WORK AND ENERGY

WHAT IS WORK?
A. refers to an activity involving a

force and movement in the direction

of the force.

B. is related to expenditure of muscular

effort

C. the labor, task, or duty that is one's

accustomed means of livelihood

D. sustained physical or mental effort

to overcome obstacles and achieve an

objective or result

IN PHYSICS, WORK
A. refers to an activity involving a force and movement in the

direction of the force.

When a force acts

upon an object to
cause a displacement
of the object, it is said
that work was done
upon the object.

IN EQUATION, WORK IS

W F d
Work Force Displacement

Work is a scalar quantity

IF FORCE AND DISPLACEMENT ARE BOTH

VECTORS, WHY IS WORK A SCALAR QUANTITY?
A. Because it involves dot (.) product of Force and Displacement

B. Because it involves cross (x) product of Force and

Displacement

C. It will only be a scalar if distance is used instead of

displacement

D. Thats how things should be in order to violate concepts of

nature

IF FORCE AND DISPLACEMENT ARE BOTH

VECTORS, WHY IS WORK A SCALAR QUANTITY?
A. Because it involves dot (.) product of Force

and Displacement

What is dot product or scalar

product of two vectors?

SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

Dot Product

A B AB cos A B cos
B

B cos

DOT PRODUCT OF UNIT VECTORS

i i j j k k (1)(1) cos(0) 1
i k i j j k (1)(1) cos(90) 0

A B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz

LETS TRY:
What is the dot product between the following vectors:

A 8i 6 j 3k

B 4i 9 j 2k

A.32
B.46
C.16
D.20

WORK
A scalar quantity.
Measured in joules J or N.m

The product of force F and

displacement d. Given by the

equation:

W F .d Fd cos
Work is positive if force and

displacement are parallel to each other

or in the same direction (0<90)
Work is negative if force and
displacement are parallel to each other
or in the same direction (90< 180)
Work is zero if force is perpendicular to
the displacement (=90)

WHY JOULE AND NOT SOMETHING ELSE?

A LITTLE INFO.
1 joule is 1 Newton.meter

Joule studied the nature of heat,

and discovered its relationship
to mechanical work
This led to the theory
of conservation of energy

James Prescott
Joule

ENERGY
A scalar quantity

Capacity to do work
Has a unit of Joules

Can be stored in a body on which

work is being done

Any form of energy may

be transformed into another

THE WORD ENERGY IS DERIVED FROM:

A.Energon
B.Energeia
C.nectrum
D.Enervon

HISTORY OF UNDERSTANDING
The word energy derives from the

Greek energeia which possibly appears for the

first time in the work of Aristotle in the 4th
century.

The concept of energy emerged out of the idea

of vis viva (living force)

which Gottfried Leibniz defined as the

product of the mass of an object and its

velocity squared;

he believed that total vis viva was conserved.

Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz

HISTORY OF UNDERSTANDING
In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first

to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in

its modern sense.[6]

Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic

energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and

in 1853, William Rankine coined the term

"potential energy".

Thomas Young

KINDS OF ENERGY:

Energy can be/is stored or transferred

from place to place, or object to object in
different ways. There are various kinds
of energy.
Let's start by looking at kinetic energy.

KINETIC ENERGY
Energy of motion

is possessed by a certain mass, m, moving at velocity v. In

equation:

1
K mv 2
2

Always positive (+) regardless of the direction of the velocity.

NOW LETS SEE THE ILLUSTRATION

There is a small and large ball resting on a table.

LET US SAY BOTH BALLS WILL FALL INTO THE BUCKET OF

WATER.
LET'S SEE WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN.

YOU WILL NOTICE THAT THE SMALLER BALL MAKES A

LITTLE SPLASH AS IT FALLS INTO THE BUCKET.
THE HEAVIER BALL MAKES A VERY BIG SPLASH. WHY?

A. Because the heavier ball have more kinetic

energy than the smaller one

B. Because the heavier ball is more massive

C. All of the above

NOW LETS DERIVE

From definition, work is

W F.d

From Second Law of Motion, force is

F ma

From the equations of motion, acceleration along x is

v v 0
a
2x
2

NOW LETS DERIVE

Now, we combine everything

v v0
v v0
.d m
W F .d ma.d m

2
d
2

1 2 1
2
W mv mv0 K final K initial K
2
2
2

WORK ENERGY THEOREM

The net work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic

energy.

Wtot K K final Kinitial

SOME EXAMPLES (KINETIC ENERGY):

What is the kinetic energy of a 2 kg ball that travels a distance of

50 meters in 5 seconds?

