Study of the flow properties using simulation modeling for the melt growth

by Bridgman-Stockbarger method
M. Srinivasan and P. Ramasamy
Citation: AIP Conf. Proc. 1512, 900 (2013); doi: 10.1063/1.4791330
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791330
View Table of Contents: http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=1512&Issue=1
Published by the American Institute of Physics.

Related Articles
Generalized extended Navier-Stokes theory: Correlations in molecular fluids with intrinsic angular momentum
J. Chem. Phys. 138, 034503 (2013)
Velocity relaxation of an ellipsoid immersed in a viscous incompressible fluid
Phys. Fluids 25, 013101 (2013)
Remarks on the regularity criteria of generalized MHD and Navier-Stokes systems
J. Math. Phys. 54, 011502 (2013)
Germano identity-based subgrid-scale modeling: A brief survey of variations on a fertile theme
Phys. Fluids 24, 121301 (2012)
Quantifying effects of hyperviscosity on isotropic turbulence
Phys. Fluids 24, 125102 (2012)

Additional information on AIP Conf. Proc.

Journal Homepage: http://proceedings.aip.org/
Journal Information: http://proceedings.aip.org/about/about_the_proceedings
Top downloads: http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/most_downloaded.jsp?KEY=APCPCS
Information for Authors: http://proceedings.aip.org/authors/information_for_authors

Downloaded 07 Feb 2013 to 27.251.66.2. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions

Study of the Flow Properties using Simulation Modeling for

the Melt Growth by Bridgman - Stockbarger Method
M. Srinivasan, P.Ramasamy*
Centre for Crystal Growth, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamilnadu 603110.
* corresponding author
Email Id: ramasamyp@ssn.edu.in.
Abstract: Numerical modeling as a comprehensive tool in modern process development is extensively used for
promotion of crystal growth .The application of devices requires large diameter single crystals with a high degree of
crystallographic perfection, low defect density and uniform dopant distribution. The finite element method (FEM) is
employed to simulate the temperature and velocity distribution during a large crystal growth process. In this present
paper the flow properties such as heat flux, temperature distribution, temperature gradient and velocity field are
simulated for two different crucibles. The Navier - Stokes equations governing the fluid motion are computationally
solved by FEM. The low and high Reynolds numbers (laminar flow, turbulence flow) are found for two different size of
crucibles in Bridgman-Stockbarger technique. The flow pattern of the melt is controlled to improve the quality of single
crystals.
Keywords: Simulation and Modeling, Flow Control, Navier-Stokes equations, Laminar flows.
PACS: 47.27.E- , 47.85.L- , 47.10.ad, 47.15.G-

size. By control of the flow pattern of the melt high

quality crystals can be got.

INTRODUCTION

THEORY: BASIC EQUATIONS

The Bridgman method for crystal growth

from melts has been widely used to manufacture
substrates for microelectronic and optoelectronic
devices as well as various engineering components.
Vertical Bridgman crystal growth is the dominant
technique to grow various crystals because of its
possibility to maintain low thermal gradient and
growth rate independently [1]. The crystal growth is
mainly controlled by fluid properties. The growth rate
is controlled by the variation of the crucible
temperature. Classically, convection problems are
divided into two categories, depending on the forces
responsible for the fluid motion. In forced convection
the fluid motion is due to the application of pressure or
viscous forces on the fluid boundary. Free or natural
convection problems are distinguished by the fluid
motion being produced by temperature - induced
buoyancy forces [2]. Here we consider only on
modifying crucible size and to study the flow
properties of melt. Momentum, mass and energy
equations are studied based on Navier -Stokes
equation. We want high quality and homogeneous
doping concentration of single crystals with high grain

We must model the melt flow field in combination

with the heat transfer and phase change. The model
includes the phase transition from melt to solid, both in
terms of latent heat and the varying physical
properties.
General heat transfer equations are given below.
Mass, momentum, energy conservation equations
respectively given below are based on incompressible
flow of NavierStokes equations


(1)
 .( u )  0
t
u
(2)
  u. u  p  .
 F
t
T   p
 T


 (u.)T  C p  (.q) 
: S

  (u.) p   Q
t
 t



 T p

( 3)
Where,
, u, p , , F, Cp ,T, q are respectively the
density, velocity vector , pressure, viscous stress
tensor, the body force vector, specific heat capacity at

SOLID STATE PHYSICS: Proceedings of the 57th DAE Solid State Physics Symposium 2012
AIP Conf. Proc. 1512, 900-901 (2013); doi: 10.1063/1.4791330
2013 American Institute of Physics 978-0-7354-1133-3/$30.00

900
Downloaded 07 Feb 2013 to 27.251.66.2. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions

FIGURE 2.Turbulence flow, heat flux, velocity field

constant pressure , absolute temperature, heat flux

vector. Q contains the heat source. Then diffusion,
conduction and convention are also studied with
modified equations.

RESULT : MODELING
Firstly, we use the COMSOL Multiphysics code
which is based on the finite element method to
simulate the two-dimensional model with its mesh
between 1424 and 8024 elements. Here we take axisymmetry crucible and consider only vertical cross
section part. We perform a heat and flow analysis to
investigate the temperature distribution, velocity field
and heat flux. Mass and momentum conservation,
energy conservation taking into account heat transfer
by conduction, gaseous free convection, liquid free
convection, and radiation are solved using COMSOL
Multiphysics software. Reynolds number is one of the
important tools to study and control the flow pattern
[3]. Here Reynolds number is highly varying for
different size of crucibles. Fig. (1) and (2) show the
velocity distribution of the melt and the flow generated
by the buoyancy force which is caused by the heating
of the melt from the wall of crucible.
FIGURE 1. Laminar flow, heat flux, velocity field .

CONCLUSION
We have presented a numerical approach for the
simulation of the flow pattern of the Bridgman crystal
growth process. The simulation modeling presented
here is only for the flow pattern of melt. It is not for
solidification process. The heat flux, stream line,
temperature distribution and velocity field and
Reynolds numbers are studied by COMSOL
Multiphysics software.

REFERENCES
[1]. J.A.Wei, et. al, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer. 53
(2009) 3747-3756.
[2]. David.K.Gartling, Comp. Method of Appl. Mechanics
and Engi. 12 (1977) 365-382.
[3]. O.Bunoiu, DT.Duffar, et.al, J. of Optoelectronics and
Advanced Materials. Vol.2, No.5 ( 2000) P 474-480.

901
Downloaded 07 Feb 2013 to 27.251.66.2. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions