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EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
Basic Theory
An object that is launched on a horizontal flat surface, then the speed will be
reduced and eventually stopped. Clear that a force in the horizontal direction
acting on the object, where the direction of the force is opposite to the motion of
objects. This style is usually called frictional forces acting on the object and is
caused by the surface.
Normal force is a reaction force that arises when two objects come into
contact and the direction is always perpendicular to the touchpad. Normal
force can be derived from the weight of the object itself plus penaruh external
forces "
b.
Coefficient friction ()
The coefficient of friction of a field depends on smooth or kasarnyasurface
the object.
Friction unit newton, whereas the friction coefficient is not dimensionless,
and the price is between 0 and 1 (01). = 0 for a perfectly smooth field and
= 1 for a field that is very rude
There are two types of friction forces between two solid objects moving
straight to each other, the force of static friction and kinetic friction forces, which
distinguished between the touch points between the two surfaces are fixed or else
change (shift). For objects that can be rolled, there are also other types of
frictional forces called rolling friction forces (rolling friction). For a rotating
object perpendicular to the surface or air-spin, there is also the frictional forces
spin (spin friction). Friction between solid and fluid called Coriolis-Stokes or
viscous force (viscous force).
Frictional forces acting between the two surfaces is at rest relative to each
other is called static friction force (f
s).
smallest force that causes objects to move. For dry surface and not oiled, found
that the maximum static friction force between two surfaces is not dependent on
the contact surface area rubbing, but proportional to the magnitude of the normal
force between two objects rub against each other.
Where = coefficient of static friction. Equal sign in the equation above applies
if it
reaches the maximum large. Once the body begins to move, the frictional
forces that work will decrease the amount so as to maintain uniform rectilinear
motion required a smaller force. The force acting between two surfaces move
k).
oiled, found that the kinetic friction force does not depend on the contact surface
area or the relative speed between the two surfaces that touch each other, but
proportional to the magnitude of the normal force between two objects rub against
each other. Where = the coefficient of kinetic friction.
=
Where = Coefficient of static friction and N = normal force.
When an object is at rest on a flat surface, then place the object plane is tilted
slowly to form a right angle to the object moves, the coefficient of static friction
between the object and the field is given by equation,
= tan
With is the right angle when the object moves, the so-called critical suduk. The
coefficient of static friction is the tangent of the angle of the value of the field,
with the appropriate state bodies will move / slide. At angles greater than, the
beam slid changed irregularly to the lower end of the inclined plane with
acceleration:
= ( cos
Where is the angle of the field and is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
object plane. By measuring the acceleration, the coefficient of kinetic friction
can be calculated.
Tools and Materials
1.
Tool
a. 0-5 N spring balance
b. Pulleys table
c. Rough beams
d. Beam slippery
e. Load @ 50 grams
f. Rope or thread
Material
-
Identification Variables
Activity 1
1.
Variable control
: Mass
2.
Variable manipulation
: Tensile strength
3.
Response variable
Activity 2
1.
Variable control
: Type of surface
2.
Variable manipulation
: Normal force
3.
Response variable
: Tensile strength
Activity 3
1.
Variable control
: Normal force
2.
Variable manipulation
: Type of surface
3.
Response variable
: Tensile strength
Activity 4
1.
Variable control
: Type of surface
2.
Variable manipulation
: Gravity
3.
Response variable
: Critical angle
Activity 5
1.
Variable control
2.
Variable manipulation
: Mileage
3.
Response variable
: Travel time
1.
Mass is the mass of the beams used in the experiment which is obtained from
measurements using a spring balance
2.
Tensile strength is given a big pull on the beam until the situation changes as
measured using a spring balance
3.
State of the object is the condition of the beam is silent, the right to move and
move straight uniform when given the gravity
Activity 2
1.
2.
3.
Tensile strength is given a big pull on the beam until the situation changes as
measured using a spring balance
Activity 3
1.
2.
3.
Tensile strength is given a big pull on the beam until the situation changes as
measured using a spring balance
Activity 4
1.
2.
Gravity is the force that arises as a result of interaction with the mass of the
Earth's gravitational acceleration in which the direction of gravity is always
close to the center of the earth
3.
