy involves the control of the rotor currents to

control the torque and speed of the induction generator, to achieve output
power control. Vector control also enables the decoupled control of stator flux
and electromagnetic torque (Darviersiang et al 2006).

114

Doubly fed control methodologies can generally be broken into two

categories: direct torque control and vector control. Direct torque control
(DTC) is a non-linear type of control that operates in a hysterisis manner. It
identifies the state of certain variables, such as flux and torque, and makes a
decision about what rotor voltage to apply to drive the state to a desired value.
A description of DTC for a cage induction machine can be found in
(Nakra et al 1988). The other form of doubly-fed control is vector control,
which is a linear control structure based on simple single input, single output
type controllers (Proportional Integration, for example) or more advanced
state space theory (Yazhou et al 2006). A rotating reference frame is used to
decompose complicated three-phase relationships to orthogonal components.
Vector control is used in this research.
6.3

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The block diagram of the doubly fed generator, operating in the

super synchronous mode is shown in Figure 6.1 (Leonhard 1996 and Liexu
et al 2006). The stator is directly connected to the grid. The rotor is also
connected to the grid but by means of two back-to-back pulse width
modulation converters. The rotor side converter is current controlled to inject
the desired currents into the rotor (Fernando Valenciage 2007).
When the machine is operating in the generating mode, the
mechanical power Pm gets converted into electrical power in the stator (Pstator)
and in the rotor (Protor). The rotor power is processed by the PWM converters
and the grid side converter can be controlled to feed this power as both real
and reactive powers (Pr and Qr) (Rajib Datta et al, 2002). Thus, the induction
generator system is capable of generating a limited amount of reactive power,
unlike the pitch control or rotor resistance controlled wind energy systems.

115

The system can usually be made to operate at a unity power factor with a
10 % control range on the power factor for the entire system.

Pstator
Pm

Grid

AC / DC

DC / AC

Pr, Qr

Protor

Figure 6.1 Structure of the doubly fed induction generator

6.4

DFIG STEADY STATE THEORY

An analytical method for the determination of the steady-state

control laws of the doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) used in wind
turbines is presented. The analytical model is used to derive the converter
control laws of the generator in terms of rotor voltage and control angle (real
and reactive power) overall operation speed range.
The DFIG design it needs suitable compromises between the wind
turbine performance and the respective characteristics of the DFIG, the
gearbox, the static converters and the associated control strategy. The optimal
solution in terms of performance and cost must be derived from global design
approach (Mustafa Kayikci et al 2008).

116

Such an analytical formulation is also very efficient in terms of

execution time and robustness of the global optimization process. The
application of the proposed methodology is illustrated by the study of the
optimal reactive power allocation between the converters, which is an
important design challenge of DFIG system.
Most induction generators in the world are cage-type machines.
Special classes of induction generators with a three-phase wound rotor, called
doubly fed induction generators (DFIG), have become very popular for use as
wind generators as shown in Figure 6.2. These machines usually have a threephase inverter connected to the rotor windings, which allows direct control of
the rotor currents. Control of the rotor currents allows for variable speed and
reactive power control.
Grid

Stator
DFIG

Rotor

DC link
AC
DC

DC
AC

Figure 6.2 Doubly fed induction generator

A cage-type induction generator draws a fixed amount of reactive
power, which will cause the power factor to be lagging over all operating
conditions. In addition, a cage-type induction machine has a very small speed
range, typically only a few percent variations from the synchronous speed.

117

However, direct control of the rotor currents, as allowed by the

DFIG, allow for reactive power control and variable speed operation. A DFIG
can operate at lagging, unity, or leading power factor and can vary its speed
by a much larger margin (usually around 20 to 25 percent above or below the
synchronous speed).
These characteristics make the DFIG ideal for use as a wind
generator. Reactive power control allows a DFIG to help provide voltage
support for the grid, and variable speed operation allows the DFIG to operate
at a higher efficiency over a wide range of wind speeds.
6.4.1

DFIG Steady-State Analysis

The main component of the DFIG system and the conversion chain

is a wind turbine, a gearbox, a DFIG and a four-quadrant power converter.

