CASING SETTING DEPTH AS PER GTO

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Geo technical data
Casing
Casing shoe selection
Casing specifications
Casing considerations
Conclusion

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

The selection of casing setting depth is one of the most important tasks in preparing the well
plan. Many aspects, such as lithology, overpressure formations, shallow gases, lost circulation
and troublesome zones, directional well profiles and regulations should be considered in this
selection. Recently, well control considerations have been included in this selection process
through the application of the kick tolerance concept. It made the drilling execution safer and
more economical. This motivated this study. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to discuss
the effect of these well control considerations on the selection of casing shoe setting depth. The
other aspects listed above will not be considered here.
Kick tolerance can be understood as the capability of the wellbore to withstand the state of
pressure generated during well control operations (well closure and subsequent gas kick
circulation process) without fracturing the weakest formation. To account for the kick tolerance
in the casing shoe setting depth selection, there important data are required:
(1) The formation pressure at the final depth of the well phase,
(2) The maximum kick volume that can be taken during the drilling operations
(3) The fracture equivalent density curve for the area.
With the total depth of a drilling phase set and the formation pressure at that depth known, the
shallowest casing setting depth can be established considering the fracture equivalent density
curve and pressure inside the wellbore during well control operations. This design process is
called bottom-to-top method.

CHAPTER 2: GEO TECHNICAL DATA (LITHOLOGY)

1. Narspuru clay &younger formations

2. Nimmakuru sandstone formations
3. Tirupati sandstone formations
4. Raghavapuram shale formations
5. Nandigama formations

Recent Eocene
Recent: (surface 1400ft)
Litho logy consist of strong sand with clay particles
Narsapur group (0 800ft)
Litho logy
Litho logy typically consist of black clay stone with sand stone .At the
base which is over lain by thick sandstone and clays tone with minor amount of silt stone
Naraspur group anticipated 800ft
Sandstone Light black clear white ,pale yellow fine to medium grained i/p coarse grained,
angular to sub angular unconsolidated to consolidated/p sorted calcareous cement micaceous
Clays stone
Medium to light black grey soft swell calcareous

Siltstone:

Reddish brown buff greenish grey calcareous cement

Narspuru group formations are clay and younger rocks in a bore hole drilling rate is good rate of
penetration fast it harder formations they are supported to launch casing shoe
.
Nimmakuru group (800ft 1400ft)

Lithology
Lithology typically consist of black sand stone with clay stone .At the base
which is over lain by thick sandstone and clays tone with minor amount of silt stone
Nimmakaur group anticipated 1400ft
Sandstone
Light black clear white ,pale yellow fine to medium grained i/p coarse grained, angular to sub
angular unconsolidated to consolidated/p sorted calcareous cement micaceous
Clays stone
Medium to light black grey soft swell calcareous

Siltstone
Reddish brown buff greenish grey calcareous cement
Nimmakuru group of formations are sandstone with minor amount of clay particles the drilling
rate is better than narasupuru formations because softer formations this type of rocks not
supported through any type casing due to cement raising problems

Paleocene rzl formations

Lithology typically consists of basalt
Razolu group (1200ft -1400ft)

Lithogy
Razolu formations basalt highly poor rate of penetration

Drilling rate slow because harder formations and this type of formations not
supported to casing shoe

Upper cretaceous

Tirupati group (1600ft -2350ft)

Lithology typically consists of sandstone

Lithology t he formation consists of medium grained sandstone. Conglomeratic in places and has
Interbred of sandstone /clay stone

Sandstone:
Clear translucent light black fine to medium grained angular to sub rounded moderately sorted
calcareous cement at type locality it is brown red purple or s shows lighter
Shades of pink arkosic the pebble of the unit mostly of pink color and of quartzite

Clay stone:
Dark brown dark grey. Green reddish brown moderately hard to firm calcareous no swell,

Tirupati sandstone formations are drilling rate good means rate of penetration more and this
formations are softer formations and not suitable for casing shoe location

Lower cretaceous

Raghavapuram group (2350ft-3450ft)

Lithology consist of shale formations

Lithology:
Lower part of cretaceous shale formations is mainly composed of anhydrate
Sandstone and clay stone while the beds of anhydrite siltstone coal and shale

Clay stone:
Off white grey reddish brown bluish grey i/p light grey i/p green i/p dark brown Argillaceous no
swell silt calcareous

Sandstone:
Brown green black reddish brown dark brown i/p white to off white fine coarse grained angular
sub rounded micasceous sorted calcareous to non calcareous cement silt brecciate with dolomite
streaks

Siltstone:
White black dark brown to red dark grey friable to moderately hard

Coal:
black and dark brown to black and moderately hard material

Anhydrite:
White ,off white, green, soft to firm, i/p moderately hard i/p amorphous chalky.

Salt:
Clear occasionally translucent i/p pink hard to moderately hard

Shale:
Dark grey, black, firm, on calcareous,
Raghavapuram shale formations drilling rate bad and rate of penetration slow this type of
formations harder formations and they are supported the casing shoe the rop maximum 60min
per meter drill pipe the drilling rate very slow it will time more to take

Lower Jurassic and lower cretaceous

Nandigama group (3450ft-3910ft)

The main object of drilling to reach nandigama formations safely these formations nothing but
pay zone or reservoir zone

Nandigama formations are mixed with different rock particles and determined how much crude
oil in the surface or not it is producible are not

Nandigama formations different stones sandstone clay stone siltstone and shale these rocks are
mixed and identified more complex

Sandstone:
Purple to brown, yellowish brown, fine grained

Clay stone:
Reddish brown, non calcareous, non-swell, silt

Siltstone:
Reddish brown, off white, firm to hard, i/p dolomite

Nandigama formations are drilling rate average and rate of penetration slow because of harder
formations and supported casing shoe

Nandigama formations thick reservoir beds they high temperature high pressure wells
This type of formations are unstable and casing job do perfectly and in this zone may be came
out of kick and pipe stacking problems arise

Formations will change mud parameters and bit parameters

Clay stone and silt stone sandstone shale formations occurs to high mud losses in bore hole
In order to resolve this problems following methods