The critical angle is the angle obtained from the angle measurement using a
bow at the right time of the object will move / slide.
Activity 5
1.
Mass is the mass of the beams used in the experiment which is obtained from
measurements using a spring balance
2.
Large tilt angle is the angle of the incline as measured by the arc at the time
of sliding objects uniformly accelerated motion to the bottom of the incline.
3.
Mileage is the path length from the base to the point terterntu inclined plane
taken by the beam uniformly accelerated motion.
4.
Travel time is long or the time it takes the beam uniformly accelerated motion
of a point terterntu basic to the incline.
Working Procedure
Activity 1. Tensile strength of the status of objects
Providing and arranging tools available like in the picture below.
Neraca pegas
Balok
Tali
Katrol
Meja
FIGURE 2. Skeme the tools and material
Attractive spring slowly with a small force, watching appointment spring balance
and what happens to the beam. Then, increase the tensile strength while watching
the state of the beam and do this right up to the beam will move. In this situation
we consider the appointment of a spring balance. Interesting continue until the
beam moves straight uniform, attention designation spring balance. Observations
noted in Table observations. Noted that given the large tensile force, and the state
of objects (silent, the right to move, and move straight irregular) in Table
observations.
Activity 2. The relationship between normal force with friction
Adding a load on top of the beam, do such activities 1. Viewing appointment
spring balance right when the beam will move and when the beam moves straight
uniform. Doing several times with varying additional burden on top of the beam.
Noted the observations on the observation table.
Activity 3. The relationship between the state of the surface with friction
b.
c.
d.
Gently lift the end of the field is a square block so that the angle of the field
grow. Noting the angle of the right field when the object will move.
e.
Repeating activities (d) to increase the burden on the square beam to obtain at
least five (5) angle measurement data.
Adjust the angle of the field with a greater angle than the critical angle ()
which have been obtained in part 1 above for square beam without any
additional burden. Menc atat this inclination as.
b.
Laying beam at the upper end of the known length of the field.
c.
d.
Repeating activities (c) at an angle greater to obtain at least five (5) pairs of
data.
Tensile (N)
silent
0,4 0,1
0,2 0,1
Activity 2
Type of surface is 2
TABLE 2. Relationship between tensile force to the normal force
No
Normal
force (N)
Tensile (N)
Silent
Average
1. 0,4 0,1
Right will move
1
2. 0,5 0,1
0,43 0,06
3. 0,4 0,1
0,6 0,1
1. 0,2 0,1
Moving straight
2. 0,2 0,1
uniform
3. 0,2 0,1
Silent
0,20 0,05
1. 0,7 0,1
Right will move
2
2. 0,7 0,1
0,6 0,1
3. 0,6 0,1
1,1 0,1
1. 0,4 0,1
Moving straight
2. 0,4 0,1
uniform
3. 0,4 0,1
Silent
0,40 0,05
1. 0,9 0,1
3
1,6 0,1
2. 0,9 0,1
3. 0,9 0,1
1,0 0,1
1. 0,5 0,1
Moving straight
uniform
2. 0,4 0,1
0,5 0,1
3. 0,5 0,1
Activity 3
Normal force = 0,6 N
TABLE 3. Relationship between types of surfaces with gravity
No
Type of
surface
Tensile (N)
Silent
Average
1. 0,7 0,1
Right will move
1
2. 0,7 0,1
0,70 0,05
3. 0,7 0,1
1. 0,3 0,1
Moving straight
2. 0,3 0,1
uniform
3. 0,3 0,1
Silent
0,30 0,05
1. 0,4 0,1
Right will move
2
2. 0,4 0,1
0,40 0,05
3. 0,4 0,1
II
1. 0,2 0,1
III
Moving straight
2. 0,2 0,1
uniform
3. 0,2 0,1
Silent
0,20 0,05
1. 0,6 0,1
2. 0,7 0,1
0,5 0,1
3. 0,7 0,1
1. 0,3 0,1
Moving straight
2. 0,3 0,1
uniform
3. 0,3 0,1
0,30 0,05
Activity 4
TABLE 4. The force of static friction on an inclined plane
No
Gravity (N)
0,6 0,1
1,1 0,1
1,6 0,1
2,1 0,1
1.
