DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUMMER PRACTICE REPORT

DUYGU BEYAZGL
12503009
Internship Company :PCB Elektronik San. ve Tic. Ltd. ti
Department: Automation Department
Date:21/07/2014-15/08/2014

SUMMER PRACTICE REPORT

Student Name-Surname

:DUYGU BEYAZGL

Starting Date

:21/07/2014

Completion Date

:15/08/2014

Total Working Days

:20 DAYS

Company

:PCB ELECTRONIC AND

AUTOMATION LTD T
Department

:AUTOMATION DEPARTMENT

Address
APT. ZEMN KAT NO:6/A 01170 ADANA
Electrical-Electronics Engineering Responsible
ENGINEER , 0322 233 9120

: GZELYAL MAH. 81170 SK. ANKA

:ZKAN BONCUKU , ELECTRICAL

PREFACE

Nowadays, technology is developing every second and it is most important power in our life. And if
we want to come up with it, all of us should take education especially engineers. Actually we have a
lot of engineers. But how many engineers who know this job? So education is more important than
past. But just theoretical information is not enough, you need experiences, so i think this internship is
really good opportunity for getting experiences.
By this internship, I have got some practice and I saw an engineers life in company. I realized that we
need more practice.

COMPANY DESCRIPTION
PCB electronic was built in 1995.The aim of the company is to be active in electrical and electronics,
R&D and industrial automation.
In the department of automation; PCB electronic designs systems with applications of PLC, DCS,
Scada, and HMI in industrial plants. It provides customers private solutions to rise capacity of the
machine, saving energy and to rise up efficiency to the highest. In this way on one hand customer will
be powerful in competitive market on the other hand contribute to the economy and the environment.
In the department of electricity, high quality modular panels are used PLC, DCS, automation panels
are planned the project and mounted.
In the department of R&D: New technologic developments are followed. Projects which will be
product design and developed in this department.
In the department of electronics; products which designed and tested in department of R&D ready to
serial production with high technologic, display processing machines. They becomes ready service of
customers.
In all of departments; quality ,service function and satisfaction of customer is necessary for continuity.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.PREFACE............3
2.COMPANY DESCRIPTION..4
3.RELAYS6

TYPES

OF

RELAY.6

THERMAL
RELAY...6

PHASE

FAILURE

RELAY.

TIMER RELAY...
7

4. CONTACTOR...........................................................9
5. THERMAL MAGNETIC SWITCH.... 9
6. CONNECTORS....10
7. SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY.10
8.MOTOR STARTERS11
9.LADDER DIAGRAM..12
10.DESCRIPTION OF PLC13
11.PLC CONTROLLER COMPONENTS13
12.USAGE OF PLC INDUSTRY14
13.CONCLUCSION. 15
14.REFERENCES 16

RELAYS
Relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays are used to control a circuit by a low-power signal.
The components of relay are electromagnet, armature and a set of contacts.
The main part of a relay is the coil at the centre. A small current flowing through the coil creates a
magnetic field that pulls one switch contact against in the relays. When current is applied to the
contacts at one side of the relay the coil allows the contacts at the other side to work.

TYPES OF RELAYS
1.THERMAL RELAY
A thermal relay works depending on the above mentioned property of metals.
When a bimetallic strip is heat up by a heading coil carrying current of the system. It makes normally
open contacts.

The construction of thermal relay is quite simple. One heating coil is would on the bimetallic strip.
When current flows through the heatiing coil, it heats up the bimetallic strip.

2. PHASE FAILURE RELAY

These relays are suitable for monitoring 3 phase supply from electricity distribution line. If 3
phase of engine step down 2 phase, phase falure relay protect to rub off this engine. Minimize
downtime due to motor problems.

3. TIMER RELAY
Tme relays are simply control relays with a time delay. A time delay relay is a combination of an
electromechanical output relay and a control circuit.
General types of timer relays are:
On delay :
The time delay starts when applying the power supply and the output switches to the operate
condition after the time.

Off delay:
The time delay starts when removing the control signal, and the output switches to the time.

Flasher:
When you give input voltage, the output is energized and the time delay (t) begins. At the end of the
time delay (t), the output is de-energized and remains in that condition for the time delay (t). At the
end of the time delay (t), the output is energized and the sequence repeats until input voltage is
removed.

CONTACTOR
A contactor is electrically controlled switch . It is used for switching a power circuit.
Contactor is similar to relay. But contactor passes higher current than relay.

Contactors are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating etc.

A contactor has three components .

The contacts are the current carrying part of the contactor. This includes power contacts, auxilliary
contacts and contact springs.
Lastly; the circuit used in controlling it must have a much lower power than the switched circuit.

THERMAL MAGNETIC SWITCH

Thermal- magnetic switch breakers contain two different switching mechanisms, a bimetal switch and
an electromagnet. These breakers switching the circuit at normally conditions. But apart from
normally conditions breakers switch off the circuit. For example; when short circuit occur or
overcurrent passes.

CONNECTORS
An electrical connector is an electro-mechanical device as an interface.

SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY(SMPS)

Switch mode power supply can be used as an AC to DC converter. There are two basic power supply
designs:
Linear
Switching
Switch mode power supplies are comfortable than transformers. Switched-mode power supplies
may also be smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to the smaller transformer size and
weight.