The DFIG is usually designed with a low pair pole number (two or three) to
obtain acceptable performance in terms of reactive power consumption.
A gearbox is then necessary to adapt the low rotating speed of the wind
turbine (in a range of ~ 10-20 rpm for high-power wind turbines) to the
medium-rotating speed of the DFIG. The power converter is connected
between the grid and the DFIG rotor winding terminals by using slip rings.
The grid side converter (GSC) is usually controlled to operate at unity power
factor and to regulate the DC link voltage.
The rotor side converter (RSC) controls the electrical frequency in
the rotor windings and the real and reactive power flows. The rotor variable
frequency supply allows the variable rotating speed operation of the wind
turbine. Its rotating speed is imposed by the real power flow controlled by the
RSC that is used to provide a suitable torque control loop. The reactive power
managed by the RSC controls the power factor of the whole system, seen by
the grid (GPF) (Aguglia et al 2007).

118

6.4.2

The Influences of Model Simplification and Parameters

There has been a fast growing demand for the application of doubly

fed induction generators (DFIG) in wind power plants in recent years. They
have in particular dominated the market in last two years and within
modulation limits, are taken into account in all simulations.
With the envisaged demand and integration of wind power into the
power system, simulation studies and model validation become extremely
important. Currently, the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind
turbines dominate the market due to cost-effective provision of variable-speed
operation. Their ability to control electrical torque and reactive power offer
superior performance concerning system stability. Adequate modeling of
these systems and clear understanding of the effects of different simplification
is paramount if reliable results simulations of power systems with high
penetration of DFIG-based wind plants are sought.
The DFIG mathematical models, as any other mathematical model
of physical device, are simplified either in order to save computational time or
to eliminate the requirement for hard to obtain data. They propose a method to
simplify aerodynamics to represent mechanical power. Modeling of the
aerodynamic efficiency, either Cp has been considered by numerical
approximations or through detailed aerodynamic models of the wind turbine;
however, this influence on transient operation of the DFIG has not been
illustrated (Mustafa Kayikci and Milanovic 2008).
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of wind
energy as environmental concerns are on the rise. In spite of this growth,
more technology advances are needed to make wind energy competitive with
many other energy supply methods. Simulation and modeling can be used to

119

study the performance of wind turbine systems (Roohollah Fadaeinedjad et al

2008).
6.4.3

Variable Speed Operation

The aerodynamic theory that justifies the benefit of the variable

speed operation is well described in a number of independent sources. In

short, the aerodynamics of the blades is such that for a particular wind speed,
there is a particular rotational speed that captures the largest amount of power
passing through the swept area.
Pw = 1 2 r 2 vw3

(6.1)

Here is the air density, r is the area radius (blade-length) and Vw

is the wind speed (all in SI units). Not all of this power can be captured by the
wind turbine. The theoretical limit set by Betzs law (www.windpower.org),
states that the maximum amount of wind power Pw that can be captured by the
turbine is about 59 percent. This amount of available power captured by the
turbine is called the coefficient of power (Cp). The total power capture by the
turbine,
Pt = Pw Cp

Pt = 1 2 r 2vw3 C p

(6.2)

Although the theoretical limit is 0.59, in practice most turbines

have a maximum Cp around 0.45. Cp is itself a complicated function of
aerodynamic factors, including the tip speed ratio, and the pitch angle of the
blades (). To emphasize this, the coefficient of power can be written as Cp.
The tip speed ratio is the ratio of the linear velocity of the turbine blade tip to
the wind speed.

120

=rmech /v w

(6.3)

(Please note that outside of this section, the symbol will be used for flux
linkages) In equation 6.3 is the rotational speed of the turbine blades.
A series of plots for Cp for different pitch angles is shown in
Figure 6.3. This figure and a very good discussion of this topic can be found
at the Matlab documentation website (www.mathworks.com).
Here it can be clearly seen that for a given pitch angle, there exists
a nominal tip speed ratio (nom), that maximizes CP(, ) and hence maximizes
the power output of the turbine for a given wind speed. Therefore, it is highly
desirable to be able to change the speed of the turbine as the wind speed
changes, such that the turbine maintains the nominal tip speed ratio.