1. Increase mud weight

2. Saddest
3. Groundnuts
4. Carry bags

After geo technical data consideration to prepare drilling program

THE DRILLING PROPOSAL AND DRILLING PROGRAM

The proposal for drilling the well is prepared by the geologists and reservoir engineers in the
operating company and provides the information upon which the well will be designed and
the drilling program will be prepared. The proposal contains the following information:
Objective of the Well
Depth (m/ft Subsea), and Location (Longitude and Latitude) of Target
Geological Cross section
Pore Pressure Profile Prediction
The drilling program is prepared by the Drilling Engineer and contains the following:
Drilling Rig to be used for the well
Proposed Location for the Drilling Rig
Hole Sizes and Depths
Casing Sizes and Depths

 Drilling Fluid Specification

Directional Drilling Information
Well Control Equipment and Procedures
Bits and Hydraulics Program
.
Drilling and Casing the 23 Hole:
They installing 185/8 conductor casing first casing of the well
The first stage in the operation is to drive a large diameter pipe to a depth of approximately 100ft
below ground level using a truck mounted pile-driver. This pipe (usually called casing or, in the
case of the first pipe installed, the conductor) is installed to prevent the unconsolidated surface
formations from collapsing whilst drilling deeper.
The first whole section is drilled with a drill bit, which has a smaller diameter than the inner
diameter (I.D) of the conductor. Since the I.D. of the conductor is approximately diameter bit is
generally used for this whole section. This 23" hole will be drilled down through the
unconsolidated formations, near surface, to approximately 2000'. If possible, the entire well,
from surface to the reservoir would be drilled in one hole section. However, this is generally not
possible because of geological and formation pressure problems which are encountered whilst
drilling. The well is therefore drilled in sections, with casing being used to isolate the problem
formations once they have been penetrated. This means however that the wellbore diameter gets
smaller and smaller as the well goes deeper and deeper. The drilling engineer must assess the
risk of encountering these problems, on the basis of the geological and formation pressure
information provided by the geologists and reservoir engineers, and drilling experience in the
area. The well will then be designed such that the dimensions of the borehole that penetrates the
reservoir, and the casing that is set across the reservoir, will allow the well to be produced in the
most efficient manner possible. In the case of an exploration well the final borehole diameter
must be large enough to allow the reservoir to be fully evaluated.

Whilst drilling the 23 hole, drilling fluid (mud) is circulated down the drill pipe, across the face
of the drill bit, and up the annulus between the drill pipe and the borehole, carrying the drilled
cuttings from the face of the bit to surface. At surface the cuttings are removed from the mud
before it is circulated back down the drill pipe, to collect more cuttings.
When the drill bit reaches approximately 2000 the drill string is pulled out of the hole and
another string of pipe (surface casing) is run into the hole. This casing, which is generally 20"
O.D., is delivered to the rig in 40ft lengths (joints) with threaded connections at either end of
each joint. The casing is lowered into the hole, joint by joint, until it reaches the bottom of the
hole. Cement slurry is then pumped into the annular space between the casing and the borehole.
This cement sheath acts as a seal between the casing and the borehole, preventing carvings from
falling down through the annular space between the casing and hole, into the subsequent hole
and/or fluids fl owing from the next hole section up into this annular space.
Drilling and Casing the 17 1/2 Hole:
Once the cement has set hard, a large spool called a wellhead housing is attached to the top of
the 20 casing. This wellhead housing is used to support the weight of subsequent casing strings
and the annular valves known as the Blowout prevention (BOP) stack which must be placed on
top of the casing before the next hole section is drilled.
Since it is possible that formations containing fluids under high pressure will be encountered
whilst drilling the next (17 1/2) hole section a set of valves, known as a Blowout prevention
(BOP) stack, is generally fitted to the wellhead before the 17 1/2 hole section is started. If high
pressure fluids are encountered they will displace the drilling mud and, if the BOP stack were not
in place, would flow in an uncontrolled manner to surface. This uncontrolled flow of
hydrocarbons is termed a Blowout and hence the title Blowout Preventers (BOPs) . The BOP
valves are designed to close around the drill pipe, sealing off the annular space between the drill
pipe and the casing. These BOPS have a large I.D. so that all of the necessary drilling tools can
be run in hole.
When the BOPs have been installed and pressure tested, a 17 1/2" hole is drilled down to 6000
ft. Once this depth has been reached the troublesome formations in the 17 1/2" hole are isolated
behind another string of casing (13 5/8" intermediate casing). This casing is run into the hole in

the same way as the 20 casing and is supported by the 20 wellhead housing whilst it is
cemented in place.
When the cement has set hard the BOP stack is removed and a wellhead spool is mounted on top
of the wellhead housing. The wellhead spool performs the same function as wellhead housing
except that the wellhead spool has a spool connection on its upper and lower end whereas the
wellhead housing has a threaded or welded connection on its lower end and a spool connection
on its upper end. This wellhead spool supports the weight of the next string of casing and the
BOP stack which is required for the next hole section.
Drilling and Casing the 12 1/4 Hole:
When the BOP has been re-installed and pressure tested a 12 1/4" hole is drilled through the oil
bearing reservoir. Whilst drilling through this formation oil will be visible on the cuttings being
brought to surface by the drilling fluid. If gas is present in the formation it will also be brought to
surface by the drilling fluid and detected by gas detectors placed above the mud flow line
connected to the top of the BOP stack. If oil or gas is detected the formation will be evaluated
more fully.
The drill string is pulled out and tools which can measure for instance: the electrical resistance of
the fluids in the rock (indicating the presence of water or hydrocarbons); the bulk density of the
rock (indicating the porosity of the rocks); or the natural radioactive emissions from the rock
(indicating the presence of non-porous shales or porous sands) are run in hole. These tools are
run on conductive cable called electric wire line, so that the measurements can be transmitted
and plotted (against depth) almost immediately at surface. These plots are called Petro physical
logs and the tools are therefore called wire line logging tools.
In some cases, it may be desirable to retrieve a large cylindrical sample of the rock known as
a core. In order to do this the conventional bit must be pulled from the borehole when the
conventional drill bit is about to enter the oil-bearing sand. A donut shaped bit is then attached a
special large diameter pipe known as a core barrel is run in hole on the drill pipe.
This coring assembly allows the core to be cut from the rock and retrieved. Porosity and
permeability measurements can be conducted on this core sample in the laboratory.