18 1
2.
17 1
3.
18 1
1.
16 1
2.
16 1
3.
16 1
1.
16 1
2.
17 1
3.
17 1
1.
17 1
2.
18 1
3.
17 1
Average
17.7 0.6
16.0 0.5
16.7 0.7
17.3 0.7
Activity 5
Mass load
= 60 gram
= 17o
TABLE 5. kinetic friction force on an inclined plane
No
Mileage (cm)
Travel time
Average
1. 1,0 0,1
1
30,0 0,1
2. 1,0 0,1
1.0 0.1
3. 1,0 0,1
1. 1,2 0,1
2
60,0 0,1
2. 1,2 0,1
1.23 0.07
3. 1,3 0,1
1. 2,0 0,1
3
90,0 0,1
2. 2,0 0,1
2.0 0.1
3. 2,0 0,1
Data Analysis
Activity 1
The forces acting on the body
a.
Standstill
fs > F
b.
At the time of stationary objects, then the forces that work is the direction
of gravity closer to the center of the earth because of the influence gravitai
force, normal force whose direction is perpendicular to the object and
opposite to gravity, also friction is the force that arises due to the touch
between the two surfaces, where the frictional forces that work is static
frictional force, ie the frictional forces acting on the body still.
Right will move
fs = F
The forces acting on the body in a proper state will move as the object is
stationary, there is gravity, the normal force, gravity and friction forces, the
static friction force. Here large static friction force is the maximum frictional
force before moving objects that is equal to a large tensile force is given, but
c.
fs < F
Normal force
(N)
0.60 0.05
Tensile (N)
0.433
1.10 0.05
0.667
1.60 0.05
0.933
GRAPH 1. The relationship between tensile strength with normal force when the
object will move right
1
0,9
0,8
friction (f)
0,7
0,6
y = 0,5x + 0,127
R = 0,998
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0
0,5
1,5
Normal force(N)
y = mx + c
y
s = = m = 0.5
x
DK = R2 100% = 0.998 100% = 99%
KR = 100% DK = 100% 99% = 1%
s =
KR s 1% 0.5
=
= 5 103
100%
100%
TABLE 7. The relationship between tensile strength with normal force when
objects move straight uniform
No
Tensile (N)
|0,60 0.05|
0.20
|1.10 0.05|
0.40
|1.60 0.05|
0.46
GRAPH 2. The relationship between tensile strength with normal force when
objects move straight uniform
0,6
Friction (fk)
0,5
y = 0,26x + 0,067
R = 0,911
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0
0,5
= mx + c
y
= = m = 0.26
x
KR k 8.9% 0.26
=
= 0.023
100%
100%
Activity 3
Surface I
s =
fs 0.70
=
= 1.17
N
0,6
1,5
s =
fs N
+
fs
N s
1
max 2 NST tools
=
+
s
fs
N
0.05 0.05
+
1.17
0.70 0.6
= 0.154 1.17
= 0.180
KR =
s
0.180
100% =
100% = 15.43%
s
1.1667
k =
fk 0.3
=
= 0.5
N 0,6
k =
fk N
+
fk
N k
1
max 2 NST tools
=
+
k
fk
N
=
0.05 0.05
+
0.5
0.3
0.6
k
0.1245
100% =
100% = 24.9%
k
0.5
fs 0.4
=
= 0.66
N 0.6
s =
fs N
+
fs
N s
1
max 2 NST tools
=
+
s
fs
N
=
0.05 0.05
+
0.66
0.40 0.6
s
0.137
100% =
100% = 20.76%
s
0.66
fk
N k
k =
1
max 2 NST tools
=
+
k
fk
N
=
0.05 0.05
+
0.33
0.2
0.6
= 0.110
KR =
k
0.110
100% =
100% = 33.33%
k
0.33
fs
N s
s =
1
max 2 NST tools
=
+
s
fs
N
=
0.1 0.05
+
0.83
0.5 0.6
s
0.283
100% =
100% = 34.1%
s
0.83
fk
N k
k =
1
max 2 NST tools
=
+
k
fk
N
=
0.05 0.05
+
0.5
0.3
0.6
= 0.1245
KR =
k
0.1245
100% =
100% = 24.9%
k
0.5
= tan
= tan 17.7 = 0.32
= max
3.14
rad = 0.6
rad = 0.01
180
180
= 17.7 0.01
s 1 =
sin 2 s 1
2 0.01
0.02
0.32 =
0.32 = 0.01
sin 2 17.7
0.58
s 1
0.01
100% =
100% = 3.1%
s 1
0.32
KR =
= tan
= tan16.0 = 0.286
= max
3.14
rad = 0.5
rad = 0.008
180
180
= 16.00 0.008
2
sin 2 s 2
2 0.008
0.02
=
0.286 =
0.286 = 0.01
sin 2 16.0
0.53
s 2 =