Figure 6.3

Coefficient of power as a function of tip speed ratio and

pitch angle

121

For any induction machine, cage or doubly fed type, the steady
state frequency of the rotor currents and voltages will be the slip frequency.
Therefore

mech = syn slip = syn 2 f r

(6.4)

In equation (6.4), mech is the rotor rotational speed syn is the

synchronous speed and fr is the electrical frequency of the rotor currents and
voltages (all in electrical rad/sec). Here it can be clearly seen that, since the
synchronous speed is fixed by the grid, the rotational speed can be controlled
directly by using the rotor side inverter in Figure 6.2 to force the rotor
currents to a desired frequency.
In practice, the rotational speed of the machine is controlled via
speed and torque control loop cascade structure.
6.4.4

Active and Reactive Power Control

The supervisory control at Wind farm side, to be capable of

providing generating margin from a wind farm, it should be able to receive
operators request and distribute power reference signal to each machine for
the desired generation. Further, calculates each machines deloaded condition,
come up with a desired generating margin and can be realized by the control
scheme (Michal et al 2006).
Active Power Control of a DFIG, the active power control of a
DFIG is a series of regulating processes between wind turbine and induction
generator. When wind velocity is high enough, the turbine controller regulates
the pitch angle of the turbine blade to ensure the adequate torque for the given
wind power (Le-Ren Chang-Chien et al 2008).

122

Another significant advantage of the DFIG is the real and reactive

power control. Note that real power is directly related to the torque and speed
of the generator, so in many ways the issue of real power has already been
addressed in the previous section, although the material presented in this
section offers a different perspective.
A per phase equivalent circuit for a doubly fed induction machine is
shown in Figure 6.4 (Rongve et al 2003 and Riaz 1959). Variables with the
notation denote rotor quantities as seen from the stator side.

Is
+

Ir

Rs

jXls

Im

Vs

jXlr

Rr'
s

jXm
+
-

Vr'
s

Figure 6.4 DFIG per phase equivalent circuit

Some informative relations of a general nature can be seen by

simplifying and neglecting the effects of Rs, jXls and jXlr. In this case, the per
phase stator and rotor power can be expressed as
Ss =Ps +jQs =Vs I*s

(6.5)

Sr =Pr +jQ r =Vr I*r

(6.6)

Assuming a unity turns ratio between the stator and rotor:

Vr = Vr and Ir = -Ir.

123

Then power equations can be written for Figure 6.4. (Note: if there
is a non-unity turns ratio between the stator and rotor, it will not affect the
power equations. Therefore, this analysis is valid for any turns ratio)
2

Vs I*s = I'r R 'r s + j Vs

X m + Vr ' I r '* s

(6.7)

The active and reactive power is found by taking the real and
imaginary parts of (6.7)
2

Ps = I'r R 'r s Re Vr I r* s = I'r R 'r s Pr s

Qs = Vs

X m Im [Vr I r ] s = Vs

X m Qr s

(6.8)
(6.9)

Since the slips are small, (6.8) and (6.9) illustrate that a small
amount of rotor power yields a large amount of stator power. Therefore, the
DFIG has the effect of amplifying the rotor inverter power. The desired speed
range of the generator is directly related to the power rating of the inverter.
For example, for a DFIG with a plus / minus speed range of 20 percent
(0.2 > s > -0.2), the rotor inverter must be rated for around 20 percent of the
generator rating.
This analysis highlights two of the DFIGs main advantages. First,
a small amount of reactive power from the rotor becomes a large amount of
reactive power in the stator. Second, the rotor power rating is required to be
only a fraction of the entire generator rating.
A DFIG is a special type of induction generator with a wound rotor.
By proper control of the rotor converter, a DFIGs can achieve reactive power
control and a wider speed range than for a cage-type induction generator.
Variable speed operation allows the DFIG to capture a greater amount of
power in the wind for a given wind speed.

