Linear Momentum

Enthusiasm is the energy

and force that builds literal
momentum of the human
soul and mind.
- Bryant H. McGill

Linear Momentum
It is a measure of the
difficulty encountered
in bringing an object to
rest.
A heavy and fast car is
harder to stop compared
to less heavy car with the
same speed.

Linear Momentum
Property of an object related to its mass
and velocity. In equation; momentum p is
equal to mass m times velocity v

p mv

Momentum is a vector quantity

Linear Momentum
Originally, Newtons 2nd Law is stated in
terms of momentum: The rate of change of

momentum of a body is equal to the net force

applied to it.

F p / t

A force is required to change the momentum of a

body.

Conservation of Momentum
Consider two
particles 1 and 2
that collide on
each other and
thereby exerting
force on each
other.

Conservation of Momentum
The impulsive
force that 1
exerted on 2
for a time
interval is
V1f
F2on1

V1i

V2i

V2f

Conservation of momentum
Assuming that the impulsive force is
constant, the change of momentum of a
particle 1 is

F2on1t m1 (v1 f v1i )

And the change in momentum of particle 2
due to the impulsive force of particle 1 is

F1on2 t m2 (v2 f v2i )

Conservation of momentum
So that the total impulse of the external
forces acting on the system is just

F2on1 F1on2 t m1 (v1 f

From Newtons 3rd Law,
thus

v1i ) m2 (v2 f v2i )

F2on1 F1on2 0

m1v1i m2v2i m1v1 f m2v2 f

Conservation of Momentum
or,

m1v1i m2v2i m1v1 f m2v2 f

Total momentum
before the
collision

Total momentum
after the
collision

Pi Pf

Conservation of Momentum
In general,

If the vector sum of the external forces

on the system is zero, the total
momentum of the system is constant
- Principle of Conservation of
Momentum

The Principle of Conservation

of Linear Momentum

12

Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum:

The total linear momentum of an isolated system
remains constant(is conserved). An isolated system
is one for which the vector sum of the average
external forces acting on the system is zero.

13

Impulse
Changes in momentum may occur when there is
either a change in the mass of an object, a change in
velocity or both.
If momentum changes due to changing velocity
while mass remains constant, acceleration occurs.
Force produces the acceleration
For changing the momentum of an object, both force
and time during which the force acts are
important.

Impulse
Impulse I is the product of the net force F and the t
time interval such force has in contact with the
object or

I Ft

Impulse changes momentum in much the same way

that force changes velocity. Thus
Impulse = change in momentum

I p

The change in momentum of a body

during a time interval equals the impulse
of the net force that acts on the body
during that interval. impulse-momentum
theorem

Impulse changes momentum

Case 1: Increasing momentum
If you wish to increase the momentum of
something as much as possible, you not
only apply the greatest force you can, you
also extend the time of application as
much as possible.

Impulse changes momentum

Case 1: Increasing momentum
Long-range cannons have long
barrels. The longer the barrel,
the greater the velocity of the
emerging cannonball. Why?
The force of exploding
gunpowder in a long barrel acts
on the cannonball for a longer
time. This increased impulse
produces a greater momentum.

Impulse changes momentum

Case 2: Decreasing Momentum over a
long time.
If you extend the time of impact 100 times,
impact force is reduced 100-fold. So
whenever you wish the force of impact to
be small, extend the time of impact.

Case 2: Decreasing Momentum

over a long time.
A wrestler thrown to the floor tries to extend his
time of arrival on the floor by relaxing his
muscles and spreading the crash into a
series of impact as foot, knee, hip ribs, and
shoulder fold onto the floor in turn. The
increased time of impact reduces the force of
impact.

Case 2: Decreasing Momentum

over a long time.
A person jumping from an
elevated position to a floor
below bends his knees
upon making contact,
thereby extending the time
during which his
momentum is reduced 10
to 20 times that a stifflegged, abrupt landing.

Case 2: Decreasing Momentum

over a long time.
Bungee jumping puts the
impulse-momentum
relationship to a thrilling
test. The long stretching
time of the cord ensures a
small average force to
bring the jumper to a safe
halt before hitting the
ground.

Case 2: Decreasing Momentum

over a long time.
If youre about to
catch fast baseball
with your bare hand,
you extend your
hand forward so
youll have plenty of
room to let your
hand move
backward after you
make contact with
the ball.

Impulse changes momentum

Case 3: Decreasing Momentum over a
Short Time
Short impact times, the impact forces are
larger.

Case 3: Decreasing Momentum

over a Short Time
The idea of short time of
contact explains how a
karate expert can sever a
stack of bricks with the blow
of his bare hand. By swift
execution he makes the
time of contact very brief
and correspondingly makes
the force of impact huge.

Impulse Example 1.
A Well-Hit Ball
A baseball (m=0.14kg) has initial velocity of v0=38m/s as it approaches a bat. The bat applies
an average
force
that is much larger than
F
the weight of the ball, and the ball departs
from the bat with a final velocity of vf=+58m.

(a)Determine the impulse applied to the ball by

the bat.

(b) Assuming time of contact is

=1.6*10-3s, find
the average force exerted on the ball by the
25
bat.

(a)

J mv f mv0
(0.14kg)(58m / s) (0.14kg)(38m / s)
= +13.4 kg.m/s

(b)

J 13.4kg.m / s
F

8400 N
3
t 1.6 10 s
26

Example 2. A Rain Storm

Rain comes straight down with velocity of v0=15m/s and hits the roof of a car
perpendicularly. Mass of rain per second that
strikes the car roof is 0.06kg/s.
Assuming the rain
comes to rest upon
striking the car
(vf=0m/s), find the
average force exerted
by the raindrop.
27

mv f mv0
t

m
( )v0
t

F = -(0.06kg/s)(-15m/s)=0.9
N
According to action-reaction law, the
force exerted on the roof also has a
magnitude of 0.9 N points downward: 0.9N
28

Collision
Football isn't a contact sport, it's a collision
sport. Dancing is a contact sport.
-Duffy Daugherty
A collision is an isolated event in which two or
more moving bodies (colliding bodies) exert
forces on each other for a relatively short time.

Elastic Collision
An elastic collision is an
encounter between two
bodies in which the total
kinetic energy of the two
bodies after the encounter
is equal to their total
kinetic energy before the
encounter.

Elastic collisions are collisions

in which both momentum and
kinetic energy are conserved.

Inelastic collision
in inelastic collision, the total kinetic energy
of the system is not conserved, however,
the momentum of the system is conserved.
Some of the kinetic energy before collision
is transformed into other types of energy.
The total kinetic energy after the collision is less
than that before the collision.

Inelastic collision
Completely inelastic collision
Colliding bodies stick together and move as
one body after collision.

Examples

Assembling a Freight Train

Car 1 has a mass of m1=65*103kg and moves
at a velocity of v01=+0.8m/s. Car 2 has a
mass of m2=92*103kg and a velocity of
v02=+1.3m/s. Neglecting friction, find the
common velocity vf of the cars after they
become coupled.

34

(m1+m2) vf = m1v01 + m2v02

After collision

Before collision

m1v01 m2 v02
vf
m1 m2
(65 10 3 kg)(0.8m / s) (92 10 3 kg)(1.3m / s)

3
3
(65 10 kg 92 10 kg)
=+1.1 m/s
35

(m1+m2) vf = m1v01 + m2v02

After collision

Before collision

m1v01 m2 v02
vf
m1 m2
(65 10 3 kg)(0.8m / s) (92 10 3 kg)(1.3m / s)

3
3
(65 10 kg 92 10 kg)
=+1.1 m/s
36

A Collision in One Dimension

A ball of mass
m1=0.25kg and velocity
v01=5m/s collides headon with a ball of mass
m2=0.8kg that is initially
at rest(v02=0m/s). No
external forces act on
the balls. If the collision
in elastic, what are the
velocities of the balls 37

m1=0.25, m2=0.8
v01 =5 m/s, v02= 0

0.25 0.8
v f1
5 2.62m / s
0.25 0.8
2 0.25
v f2
5 2.38m / s
0.25 0.8
38

Simple Examples of Head-On Collisions

(ELASTIC COLLISION : Energy and Momentum are Both Conserved)

Collision between two objects of the same mass. One mass is at rest.

Collision between two objects. One at rest initially has twice the mass.

Collision between two objects. One not at rest initially has twice the mass.

p mv

Simple Examples of Head-On Collisions

(Totally Inelastic Collision, only Momentum Conserved)

Collision between two objects of the same mass. One mass is at rest.

Collision between two objects. One at rest initially has twice the mass.

Collision between two objects. One not at rest initially has twice the mass.

p mv

Example of Non-Head-On Collisions

(Energy and Momentum are Both Conserved)

Collision between two objects of the same mass. One mass is at rest.

If you vector add the total momentum after collision,

you get the total momentum before collision.

p mv

A Collision in Two Dimensions

42

A Collision in Two Dimensions

A collision in two dimensions obeys the
same rules as a collision in one
dimension: Total momentum in each
direction is always the same before and
after the collision
Total kinetic energy is the same before
and after an elastic collision

43

Example 1
Two objects slide over a
frictionless horizontal surface. The
first object, mass m1 = 5kg , is
propelled with speed v1i = 4.5 m/s
toward the second object, mass
m2 = 2.5 kg, which is initially at
rest. After the collision, both
objects have velocities which are
directed = 30 on either side of
the original line of motion of the
first object. What are the final
speeds of the two objects? Is the
collision elastic or inelastic?

Center of Mass
Every body has a point
where its whole mass is
concentrated so we can lift
any body by only putting the
force on only that point.
Center of Mass (COM) is a
point where whole body's
mass is assumed to be
concentrated.

Center of Mass
The center of mass is the location where all of the mass of
the system could be considered to be located.
For a solid body it is often possible to replace the entire
mass of the body with a point mass equal to that of the
body's mass. This point mass is located at the center of
mass.

Center of Mass
For homogenous solid bodies that have a symmetrical
shape, the center of mass is at the center of body's
symmetry, its geometrical center.
The center of mass is the point about which a solid will
freely rotate if it is not constrained.

Center of Mass
For a solid body the center of mass is also
the balance point. The body could be
suspended from its center of mass and it
would not rotate, i.e. not be out of balance.
The center of mass of a solid body does not
have to lie within the body. The center of
mass of a hula-hoop is at its center where
there is no hoop, just hula.
The center of mass for a system of
independently moving particles still has
meaning and is useful in analyzing the
interactions between the particles in the
system.

Center of Mass
In equation, it can be
summarized as

Center of Mass
In equation, it can be
summarized as

Center of Mass
For several bodies, the center of mass can
be obtained as

In three dimensions, it can be written as