KR =
s 2
0.01
100% =
100% = 3.50%
s 2
0.286
= tan
= tan 16.7 = 0.301
= max
3.14
rad = 0.7
rad = 0.01
180
180
= 16.70 0.01
2
sin 2 s 1
2 0.01
0.02
=
0.32 =
0.32 = 0.01
sin 2 16.7
0.58
s 1 =
KR =
s 1
0.01
100% =
100% = 3.3%
s 1
0.301
= tan17.3 = 0.311
= max
3.14
rad = 0.7
rad = 0.01
180
180
= 0.31 0.01
2
sin 2 s 4
2 0.01
0.02
=
0.311 =
0.311 = 0.01
sin 2 17.3
0.59
s 4 =
KR =
s 4
0.01
100% =
100% = 3.21%
s 4
0.311
Gravity (N)
0.6 0.05
1.10 0.05
1.60 0.05
2.10 0.05
GRAPH 3. The relationship between the distance of the travel time squared
4,5
4
y = 2,5x - 0,833
R = 0,871
3,5
time (t2)
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
0
0,5
1,5
distance (2s)
y = mx + c
a=
2s x 1
1
=
=
=
= 0.4 m s 2
t 2 y m 2.5
KR a 13% 0.4
=
= 0.05 m s2
100%
100%
k =
= 0.5 x
k =
180
a
1
+ sec 2 +
gcos
agcos 2
0.05
1
+ sec 2 17 +
0.01 rad
10 cos17
0.4 (10)cos2 17
KR =
k
0.014
100% =
100% = 5.38%
k
0.260
the beam above the horizontal plane, then raised slowly until a critical angle field
that is appropriate when the object will move or slide to the bottom. Based on the
obtained angle it will obtain the coefficient of static friction of the tangent value
of the critical angle. Last Kegiatn which determine the coefficient of kinetic
friction on an inclined plane. This is done by placing objects on a plane inclined at
an angle that lbih greater than the critical angle, then the object will slide to the
bottom of the incline or perform uniformly accelerated motion. Movement of the
object is then measured using a stopwatch to determine the time it takes the object
to a distance from a given point to the base bidag oblique. Then subsequently
using distance and time will be determined acceleration of the object, and from
the acceleration will be obtained coefficient of kinetic friction with the formula.
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
Based on the experiments that have been done, it can be concluded that the
factors that affect the size of the force of friction is given tensile force, normal
force acting on the object, the type of surfaces and friction coefficient. The static
friction force is the frictional forces acting on the body are silent, and the kinetic
frictional force is the force acting on a moving object. Large static friction force is
always greater than the kinetic frictional force, because at the time of stationary
objects and right will move statiklah frictional forces that work, but when things
start moving frictional force between two objects will be reduced so that the
required force smaller so that things move irregularly, This style of kinetic
frictional force. As for how to determine the coefficient of static friction itself can
be done by trial frictional forces on the incline, the proper friction force when the
object will move to the coefficient of static friction and kinetic friction force when
the object has slid to the bottom of the incline.
REFERENCES
Lubis, Riani. 2008. Diktat Kuliah Fisika Dasar 1. Jurusan Teknik Informatika
Fakultas Teknik dan Ilmu Komputer UNIKOM.
Herman, dkk. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar Unit Laboratorium Fisika
Dasar JurusanFisika FMIPA UNM.
Tipler, Paul A. 2001. Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik Edisi Kedua Jilid 2
(Terjemahan). Jakarta: Erlangga.