124

There are three main advantages of a DFIG. First, variable speed

operation. Second, a small amount of rotor reactive power becomes a large
amount of stator reactive power. Third, the rotor converter only needs to be
rated for a fraction of the total generator rating.
6.5

dq ANALYSIS FUNDAMENTALS

The time domain voltage, current, and flux linkages equations for a
doubly fed machine are quite complicated. There are three stator windings
and three rotor windings, all linking each other. In particular, the interaction
between the stator and rotor windings is complicated by the linkage being
dependent on the angular position of the rotor. The flux linkage matrix is a
6 6 matrix with a dependence on rotor position (Bolik 2004). As an
example, the upper case (example abc) denotes the stator and lower case
(example ABC) denotes the rotor.
Va = ia Rs + d dt a ( mech )

(6.10)

a ( mech ) = aa + ab + ac + aA ( mech ) + aB ( mech ) + aC ( mech )

(6.11)

The symbol is used for flux linkage. It is not related to the tip
speed ratio ( = r mech/vw). There are five more sets of equations for the
remainder of the stator and rotor windings.
The flux linkage equation (6.11) is unwieldy in that it has many
terms, half of which have a dependency on the rotor position. The analysis
can be simplified greatly by transforming the three-phase stator and threephase rotor (with the rotor angular displacement between them) to a fictional
two-phase stator and two-phase rotor (with no angular displacement), as
shown in Figure 6.5(a) and (b). These two-phase windings are then allowed to
rotate at an arbitrary speed. Often, it is most advantageous to allow the

125

fictional windings to rotate at the synchronous speed. In such a case, the

winding currents will be DC in steady state. There are two ways of creating a
rotating flux: AC currents with fixed windings or DC currents with rotating
windings). These fictional two-phase windings are called d-and q-windings.

(a)
Figure 6.5

(b)

(a) Three phase rotor and three phase stator with angular
displacement, (b) Two- phase d and q windings with rotor
and stator aligned

The d and q-axes can be physically considered to be rotatable

orthogonal windings that will produce the same space vector as the fixed
three-phase a, b, and c-windings.
The space vector is a spatially oriented, complex plane
representation of a three-phase quantity.
is = ia (t ) + ib (t )e j120 + ic (t )e j 240

(6.12)

Equation (6.12) is a space vector representing the cumulative,

effective current of the three instantaneous phase currents. In this way, a
space vector represents a single, rotatable winding that produces the same
effect as the three fixed windings.

126

Taking this a step further, the real and imaginary parts of the space
vector can be thought of as the current in two stationary orthogonal windings
that produce the space vector. These fictional two-phase fixed windings are
sometimes referred to as alpha and beta windings. If these windings are
unstuck from their stationary positions, and allowed to rotate or orientate
themselves as the control designer sees fit, they can be called d- and
q-windings.
The d-axis and q-axis stator currents are the (scaled) reflection of
the space vector on the d-axis and q-axis. In Figure 6.6, the scaling factor
is 2 3 , the so-called power invariant transformation, because with this
scaling factor Va ia + Vbib + Vcic = Vsd isd + Vsq isq .
The stator and rotor a-phase, b-phase and c-phase voltage equations
and flux linkage equations can be transformed to the d-axis and q-axis, where
they are much simpler.

Figure 6.6 Space vector reflections on to d axis and q axis

127

Vsd = isd Rs + d dt sd d sq

(6.13)

Vsq = isq Rs + d dt sq + d sd

(6.14)

Vrd = ird Rr + d dt rd dArq

(6.15)

Vrq = irq Rr + d dt rq + dArd

(6.16)

The flux linkage equations are also easily defined, as in

equation (6.17) through (6.20).

sd = ( Lis + Lm ) isd + Lmird

1424
3

(6.17)

is

sq = ( Lis + Lm ) ird + Lmirq

1424
3

(6.18)

is

rd = ( Lir + Lm ) ird + Lmisd

1424
3

(6.19)

ir

rq = ( Lir + Lm ) irq + Lmisq

1424
3

(6.20)

ir

The most important decision made by the designer implementing

the dq transform is the choice of . It is chosen arbitrarily, although some
choices make more sense than others do.
6.5.1

dq Analysis for Non-Unity Turns Ratio

For this research and in most practical work, the DFIG will have a
non-unity turns ratio, n. Therefore, the flux linkage equations must include the
turns ratio. Also, it will be useful to define the d- and q-axis magnetizing
current.