In some cases tools will be run in the hole which will allow the hydrocarbons in the sand to flow
to surface in a controlled manner. These tools allow the fluid to flow in much the same way as it
would when the well is on production. Since the produced fluid is allowed to flow through the
drill string or, as it is sometimes called, the drilling string, this test is termed a drill-stem test or
DST.
If all the indications from these tests are good then the oil company will decide to complete the
well. If the tests are negative or show only slight indications of oil, the well will be abandoned.
Completing the Well:
If the well is to be used for long term production, equipment which will allow the controlled flow
of the hydrocarbons must be installed in the well. In most cases the first step in this operation is
to run and cement production casing (9 5/8" O.D.) across the oil producing zone. A string of
pipe, known as tubing (4 1/2" O.D.), through which the hydrocarbons will flow is then run
inside this casing string. The production tubing, unlike the production casing, can be pulled from
the well if it develops a leak or corrodes. The annulus between the production casing and the
production tubing is sealed off by a device known as a packer. This device is run on the bottom
of the tubing and is set in place by hydraulic pressure or mechanical manipulation of the tubing
string.
When the packer is positioned just above the pay zone its rubber seals are expanded to seal off
the annulus between the tubing and the 9 5/8" casing. The BOPs are then removed and a set of
valves (Christmas tree) is installed on the top of the wellhead. The Xmas tress is used to control
the flow of oil once it reaches the surface. To initiate production, the production casing is
perforated by explosive charges run down the tubing on wire line and positioned adjacent to
the pay zone. Holes are then shot through the casing and cement into the formation. The
hydrocarbons flow into the wellbore and up the tubing to the surface.

CHAPTER 3: CASING SHOE SELECTION

CASING SETTING DEPTH

Casing and its functions:
At a certain stage during the drilling of oil and gas wells, it becomes necessary to line the walls
of a borehole with steel pipe which is called Casing. Casing serves numerous purposes during
the drilling and production history of oil and gas wells, these include:
1. Keeping the hole open by preventing the weak formations from collapsing. i.e., caving of the
hole.

2. Serving as a high strength flow conduit to surface for both drilling and production fluids.

3. Protecting the freshwater-bearing formations from contamination by drilling and production

fluids.

4. Providing a suitable support for wellhead equipment and blowout preventers for controlling
subsurface pressure, and for the installation of tubing and subsurface equipment.

5. Providing safe passage for running wire line equipment

5. Allowing isolated communication with selectively perforated formations of interest.

Casing Setting Depth Criteria

The general criteria for the selection of casing shoe setting depths is that hole section should be
drilled successfully and safely at minimum cost. The casing shoe is normally set in competent
formation which should be able to withstand the forces imposed upon it during well activity.

Methodology of Casing Seat Selection:

The mechanism for selecting casing setting depth is as follows:
1) The well objective is clearly defined.
2) Actual and any potential problems encountered in nearby wells are listed.
3) The pore and fracture pressure profile is overlaid against the litho logical column,
potential troublesome zones and the hydrocarbon bearing zones.
4) Production casing shoe depth requirements are studied and suitable formation and depth
are selected so as to meet these requirements as an absolute minimum.
5) Intermediate casing shoe depth requirements are studied to satisfy designed kick
tolerance and the differential pressure consideration and a suitable casing point is selected
to meet these requirements as an absolute minimum.
6) Kick tolerance and the maximum differential pressure are recalculated for the selected
seat.

Estimation of fracture pressure with respect to LOT

Formation fracture pressure or formation breakdown pressure is the pressure required to rupture
a formation, so that whole mud can flow into it.
Commonly this is expressed as a pressure gradient, GFB, with the units of psi/foot. The formation
breakdown pressure is usually determined for formations just below a casing shoe by means of a
leak-off test. This test of the formation strength, also known as a formation integrity test or FIT,
is affected after the casing has been run and cemented in place. This allows formations to be
tested after the minimum of disturbance and damage due to drilling, and allows a clear indication
of strength to be determined for one isolated zone.
The general procedure for a leak-off test is as follows:

 Casing is run and cemented in place. The cement is allowed to harden before testing takes
place, to prevent the formation of micro-annuli between cement and casing after the
casing expands under pressure.
The shoe and cement is drilled out, and five to ten feet of new formation is drilled. Some
companies will drill as much as 20 ft of new formation.
The bit is pulled to the shoe and the hole circulated clean, with balanced mud weight in
and out.
The well is closed in using the blowout preventers, and a chiksan line to the cement unit
made up on the drill pipe. The cement unit pump is used because it is a high pressure, low
volume pump and small volume can be accurately measured using the cement unit.
With the well closed in, the cement pump is used to pump a small volume at a time into
the hole (typically or a barrel each time). Since this is being pumped into a closed
well, the pressure in the well rises. So long as the system remains closed and nothing
breaks, the pressure increase for each volume pumped will be the same. A graph of well
pressure versus volume pumped will show a near straight line until a break occurs. At this
point fluid is being injected into the formation and the pressure rise will be smaller.
Further pumping will not necessarily show a pressure rise but more commonly a pressure

drop.
Figure shows a typical graph for a leak-off test carried out in this way. Here mud has been
pumped slowly in quarter-barrel amounts. After each quarter barrel, the pump is shut down and

pressure allowed stabilizing for 30 seconds or so. This value is noted on the graph and pumping
continued.
Some companies graph both pumping and static pressures. The two lines should run
approximately parallel until breakdown occurs, at which point they diverge.
The leak-off pressure, PLO, determined by this test is the surface pressure which when added to
the hydrostatic head of mud in the Well causes formation breakdown.
Thus:
Formation Breakdown pressure = Hydrostatic Pressure of Mud to Shoe Pressure + Leak-Off
Pressure
PFB = HMUD + PLO
Note that, this is the full leak-off procedure which is used, for example on exploration, wildcat
and possibly some development wells. A full leak-off test is not often carried out on Production
Wells. A proofing or integrity test is carried out to demonstrate that the casing shoe can hold
the pressure exerted by the maximum weight to be run in the next section, plus a safety factor.
Casing Seat Selection
Selecting casing setting depths for each casing string to be run in a well is often the most critical
decision made in pre-planning; especially where abnormal pressures or weak, lost circulation
zones, are expected.
The key to satisfactory casing seat selection is the assessment of pore pressure (formation fluid
pressures) and fracture pressures throughout the well. Evidently, as the pore pressure in a
formation being drilled approaches the fracture pressure at the last casing seat then a further

string of casing is necessary. Figure illustrates this, with an idealized casing seat selection

shown.
Casing is set at Depth 1, where pore pressure is P1 and the fracture pressure is F1. Drilling
continues to Depth 2, where the pore pressure P2 has risen to almost equal the fracture pressure
(F1) at the first casing seat. Another casing string is therefore set at this depth, with fracture
pressure (F2). Drilling can thus continue to Depth 3, where pore pressure (P3) is almost equal to
the fracture pressure F2 at the previous casing seat.