A.20 J
B.100 J
C.50 J
D.25 J

POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy is energy which

results from position or configuration.

An object may have the capacity for
doing work as a result of its position in
a gravitational field (gravitational
potential energy).
It may have elastic potential energy as
a result of a stretched spring or other
elastic deformation.
Potential energy is associated with a
set of forces that act on a body in a way
that depends only on the body's
position in space

POTENTIAL ENERGY
There are various types of potential energy, each associated with a

particular type of force.

More specifically, every conservative force gives rise to potential energy.

For example:

the work of an elastic force is called elastic potential energy;

work of the gravitational force is called gravitational potential
energy;

work of the Coulomb force is called electric potential energy;

work of the strong nuclear force or weak nuclear force acting on the baryon charge is

called nuclear potential energy;

work of intermolecular forces is called intermolecular potential energy.

CONSERVATIVE FORCE
A conservative force is a force with the property that
the work done in moving a particle between two points
is independent of the path taken.[1]
A force is conservative if the net work
done by the force on an object
moving around any closed path is
zero.
Gravity is an example of a conservative
force, while friction is an example of a
non-conservative force.

TYPES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY

Gravitational Potential Energy

Elastic Potential Energy

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

Energy associated with the position of

the body relative to a reference point. In

equation:

U g mgh
Depends only on the vertical position of a

mass from a certain reference level.

Can be positive (above your reference

level), zero (on the reference level) or

negative (below the reference level)
depending on your reference level.

APPLICATIONS OF GPE
A trebuchet uses the
gravitational potential
energy of
the counterweight to
throw projectiles over
long distances.

APPLICATIONS OF GPE

Hydroelectric plants
function on the idea
of gravitational
potential energy

APPLICATIONS OF GPE
Hydroelectric plants function on the idea of gravitational potential
energy. How?
Water from a higher elevation pours
through the dam. This energy was stored
as potential energy in the gravitational
field of the Earth.

The gravitation potential energy of the

water is exploited through the use of
turbines which in turn produces
electricity.

PROBLEM SOLVING:
A cart is loaded with a brick and pulled at constant speed along

an inclined plane to the height of a seat-top. If the mass of the

loaded cart is 3.0 kg and the height of the seat top is 0.45 meters,
then what is the potential energy of the loaded cart at the height
of the seat-top?

A.10 J
B.13.2 J
C.16.4 J
D.8.4 J

ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

Potential energy associated with elastic materials like spring. In

equation:

1
U e kx2
2

where k is the force constant and x is the compression or expansion

length.

SOME APPLICATIONS OF EPE

Archery is one of
humankind's oldest
applications of elastic
potential energy.

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
If only conservative forces are doing work, the total mechanical

energy of a system neither increases nor decreases in any process.

It stays constant. It is conserved if it stays constant.

K1 U1,tot Wother K 2 U 2,tot

FORMS OF ENERGY
Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its

motion or its position.

Radiant energy includes light, microwaves, radio waves, x-rays, and
other forms of electromagnetic waves.
Nuclear energy is released when heavy atoms in matter are split up
or light atoms are put together.
The electrical energy we use is derived from other sources of energy.

EXAMPLES FOR CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

EXAMPLES OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Roller Coaster Ride

EXAMPLES OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Pendulum

POWER!
Power is the rate that we use energy.

Power = Work or Energy / Time

P = W/t = F x d/t = F v

The units for power :

J/s
Kg m2 / s2 /s
Nm/s

POWER CALCULATION
A 5 Kg Cart is pushed by a 30 N force against friction for a

distance of 10m in 5 seconds. Determine the Power needed to

move the cart.

P=Fxd/t
P = 30 N (10 m) / 5 s
P = 60 N m /s
P = 60 watts

ANY QUESTIONS..
Thank you.

EXAMPLE 1:
Starting from rest, you ride a roller coaster car of
mass 1500 kg down a frictionless track a distance H =
50 m above the bottom of a loop as shown. If the loop
is 15 m in diameter and height at pt. C is 10 m, find
the following quantities:
A. Gravitational PE at pt. A (1 pt)
B. Kinetic Energy at pt A (1 pt)

C. Gravitational PE at pt B (1 pt)
D. Kinetic Energy at pt B (1 pt)
E. Gravitational PE at pt C (1 pt)

F. Kinetic Energy at pt C (1 pt)

G. If the cart compresses a massless spring, with
spring constant k=100 N/m, at the end of pt C by
5.0cm, find its Elastic PE (2pt)

H. If the diameter of the loop is doubled, the kinetic

energy of the cart at pt B becomes __ (2pts)