128

imd = isd + nird

(6.21)

imq = isq + nirq

(6.22)

Including magnetizing current and the turns ratio, the flux linkage
equations can be written as:

sd = ( Lis + Lm ) isd + nLmird = Lis isd + Lmimd

1424
3

(6.23)

is

sq = ( Lis + Lm ) isq + nLmirq = Lisisq + Lmimq

1424
3

(6.24)

is

rd = ( Lir + n 2 Lm ) ird + nLmisd = Lir ird + nLmimd

14243

(6.25)

ir

rq = ( Lir + n 2 Lm ) irq + nLmisq = Lir irq + nLmimq

14243

(6.26)

ir

Only Lm can be considered to be referred to the stator. All other

variables are as seen from their respective terminals. For example, Llr is the
rotor leakage inductance as would be measured from the rotor terminal and Irq
is the actual rotor current.
Substituting equation (6.23) through equation (6.26) in the voltage
equation (6.13) through equation (6.16), the resulting equation can be
represented in circuit form, as shown in Figures 6.7, 6.8, 6.9 and 6.10.

129

Figure 6.7 d-axis, seen from stator

Figure 6.8 q-axis, seen from stator

Figure 6.9 d-axis, seen from rotor

130

Figure 6.10 q-axis, seen from rotor

6.5.2

DFIG Current and Voltage dq Transformer Functions

The standard strategy for DFIG control is to use the rotor d and qaxis voltage, vrd and vrq, to control the rotor currents, ird and irq. In order to
design the controllers and to gain an understanding of how any of the voltages
affect any of the currents, it is necessary to derive the DFIG current and
voltage transfer functions.
This can be done by substituting equation (6.23) through
equation (6.26) into equation (6.13) through equation (6.16) and rearranging
to get a state equation matrix with currents as the state variables and voltage
as the inputs, resulting in equation (6.27).
isd
isd
Vsd



isq
Vsq
d isq

= [ A(d , dA ) ]
+ [ B(d , dA ) ]
ird
Vrd
dt ird



irq
irq
Vrq

(6.27)

The A (d, dA) and B (d, dA) matrices are dependent on d on

dA. The dq frame speed, can assumed to be constant. The relative speed of
the dq frame to the rotor contains some mechanical dynamics because it is

131

dependent on the rotor speed. However, for the purposes of linearization and
converter control design, the electrical dynamics can be considered much
faster than the mechanical dynamics, and dA can be considered constant.
6.6

VECTOR CONTROL

In the stator flux reference frame, simplified equations describing

the dynamics of the induction machine are (Peter Vas 1998)
Vs = Rs r is + d rs dt + jk rs

(6.28)

where k is the angular speed of the stator flux reference frame. The rotor
voltage equations are not necessary, as the rotor side is current controlled and
the rotor current space vector rir is known.
The stator flux reference frame refers to a reference frame whose
d-axis is aligned along the stator flux space vector. So, by definition,
r

s = ds ; qs = 0

(6.29)

Substituting equation (6.29) into equation (6.28) and separating into

d and q components (Seigfried Heir 2006),
Vds = Rs ids + d s dt

(6.30)

Vqs = Rs iqs + k k

(6.31)

since
r

s = Ls r is + Lm r ir

(6.32)

132

The d and q components of the stator current can be expressed in

terms of the stator flux and the rotor current as
iqs = ( Lm Ls ) iqr

(6.33)

ids = s Lmidr Ls

(6.34)

Substituting equation (6.34) into equation (6.30)

k = Vqs + ( Rs Lmiqr Ls ) s

(6.35)

Substituting equation (6.16) in equation (6.13),

d s
R
= Vds s ( s Lmidr )
dt
Ls

(6.36)

Equation (6.36) expresses the induction machine dynamics in terms

of the input quantities and can be solved to obtain the stator flux linkage
variation. Equation (6.35) is an expression to compute the angular velocity of
the stator flux reference frame, which is used in the conversion from abc to dq
quantities. Since qs = 0, the electromagnetic torque produced by the machine
can be expressed as
Te =

Lm
siqr
Lr

(6.37)

Thus the stator flux can be controlled by the d- component of the

rotor current and the torque produced can be controlled by the q-component
of the rotor current (Seagay 2005). To enable the control of the flux and the
torque, a stator flux estimate is required, which can compute the torque
produced by the induction generator and estimate rotational speed of the

133

stator flux reference frame, using the stator voltages, rotor currents and the
rotor speed as input. The estimator is based on equation (6.28) through
equation (6.37) and the SIMULINK implementation of the estimator is shown
in Figure 6.11 (Rabira and Culloch 2000).