Procedure to Determine Casing Shoe Depth:

A graph is plotted between Depth and Specific Gravity.
Fracture Pressure line is plotted with the help of fracture pressure data (LOT/PIT data
from the nearby wells).
Formation Pressure line is plotted from the data given in GTO.
Mud wt. line is plotted (assuming 0.1 SG greater than formation pressure which includes
surge factor, swab factor and safety factor).
Again considered 0.1 safety factor from Mud weight, draw a vertical line. The line where
it crosses the LOT curve represents the maximum limit for section of casing depth. So
always casing should be taken below the intersecting point on the curve and not to keep
at a shallower depth.

 In this process we have to consider and take care of open hole conditions, water baring
zone at shallow depths, gas influx and HC presence. If any of the above features are
identified while drilling then the casing should be selected few meters above of those
zones.

Casing Shoe Selections

Common practice today is usually to choose casing shoe setting depth based on the drilling
Process. Selection of casing shoe depth may have different optimal solutions for drilling and
Production.
Well Design

When drilling of a new well is planned it is advantageous to know the pore pressure- and
Fracture gradient of the formation. These data can be obtained from for example nearby
already drilled wells. Knowing the pressure and fracture profile a mud window, as shown in
Graph, can be made. In the diagram the gradients are plotted versus depth. Based on
These data a program of bit sizes, casing sizes, steel grades and setting depth can be made.
Because of economic reasons casing strings can be made up of different steel grades, wall
Thickness and coupling types. The potential savings of selecting different steel grades in
Sections of the casing must be considered against additional risks. These risks are associated
With performance of leak free tieback operations and additional wear resulting from longer
Exposure of the upper casing to rotation and translation of the drill string
The combination of different steel grades may also have an important saying in how well the
Well resists SCP. In this thesis the aim is to find out how the setting depth influences the
occurrence of SCP. The main focus will therefore be on selection of the setting depth and not
on how different weight, grade and coupling types for the casing are chosen. If the well is
drilled underbalanced the collapse pressure also has to be taken into consideration, this is
also not included in the problem to be addressed in this thesis.

Setting Depth Based on mud weight

Deciding the setting depth of a casing string a number of elements has to be taken into
Consideration. Calculations are made to see whether the casing can take loads occurring
During a kick or underground blowout.
First step is to design a casing program based on mud weight. A safety margin of 0.5 ppg is
commonly used for both pore pressure and fracture gradient to ensure a safe operation without
kicks and fracturing of the formation. A trip margin of 0.5 ppg is plotted in graph with dashed
lines. The setting depth has a strong correlation with the mud density used to drill a section. As
the well is drilled, the pore pressure is increasing and the pressure difference between mud
gradient end pore pressure gradient is 5 ppg decreasing. To prevent the two gradient lines from
crossing and avoiding a kick the casing shoe is set and the mud weight is increased.

Casing size (in.) Depth (ft.)

7

3450

9 5/8

2450

13 3/8

1700

18 5/8

500

When the setting depth based on mud weight is found, the kick criterion may to be taken
into consideration. Some changes probably have to be done to the casing setting depths to
Satisfy the new criterion

When the setting depth based on mud weight is found, the kick criterion may to be taken
into consideration. Some changes probably have to be done to the casing setting depths to
Satisfy the new criterion

Setting Depth Based on Kick Criterion

During drilling kicks from high pressure formations may be passed on the way to the
Reservoir if the mud pressure cannot withstand the pressure from the formation, a kick may
Occur. By taking the kick criterion into consideration, the setting depth may be chosen so
that the formation in which the casing is set can withstand the pressure it is exposed to
during the kick.
Using this method it is important to do the evaluation based on pressure and not the
Pressure gradients Pore pressure and fracture pressure are therefore plotted
in psi versus depth. An example of pore pressure versus depth is shown in graph If the well has
been drilled to 4000m and a kick takes place it should be designed to
handle this. Assuming the formation fluid at this depth is a condensate with density 4.58 ppg
Constant density and no expansion during circulation. When the kick takes place
the well will be filled with condensate and the pressure upward in the well will be reduced
by the weight of this fluid graph the kick fluid gradient is plotted. The point where it crosses the
fracture Pressure line indicates the new casing setting depth. Repeating this gives the other
casing setting depths. Graph shows where the new setting depths have to be to satisfy the kick
criteria.

0
500
1000
pore pressure
1500

normal pressure

2000

kill pressure

2500

fracture gradient

3000
3500
4000

Leak-off Test
The leak-off test is an important factor when the well integrity is evaluated. It is usually
Performed after a casing shoe is set to make sure the shoe and casing are fulfilling the
requirements to well integrity.
Leak-off tests can be used to estimate the maximum pressure a casing shoe can withstand.
Knowing this value, the maximum mud weight that can be used to drill the next section can
be calculated .To make sure the cement and formation below the casing
shoe can withstand the pressure exerted on them during drilling of the next section, they
may also be leak-off tested
The LOT is performed by closing the well at the surface and increasing the well pressure by
pumping with a constant rate. The pumping is stopped when the test pressure is reached or
the injection pressure starts to divert from the trend line. Figure 4.5 shows a typical leak-off
test.

Because of the
constant pump rate, a plot of injection pressure versus pump rate will give a
relatively straight line up to point A as seen in graph. At point A the formation grains
are starting to move apart allowing mud to flow into the formation. Because mud is escaping
the wellbore the injection pressure is decreasing and starts to divert from the trend line. The
pressure that can be read at point A is called the Leak-Off Pressure (LOP) and is used to
calculate the formation fracture gradient.