10

MOTOR STARTERS
Starter is a device which connects with motor in series to decrease the current at starting time and
increase current after starting the motor (in other words start or stop the motor)
Direct -on- line starter
Star delta starter
Frequency drivers
Soft starters
Direct-on-Line Starters
The simplest and most common starting device is the direct-on-line starter where the equipment
consists of a main contactor and a thermal or electronic overload relay.
The disadvantage of the direct-on-line method is very high starting current (6 to 10 times the rated
motor currents) and high starting torque, causing
Slipping belts, heavy wear on bearings and gear boxes
Damaged products in the process
Water hammers in piping system
Star-Delta Starters
A star-delta starting device consists normally of three contactors, an overload relay and a timer for
setting the time in the star-position (starting position).
The starting current is about 30 % of the direct-on-line starting device. The starting torque is about 25
% of the direct-on-line starting torque.
The stress on an application is reduced compared to the direct-on-line starting method.
Frequency Drivers
With a variable frequency drive the electrical frequency to the motor is modulated between typical 0250 Hz
The rated motor torque is available at lower speed
The starting current is low-ranging 0,5-1 times the rated motor current
The frequency drive can also be used for soft stops
Soft Starters
With soft starters thyristors are used to reduce starting voltage. With lower motor voltage:

The starting current and starting moment can be very low compared to other methods
Stress on the application can be close to minimum compared to other methods

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LADDER DIAGRAM
Electrical sequence of operation in relay circuits can be represented by electrical ladder
diagram.Ladder diagram shows the interconnection of field devices.
Ladder logic is a programming language that represents a program by graphical diagram based on the
circuit diagrams. It is used to develop software for programmable logic controllers(PLC) used in
industrial control applications.

Horizontal lines in a ladder diagram are called "rungs," each one representing a unique parallel circuit
branch between the poles of the power supply. The vertical line is the power line. Current must flow
through the switch contact in order to turn on the lamp.

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DESCRIPTION OF PLC
PLCs were first created the automobile industry. The first programmable logic controller project was
developed in 1968 for General Motors to replace hard-wired relay systems with electronic controllers.
PLCs have remained 21st century within manufacturing sectors such as the automobile
industry.
Programmable logic controllers typically contain a variable number of input/output (I/O)
The programmable logic controller monitors multiple sensor inputs, which control output
actuators such as motor starters, solenoids, lights, displays.
A PLC contains a programmable microprocessor that is programmed using a specialized
computer language.
The program is stored in the programmable logic controller.

PLC CONTROLLER COMPONENTS

1.CENTRAL PROCESSING CONTROL
Central processing control (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller.CPU also takes care of
communication, interconnection other parts of PLC controller , program execution, memory
operation. PLC controllers have complex routines.
2.MEMORY
System memory is used by a PLC for an process control system.
User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for
storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as "1" or as "0" in a specific
memory bit. Each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are

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used to store variable contents for variables used in user program. For example, timer value, or
counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.
3.POWER SUPPLY
Electrical supply is used in electrical energy to central processing unit (CPU) Most PLC controllers
work either at 24 V DC or 220 V AC. This electrical supply is usually not used to start external
inputs or outputs.
4.INPUT/OUTPUT
Inputs carry signals from the process into the controller, they can be input switches, pressure sensors,
operator inputs, etc. Outputs are the devices that the PLC uses to send changes out to the world. These
are the actuator the PLC can change to control the process motors, lights, relays, pumps, etc.
Many types of inputs and outputs can be connected to a PLC, and they are digital and analog. Digital
inputs and outputs change binary on/off, yes/no. Analog inputs and outputs change over a variable
range pressure, temperature, potentiometer.
USAGE OF PLC IN INDUSTRY
PLCs technology opens up horizon engineers in automation sector day by day. It can be used to
manufacturing, agriculture, energy generation, chemical industry etc.
1.Place Control:
PLC is biggest and very most used application. Also place control is application due to systems
of relay. Plc is used to independent machines or machines lines, conveyor and package machines,
systems of modern lift.
2.Motion Control:
Motion control is combined systems of linear and rotary motion supervision
with PLC. For
example; cartesian robotics, films, rubbers and unwoven fabric. Motion control is very important to
application of PLC.
3.Supervision of process:
This application is related PLCs physical parameters inspection ability. (temperature, pressure,
capacity, velocity, weight esc.) This requires analog I/O (input,output) to constitute closed circuit
supervision system. PLC assumes unaided circuit supervisorss role with PID software. For example;
plastic injection machines and heat ovens.
4.Management of data:
Collection, research and service of data develops with PLC in recent years. PLCs are used to be
collection of data about PLCs controller process. Then this data is compared with reference data
in memory and be transferred another appliance for purchase report. This application is used to big
material service system and paper, metal, food service.

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CONCLUSION
In my training, I learnt too much information. Also I tried work life this company and i had a
good chance to analyze work life. I saw work environment and met engineer employee in company.
This training assisted about selection area in electrical and electronical engineering. Then this
training helped to convert theoretical information to practical information.

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REFERANCES
http://ftp.iza.org/dp1489.pdf
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/how-to-use-a-multimeter
http://www.aicompanies.com/
www.schneider-electric.com
www.wago.com
http://www.amci.com/tutorials/tutorials-what-is-programmable-logic-controller.asp
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_4/chpt_6/1.html
http://ecmweb.com/content/what-know-about-plc-ladder-diagram-programming

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