Figure 6.11 Stator flux estimator

6.6.1

Output Power Controller Design

The block diagram of the controller used in the doubly fed

induction generator system is shown in Figure 6.12 (Dalta and Ranganathan
2002). The flux controller, which is shown in Figure 6.12(a), generates the
d-component of the rotor current reference, which is used by the inverter to
control the currents injected into the rotor. Similarly, the speed controller is
used to generate the q-component of the rotor current reference, as shown in
Figure 6.12(b).

134

Figure 6.12(a) Flux controller for the doubly fed generator

Figure 6.12(b) Speed controller for the doubly fed generator

The speed reference is generated using the information about the

desired power output and the wind velocity. The speed reference generator is
shown in Figure 6.13. The speed reference generator has two paths, a nonlinear feed forward path and a linear feedback path as in the case of the pitch
control system. The feed forward path computes the power coefficient
required to capture the desired power using,
Cp =

Pref
1 Av 3
w
2

(6.38)

The tip speed ratio is then obtained from a lookup table. The
feedback path compensates for any losses in the system.

135

Figure 6.13 Reference speed generator

The following are the values used for the gains of the P-I
controllers in the simulation.
For the flux controller:
Kp = 10 and Ki = 50.
For the torque controller:
KP = 10 and Ki = 50.
For the speed controller:
Kp = 5 and Ki = 25.
For the power controller:
Kp = 0 and Ki = 1.
The SIMULINK implementation of the system is shown in
Appendix A5.
6.7

RESULTS OF THE SIMULATION

The power output of the system for the wind speed variation is
shown in Figure 6.14. The output power variation is about 2 % and the
settling time is about 5 secs. The system response is fast and the output power
variation is minimal compared to pitch control and rotor resistance control
(Roohollah Fadainedjad et al 2008).

136

Figure 6.14 Output power variation for the DFIG

The rotor speed of the generator is plotted in Figure 6.15. The rotor
speed is also within the limits (10 % of the rated). The rotor power can be fed
back to the grid, thus minimizing losses in the system. Thus, based on our
discussion, comparison between the fixed speed and the variable speed wind
turbines is detailed in Table 6.1.

Figure 6.15 Rotor speed of the induction generator

137

Table 6.1 Comparison between various wind turbine systems

Fixed speed

Variable speed wind turbine

Squirrel Cage Induction

Generator

Synchronous generator

Doubly fed induction

generator

No Power Electronics
Required

Power Electronics
required. (100% rating of
generator)

Power Electronics
required (10 40 %
rating of machine)

Reactive power support

required

Ability to generate
Ability to generate
reactive power and supply reactive power and
to grid
supply to grid

Voltage control not

possible

Voltage control possible

Voltage control
possible

Control of power not

possible

Control of active power

possible

Control of active
power possible

Stall or Active stall control Pitch angle control

installed
installed

Pitch angle control

installed

Higher vibrations and

mechanical stress

Low vibrations and

mechanical stress

Low vibrations and

mechanical stress

Variations in the wind

power are reflected into
grid

Wind turbine acts as

inertia

Wind turbine acts as

inertia

Thus, from Table 6.1, we can see that variable speed wind turbine
with DFIG has several advantages as compared to other types.
6.8

SUMMARY

Vector control is the use of a two-phase transformation to break a

system down into orthogonal components for easier control. For three-phase
machines, this can be seen as the transformation of three-phase real quantities

138

to complex rotating quantities in a fixed frame (space vectors) and then

transformed as orthogonal components in a rotating frame (the d-axis and qaxis). The d-axis and q-axis, while a fictional mathematical abstraction, can
be thought of in a physical sense as actual rotating windings. This allows an
equivalent, simpler representation of a three-phase machine as a two-phase
machine. Control and analysis can be done more easily, intuitively in degree
frame.
The doubly fed induction generator is found to have the least output
power variation and the fastest response of the three control techniques
simulated. Moreover, the additional complexity of the system enables an
overall system power factor control, to help operate the system at close to
unity power factor.