To make sure the fracture pressure has been reached, the pump is not turned off before
point B is reached. After point B the pressure decrease is plotted versus time instead of
pump rate. The rate at which the pressure decreases may tell something about the mud flow
From the well into the formation
A leak-off test is quite harmful and may leave the well in a worse condition than it was
before the test was carried out .When it is really necessary to know how far it is possible to
drill into the next formation the LOT may be used.
Because regular LOT may vary in accuracy, the need for a more precise method led to the
development of the extended leak-off test.
Formation Integrity Test (FIT) and Leak Off Test (LOT), are two methods to determine:1.
Strength of cement around the casing shoe after setting.2. Approximate the fracture gradient, later will
be use to create mud programs.3. To determine the current Maximum Allowable Annular Surface
Pressure (MAASP) well control event.LOT and FIT in principle the same, by pumping mud
without circulation to the surface. (BOP closed, the choke closed). LOT is usually done on
exploration wells, and FIT is usually done on the well development (because the value of fracture
pressure be expected from well data neighbors who've done a LOT)

Leak off test in equivalent mud weight (ppg) = (Leak off test pressure in psi) 0.052 (Casing
Shoe TVD in ft) + (current mud weight in ppg)

Pressure gradient in psi/ft = (Leak off test pressure in psi) (Casing Shoe TVD in ft)

Formation integrity test

Formation Integrity Test is the method to test strength of formation and shoe by increasing
Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) to designed pressure. FIT is normally conducted to ensure that
formation below show will not be broken while drilling the next section with higher BHP.
Normally, engineers in town will design how much formation integrity test pressure required
mostly in ppg

Before forming formation integrity test, you should know pressure required for Formation
Integrity Test. The formula showed below demonstrates you how to calculate required FIT
pressure
Pressure required for fit (psi) = (required fit in ppg- current mud weight)(0.052)(true vertical
depth in shoe ft)
Fit values guide to follow
1. Drill out new formation few feet, circulate bottom up and collect sample to confirm that new
formation is drilled to and then pull string into the casing.

2. Close annular preventer or pipe rams, line up a pump, normally a cement pump, and circulate
through an open choke line to ensure that surface line is fully filled with drilling fluid.3.

3. Gradually pump small amount of drilling fluid into well with constant pump stroke. Record
total pump strokes, drill pipe pressure and casing pressure. Pump until casing pressure reaches
the pressure required for formation integrity test. Hold pressure for few minutes to confirm
pressure.

4. Bleed off pressure and open up the well. Then precede drilling operation.

Creating mud program

Basic principles in making mud program are as follows:

1. Determine the pore pressure and fracture pressure along the depth that we will drill. Some also
stressed the need for a data field minimum stress and overburden. Such data can be obtained
from measurements at the nearest drill wells that we will drill. The data can be obtained directly
from measurements (PWD-pressure while drilling) or of the processed D-exponent correction (a
function of ROP, RPM, WOB, bit diameter). If the well is the first well to be drilled / exploration
(no data from nearby wells), the data can be estimated by converting sonic travel time of the
seismic survey.

2. Once we have a pore pressure vs. depth plot and fracture pressure, we can determine casing
setting depth and mud weight (density). In normal drilling (overbalance), we design the best
possible mud weight greater than the pore pressure (so as not to kick) but smaller than the
fracture pressure (so that no formation fracturing).

3. Determine what type of mud that will be based on lithologic formations penetrated. There are
three general categories of types of mud, the water-based mud (for wells with simple trajectories,
no reactive shale), oil-based mud (for wells with more complex trajectories, many reactive shale
zone), synthetic based mud (OBM has similar properties but more environmental friendly).

4. Designing Rheology (viscosity, yield point, gel strength) and mud additive required under
circumstances that will be penetrated lithologic, avoid formation damage while drilling the
reservoir zone, reducing the thickness of the mud cake, or other specific purposes. It can be
consulted with mud representative company.

5. After step 2, 3, and 4 then need to count how much pressure loss when the mud that we design
circulated during drilling. Then we calculate the ECD as mud hydrostatic pressure + pressure
loss. ECD (equivalent circulating density), we compare it to the plot in step 2. ECD must live
between pore pressure and fracture pressure. Often added to the calculation / density margin to
avoid differential pipe sticking, surge effects, swab effect, etc

6. Optimization of hydraulic mud. Using data from a mud drilling program to determine other
parameters (pump rate, pump pressure, bit nozzle area, etc.) to get that optimum drilling
performance.

7. Iterations of the above steps until all criteria is reached with the optimum

CHAPTER 4: TYPES OF CASINGS

TYPES OF CASINGS

Casing Types: Casing is usually divided into five basic types.

Conductor Casing
Conductor pipe or drive pipe if it is hammer-driven to depth is the first string of casing to be
used. The setting depth can vary from 10 ft to around 300 ft. The normal size range for conductor
pipe is from 16 to 36 inches (outside diameter). The conductor pipe must be large enough to
allow the other casing strings to be run through it. Purposes of conductor pipe are to:
It prevents erosions due to the unconsolidated nature of formations
Raise the level of circulating fluid so that fluid returns are possible

It is the largest diameter of casing used in a well and is required only where the surface soils are
incompetent due to the washing and eroding action of the drilling mud and a large cavity is
created at the surface. Conductor casing controls this erosion of the surface formations.
To estimate the anticipated fracture pressure, the following conditions must be considered:
Drilling rate with loading effect in annulus
Equivalent circulating density
Mud weight to be used.
Surface Casing
The amount of surface casing used will depend on the depth of the unconsolidated formations.
Surface casing is usually set in the first competent formation. Normal size for surface casing is
between 20 inch and 13-3/8 inch (outside diameter). Since temperature, pressure and corrosive
fluids tend to increase with depth different grades of casing will be required to handle the
different well conditions. Purposes of surface casing are to:

 Protect fresh water formations

Seal off unconsolidated formations and lost circulation zones
Provide a place to install the B.O.P.'s
Maintain hole integrity by preventing caving
Minimize lost circulation into shallow, permeable zones
Surface casing is treated as conductor casing if no hydrocarbons are expected in the next hole
interval or alternatively as intermediate casing in the event that hydrocarbons are expected in the
next phase of drilling

Intermediate Casing
Intermediate casing is set after surface casing, normally to seal off a problem formation. The size
of intermediate casing will depend on the size of the surface casing and the grade required
withstanding the subsurface conditions. Normal sizes are between 9 5/8 and 13 3/8 inch (outside
diameter).
Depending upon the depth of the well and the anticipated problems in drilling the well, such as
abnormal pressure formations heaving formations or lost circulation zones, it may be necessary
to set a number of intermediate strings of casing to seal off the long open hole or zones causing
trouble.
The shoe selected for intermediate casing should be strong enough to withstand fracture during
drilling the next hole section and should be able to take a kick of predefined size. Other major
considerations for selection of intermediate casing seat are:
Differential pressure consideration for safe lowering of the casing
Isolation of troublesome or unstable formations which may include heaving shales, loss
circulation zones, flowing halites etc.
Length of open hole.

Liner
A liner is a string of casing that does not reach the surface. They are usually hung (attached to
the intermediate casing using an arrangement of packers and slips) from the bottom of the
intermediate casing and reach to the bottom of the hole. The major advantage of a liner is the
cost of the string is reduced, as are running and cementing times. During the course of the well,

if the liner has to be extended to the surface (making it another string of casing), the string
attaching the liner to the surface is known as a tie-back string.
Unlike casing, liner is used from the bottom of the hole to a shallower depth inside the previous
casing with about 100-150 m overlap between the two strings. In this case, since the intermediate
casing is exposed to same drilling condition as the liner, it must be evaluated with respect to
burst and collapse pressure for drilling the open hole below the liner.

Production Casing
Production casing is usually the last full string of pipe set in a well. These strings are run to
isolate producing formations and provide for selective production in multi-zone production areas.
The size of production casing will depend on the expected production rate, the higher the barrel
per day production rate, the larger the inside diameter of the pipe. Common sizes are between 3
and 7 inch (outside diameter).
The production casing is often called oil string. The production casing is lowered for the
following purposes:
Isolate the producing zone from the other formations.
Protect the production tubing and other equipment.

CHAPTER 5: CASING SPECIFICATIONS

CASING SPECIFICATION

Casings are specified according to following

Size
Size is specified by outside diameter of the casing pipe. API SPEC-5A furnishes the full details
of tolerance on outside diameter and weight. API tolerance on outside diameter for non-upset
casings are 0.031 inch for 4" and smaller and 0.75% for 4.5" and larger size. The API
tolerance on wall thickness is -12.5 %.
Nominal Weight
The term nominal weight is primarily used for the purpose of identification of casing type during
ordering. It is expressed in ppf or kg/m. Nominal weight is not the exact weight and is
approximately equal to the calculated theoretical weight per foot for a 20 feet (6.1 m) length of
threaded and coupled casing joint.

Plain End Weight

The plain end weight of the casing joint is the weight without the inclusion of thread and
coupling. It can be calculated from the following formula:

Wpe = 10.68 (D-t) t ppf

or Wpe = 0.02466 (D-t) t kg/m

Where,
Wpe = Plain end weight (ppf or kg/m)
D = Diameter (inch or mm)
t = Wall thickness (inch or mm)

Grade of Steel:
Casing Standards
The American Petroleum Institute (API) has developed certain standards and specifications for
oil-field related casing and tubing. One of the more common standards is weight per unit length.
There are three weights used:
Nominal Weight: Based on the theoretical calculated weight per foot for a 20 ft length of
threaded and coupled casing joint.
Plain End Weight: The weight of the joint of casing without the threads and couplings.
Threaded and Coupled Weight: The weight of a casing joint with threads on both ends
and a coupling at one end.
The Plain End Weight, and the Threaded and Coupled Weight are calculated using API formulas.
These can be found in API Bulletin 5C3. API standards include three length ranges, which are:
R-1: Joint length must be within the range of 16 to 25 feet, and 95% must have lengths
greater than 18 feet
R-2: Joint length must be within the range of 25 to 34 feet, and 95% must have lengths
greater than 28 feet
R-3: Joint length must be over 34 feet, and 95% must have lengths greater than 36 feet.
The API grade of casing denotes the steel properties of the casing. The grade has a letter, which
designates the grade, and a number, which designates the minimum yield strength in thousands
of psi.
The raw material used for manufacturing of casing has no definite microstructure. The
microstructure of steel and mechanical properties can be greatly changed by the addition of
special alloys and by heat treatment. Thus, different grades of casing can be manufactured to suit
different drilling situations. The number designates the minimum yield strength of that particular
grade in thousands of psi. The minimum yield strength is defined as the tensile stress required on
a test specimen to produce the following extension under load as determined by an extensometer.
A table of API casing grades and properties are listed below:
API

Min.Yield

Min.Tensile

% elongation for min.

Steel Grade

Strength(psi)

Strength(psi)

yield strength

H-40

40,000

60,000

0.5

J-55

55,000

75,000

0.5

K-55

55,000

95,000

0.5

C-75

75,000

95,000

0.5

L-80

80,000

1,00,000

0.5

N-80

80,000

1,00,000

0.5

C-90

90,000

1,05,000

0.5

C-95

95,000

1,05,000

0.5

P-110

1,10,000

1,25,000

0.6

Q-125

1,25,000

1,35,000

0.65

In addition to API grades, several other proprietary steel grades called as non-API grades are
widely used in oil industry.

Casing strength properties

Casing pipe strength properties are generally specified as:
(1) Yield strength for
(a) Pipe body and
(b) Coupling
(2) Collapse strength for pipe body
(3) Burst strength for (a) pipe body,
(b) Coupling and
(c) Leak resistance of the connection.
Casing dimensions are specified by its outside diameter (OD) and nominal wall thickness.
Normal well site conventions specify casing by its OD and weight per foot. As stated earlier, one
should specify which weight one is referring to, though most often it is the nominal weight.
1. Yield strength:
a. Pipe body yield strength
b. Coupling strength
API defined the yield strength as the tensile stress required to produce 0.5% of the gauge
length
Most common types of casing joints are threaded on both ends and fitted with a threaded
coupling on one end only

 Joint strength may be lower or higher than the main casing, pipe body yield
There are integral casing without coupling in which the threads are cut from internalexternal upset
2. Collapse strength:
Defined as the maximum external pressure required collapsing specimen of casing
3. Burst strength:
a. Plain end
b. Coupling
It is defined as the maximum value of internal pressure required causing the steel to yield.

CASING SPECIFICATIONS
Factors influencing casing design:
Casing design is influenced by:
(a) Loading conditions during drilling and production.
(b) Formation strength at casing shoe.
(c) The degree of deterioration to which the pipe will be subjected during entire life of a well.
DESIGN CRITERIA
The following are the criteria which must be considered when carrying out detailed casing
design:
(1) Axial load
(a) Axial tension

(b) Axial compression

(2) Collapse pressure
(3) Burst pressure
(4) Other loading conditions, if any

(1) AXIAL LOAD

(a) AXIAL TENSION
Most axial tension arises from the weight of casing itself. Other tension loadings can arise due to
bending, drag, shock loading and pressure testing of casing.
Pressure testing will be performed on the casing as the plugs are bumped and later on in the
well depending on operational conditions. The actual test pressure will depend on:
* The rated burst strength of the casing.
* The well head pressure rating.
* The BOP stacks pressure rating.
* The maximum anticipated surface pressure.
(b) AXIAL COMPRESSION
Compression effects occur in casing due to temperature effects in landed casing and because of
the weight of other inner casing strings which are supported by the outer strings.
So far as compression loads are concerned, wells fall into one of three categories:
(1) Land wells and subsea wells

(2) Platform wells with surface wellheads

(3) Mud line suspension wells
In land wells, if the outer casing is cemented all the way to surface it will be able to support all
the expected compression loads. If, however, it is not cemented to surface, then there is danger of
buckling due to the compressive loads.
In platform wells, with surface wellheads, there is free standing part of the casing equivalent to
the water depth plus air gap plus height to the wellhead deck. Buckling can occur on this free
standing section. To prevent buckling, the outermost casing must be well centralized within the
conductor and designed to be strong enough to withstand the likely buckling forces.
With mud line suspension wells, used mostly on jack-up wells, the weight of the casing is hung
off at the seabed. The tieback string which links the seabed wellhead with the surface equipment
on the jack up rigs is however, subject to buckling.
During drilling operations, in most of the cases, the temperature effect is so slight that it can be
ignored. However, during the production phase, the compressive loads on the production string
must be considered.
COLLAPSE PRESSURE
Collapse pressure originates from the mud column behind the casing. Since mud hydrostatic
pressure increases with depth, collapse pressure will be maximum at bottom and zero at top.
When a casing is subjected to a collapse pressure due to mud hydrostatic pressure from outside,
it is called collapse Load. The internal pressure (due to any reason) is called back up. The
difference between the collapse and internal pressure is termed as resultant. Resultant is the net
pressure which is actually acting on the casing.
If the casing is designed in collapse as total empty from inside, it is known as dry design. In this
case back up equals to zero. Normally a surface casing is designed dry and intermediate casing is
designed partially empty assuming that the casing shoe will be able to withstand minimum of
native fluid column.

BURST PRESSURE
The burst criterion in casing design is normally based on the maximum internal pressure
resulting from a kick during drilling of the next hole section. For added safety in some cases, it is
also assumed that influx fluid will displace the entire mud, thereby subjecting the inside of the
casing to the bursting effects of formation pressure. The "load", "back up" and resultant concept
is also applied here with a difference that load in burst will be internal pressure; back up will be
external pressure.
OTHER LOADINGS
Other loadings that may develop in the casing include:
(1) Bending with tong during make up.
(2) Pullout off the joint and slip crushing.
(3) Corrosion and fatigue failure.
(4) Pipe wears due to running wire line tools and drill string assembly in deviated and doglegged holes.
(5) Additional loadings arising from treatment operations like acidizing, hydro fracturing,
cement squeezing etc.
Additional loadings cannot be determined directly and, it is assumed that they are taken care by
the Safety Factors.
Casing design is not an exact technique because of the uncertainties in determining the actual
loading sand also because of change in casing properties with time resulting from corrosion and
wear. Design Factor is used to allow for such uncertainties and to ensure that the rated
performance of the casing is always greater than the expected resultant loading.
In other words, casing strength is down-rated by a chosen safety factor. Every organization has
its own policy of safety factors. Most commonly used design factors for casing design are:

Collapse 0.85 -1.125

Burst 1.00 -1.10
Tension 1.60 -1.80
Safety factors can be defined as the ratio between rated capacity of casing and the actual load.

SFcollapse

SFburst

SFtension

Rated collapse resistance of casing

Actual resultant collapse pressure
Rated burst rating of casing
Actual resultant burst pressure

Rated yield strength

pipe body or joint whichever is minimum
Actual resultant tensile load

BIAXIAL EFFECTS
Burst and collapse resistances of casing are altered when the pipe is under tension or
compression load. These changes may, but do not necessarily, apply to connectors. Coupling
manufacturers should be consulted in stringent operating conditions. The qualitative changes in
pipe resistance are as follows:
An easy and faster way of finding the quantitative effect of axial tension on collapse resistance is
by referring to the collapse curve factors.
To determine the collapse strength under a given tensile load, divide the tensile load by the pipe
body yield strength, to obtain load factor(X). Read collapse rating factor (V) against load factor
(X).Multiply rated collapse strength with collapse rating factor (V) to find reduced collapse
strength under the tensile load.

CHAPTER 6: CASING CONSIDERATIONS

CASING CONSIDERATIONS

Number of casings is dependent upon the following

1. Depth of the well

2. Formations

DEPTH OF THE WELL

The casing is mainly dependent upon the depth because if depth increases and number of casing
strings are increased. If depth is decreased i.e. casing strings are also decreased
Example
Certain depth of the well is around 5500m i.e. number of casings 5 casings are installed because
it will not stable for 4 casings
Certain depth of the well is around 4000m i.e. number of we need to 4 casings only because
depth is low and casings are also low

Formations

Formations are key role to play to determine the number of casing string in a bore hole
formations are weak can not lower the casing strings because cement raising problems casing
will be collapse and casing shoe is located most probably harder formations

some formations high pressure and high temperature depth to very critical to control well so
much of problems arise in this formations easily stuck up pipe drill bit moves low without
control of formation pressure we can not drill well then casing will be only to prevent the such
type of casings

Examples for some formations:

Shale, coal, silt, basalt, argillaceous, argillite, clay, dust, loam, marl, micrite, micstone, mud,
mud rock, mudstone, petite, phylite, slate
This formation are unstable in a well these formation causes in mud loses
With out casing these type formations handle very difficult

CASING CONSIDERATIONS

Conductor casing
Surface casing
Intermediate casing
Production casing

Conductor casing considerations:

The conductor casing serves as a support during drilling operations, to flow back returns during
drilling and cementing of the surface casing, and to prevent collapse of the loose soil near the
surface. It can normally vary from sizes such as 18" to 30".

The first string run or placed in the well is usually the drive pipe, or conductor casing. Depths
range from 40 to 300 ft. In soft-rock areas such as southern Louisiana or most offshore
environments, the pipe is hammered into the ground with a large diesel hammer. Hard-rock areas
require that a large-diameter, shallow hole be drilled before running and cementing the pipe.
Conductor casing can be as elaborate as heavy-wall steel pipe or as simple as a few old oil drums
tacked together.
A primary purpose of this string is to provide a fluid conduit from the bit to the surface. Very
shallow formations tend to wash out severely, and must be protected with pipe. In addition, most
shallow formations exhibit some type of lost-circulation problem that must be minimized.
An additional function of the pipe is to minimize hole-caving problems. Gravel beds and
unconsolidated rock may continue to fall into the well if not stabilized with casing. Typically, the
operator is required to drill through these zones by pumping viscous muds at high rates.

Surface casing considerations

The purpose of surface casing is to isolate freshwater zones so that they are not contaminated
during drilling and completion. Surface casing is the most strictly regulated due to these
environmental concerns, which can include regulation of casing depth and cement quality. A
typical size of surface casing is 13 inches.
Drilling conditions will require that an additional string of casing be run between the drive pipe
and surface casing. Typical depths range from 600 to 1,000 ft. Purposes for the pipe includes

solving additional lost-circulation or hole-caving problems and minimizing kick problems from
shallow gas zones.
Surface Casing Many purposes exist for running surface casing including:

Cover freshwater sands.

Maintain hole integrity by preventing caving.

Minimize lost circulation into shallow, permeable zones.

Cover weak incompetent zones to control kick-imposed pressures.

Provide a means for attaching the blowout preventers.

Support the weight of all casing strings (except liners) run below the surface pipe.
Intermediate casing considerations
Intermediate casing may be necessary on longer drilling intervals where necessary drill
mud weight to prevent blowouts may cause a hydrostatic pressure that can fracture
shallower or deeper formations. Casing placement is selected so that the hydrostatic
pressure of the drilling fluid remains between In order to reduce cost, a liner may be used
which extends just above the shoe (bottom) of the previous casing interval and hung off
down hole rather than at the surface. It may typically be 7", although many liners match
the diameter of the production.

The primary applications of intermediate casing involve abnormally high formation pressures.
Because higher mud weights are required to control these pressures, shallower weak formations
must be protected to prevent lost circulation or stuck pipe. Occasionally, intermediate pipe is
used to isolate salt zones or zones that cause hole problems, such as heaving and sloughing shale.
Drilling liners are used for the same purpose as intermediate casing. Instead of running the pipe
to the surface, an abbreviated string is used from the bottom of the hole to a shallower depth
inside the intermediate pipe. Usually, the overlap between the two strings is 300 to 500 ft. In this
case, the intermediate pipe is exposed to the same drilling considerations as the liner
Liners considerations

Drilling (and production) liners are used frequently as a cost-effective method to attain pressure
or fracture-mud-weight control without the expense of running a string to the surface. When a
liner is used, the upper exposed casing, usually intermediate pipe, must be evaluated with respect
to burst and collapse pressures for drilling the open hole below the liner. Remember that a full
string of casing can be run to the surface instead of a liner, if required (i.e., two intermediate
strings).

Production casing
The production casing is often called the oil string. The pipe may be set at a depth slightly above,
midway through, or below the pay zone. The pipe has the following purposes:

Isolate the producing zone from the other formations.

Provide a work shaft of known diameter to the pay zone.

Protect the production-tubing equipment.

Casing policies
Why four casing are used

Casing policy is determined Institute of drilling technology ONGC Dehradun in India

Mainly casing policy dependent upon the off set well data

In offset well data approximately same borehole properties and many cases casing policy
is determined we using off set well data

Four casing policy

Casing policy dependent upon the depth of the well and formations this two main
functions to plan four casings in a bore hole

Four casings are used

Conductor, surface, intermediate, production

Main criteria to use four casings is well will be safely

Four casing policy fields malleswaram, ravulapaleum Krishna Godavari basin in Andhra
Pradesh

Why Three casing policy are used

This type of casing are used lower depth maximum dependent upon formations

Three casing are

Conductor, surface, production

Three casing policy fields kesanpalliy Krishna Godavari basin in Andhra Pradesh Gulf of
Cambay basin in Gujarat

These type formations they did not require the intermediate casing because middle of the
bore no abnormal formation and formation pressure is low

Advantages of four casing policy

Well will be safely to drill to reach depth of the well
To handle the abnormal formation in the bore hole
To prevent formation pressure not enter the bore hole

Disadvantages of four casing policy

Cost effectiveness high casing cost is 30% of the well effected total coast

Two casings policy it is not possible because well will be collapsed it is only applicable
for Rajasthan fields these areas having no water bed in the bore hole they need not
installed surface casing two casing means conductor casing and production Example
Rajasthan area around depth 2200m they installed conductor 700 ft and production
2200m

ECONOMICAL REDUCTION

Casing cost is one of the largest items of the drilling project to represent up to 30% total
cost of the well

At present conditions all companies 90 % used four casing policy

My objective to consider and comparative four casing policy and three casing policy and
formation correlated I have choose four casing policy to reduce three casing policy by
using casing setting depth graph

To reduce at least 5-8% total cost of the well

To use the linear

And eliminating one casing by the correlating formations if no water bed bore hole and
eliminating surface casing this depth controlled by intermediate casing

CONCLUSION

By using casing setting depth graph we know the number casing strings installed and
exact depth of casing shoe location

Mud loses and pressure depletion

Abnormal formations means gas pockets

Economical reduction means eliminating one of the casing string it possible only for to
control formation in the bore hole otherwise well will be consider

My project is applicable for new fields means no off sett well data

Before starting of drilling to design a casing policy using a offset well data and newer
fields using seismic survey to know pore pressure data and fracture pressure data to
prepare a casing policy

REFERENCES:
Fracture pressure and pore pressure data collected from ONGC malleswaram field rig NO
E-1400-17 well no 102
Casing design data collected from online journal petro wiki and one petro and rig zone
Aadnoy, B.S. 2010. Modern Well Design, second edition, Leiden, The Netherlands: CRC
Burgoyne, A.T. Jr., Chnevert, M.E. and Millheim, K.K. et al. 1986. Applied Drilling
Engineering, Vol. 2, 330-339. Richardson, Texas: Textbook series, SPE
Norsok standard D-010 Well integrity in drilling and well operations, third edition. 2004.
Lysaker, Norway: Norwegian petroleum industry
OLF 117 Recommended Guidelines for Well Integrity, fourth edition. 2011. Stavanger,