SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

Center for Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (ARC 3413)
PROJECT 2 : Integration with Design Studio 5
Muhammad Naim Bin Ahmad Mukif
0303348

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Lighting
- 2.1 Lumen and Day lighting Factor Calculation
-2.2 Lighting Conclusion
3.0 Acoustics
- 3.1 Reverberation time calculation
- 3.2 Sound Pressure Level calculation
- 3.3 Sound Transmission Loss calculation
- 3.4 Acoustic Conclusion

Introduction

Lighting Calculation
1) Gallery

Day lighting Factor

Data Collected
Outdoor (Eo)

Indoor, 1m and .5m (Ei)

32000

900

12 noon
23 September 2014
Sunny

DF = (Ei/Eo) x 100%
= (900/32000) x 100
= 2.8 %

Lumen Method
Components

material

colour

Surface type

Area(m2)

Ceiling
Wall

Concrete
Brick wall

Grey
Brownish

Reflective
Absorptive

Openings
Floor

Glass
Glass
Carpet Finish

Transparent
Transparent
Black

Reflective
Reflective
Absorptive

120.12
173.2 64
(painting)
= 109.2
107.2
5.04
120.12

Reflectance
Value
15-40
20

6-10
6-10
10
4

Furniture

Painting

Various

Absorptive

Dimension of Room ( L x W )

15.4 x 7.8

Total Floor Area / A

120.12 m

Mounting height / H (hm)

4.0-0.9 = 3.1

Assumption of Reflectance value

Ceiling : 0.7

64

50

Wall : 0.3
Floor : 0.2
Room Index / RI (K)
(

(15.4 x 7.8) / (15.4+7.8) x 3.1

= 120.12/ 71.92

= 1.6
Utilisation Factor / UF
(Based on given utilization factor
table)
Maintenance Factor / MF
Standard Illuminance (lux)

0.49
0.8
300 (Gallery)

N = (E x A) / (F x UF x MF)
N = (300 x 120.12) / (1300 x 2) x 0.49 x 0.8)
N = 36036 / 1019.2
N = 35
Type Of Lighting Fixtures

Quantity

Luminous Flux (lm)

Double Twin Tube Compact

Fluorescent Light

35

1300lm per lamp

Colour - Warm Yellow

Wattage Level 26W
Colour Temp. 2700
Luminous Flux Level - 1300

2) Office

Day lighting Factor

Data Collected
Outdoor (Eo)

Indoor, 1m and .5m (Ei)

32000

1050

12 noon
23 September 2014
Sunny

DF = (Ei/Eo) x 100%
= (1050/32000) x 100
= 3.2 %

Lumen Method
Components

material

colour

Surface type

Area(m2)

Ceiling
Wall

Concrete
Concrete
Glass
Glass
Carpet Finish
Steel
Wood

Grey
Grey
Transparent
Transparent
Black
Silver
Dark

Reflective
Reflective
Reflective
Reflective
Absorptive
Reflective
Absorptive

40.851
93.2
32
4
40.851
23
5

Openings
Floor
Furniture

Reflectance
Value
15-40
15-40
6-10
6-10
10
70-90
15

Dimension of Room ( L x W )

5.1 x 8.01

Total Floor Area / A

40.851m

Mounting height / H (hm)

4.0-1.0 = 3.0

Assumption of Reflectance value

Ceiling : 0.7
Wall : 0.3
Floor : 0.2

Room Index / RI (K)

(

(5.1 x 8.01) / (5.1 + 8.01) x 3.0

= 40.851 / 39.33

= 1.04
Utilisation Factor / UF
(Based on given utilization factor
table)
Maintenance Factor / MF
Standard Illuminance (lux)

0.45
0.8
300 (Office)

N = (E x A) / (F x UF x MF)
N = (300 x 40.851) / (1450 x 1) x 0.45 x 0.8)
N = 12255.3 / 552
N = 22
Type Of Lighting Fixtures

Quantity

Luminous Flux (lm)

Tubular fluorescent light

22

1450lm per lamp

Colour - Neutral
Wattage Level 30W
Colour Temp. 6500
Luminous Flux Level - 1450

3) Studio

Day lighting Factor

Data Collected
Outdoor (Eo)

Indoor, 1m and .5m (Ei)

32000

1300

12 noon
23 September 2014
Sunny

DF = (Ei/Eo) x 100%
= (1300/32000) x 100
= 4.06 %

Lumen Method
Components

material

colour

Surface type

Area(m2)

Ceiling
Wall

Concrete
Concrete
Glass
Glass
Carpet Finish
Steel
Wood

Grey
Grey
Transparent
Transparent
Black
Silver
Dark

Reflective
Reflective
Reflective
Reflective
Absorptive
Reflective
Absorptive

71.32
93.2
70.92
4
71.32
40
12

Openings
Floor
Furniture

Reflectance
Value
15-40
15-40
6-10
6-10
10
70-90
15
8

Dimension of Room ( L x W )

( 9.2 x 2.3 ) + ( 4.4 x 6.7 ) + ( 4.7 x 4.4 )

Total Floor Area / A

71.32m

Mounting height / H (hm)

4.0-1.0 = 3.0

Assumption of Reflectance value

Ceiling : 0.7
Wall : 0.3
Floor : 0.2

Room Index / RI (K)

(

(18.3 x 13.4) / (18.3 + 13.4) x 3.0

= 245.2 / 95.1

= 2.57
Utilisation Factor / UF
(Based on given utilization factor
table)
Maintenance Factor / MF
Standard Illuminance (lux)

0.53
0.8
300 (Studio)

N = (E x A) / (F x UF x MF)
N = (300 x 71.32) / (1450 x 1) x 0.53 x 0.8)
N = 21396/ 614.8
N = 35
Type Of Lighting Fixtures

Quantity

Luminous Flux (lm)

Tubular fluorescent light

35

1450lm per lamp

Colour - Neutral
Wattage Level 30W
Colour Temp. 6500
Luminous Flux Level - 1450

Lighting Conclusion
1) Gallery
The daylight factor for gallery is 2.8%. The standard number day lighting factor for gallery is 1%
which the room has exceeded 1.8%. The natural light must be control because the arts inside the
gallery must be preserved. Therefore, the room needed the usage of tinted glass and low e glass
followed by blinds and curtains which are necessary to reduce the sun glare as well as special
provision is needed to avoid any damage towards the paintings and display arts.

2) Office
The daylight factor for office is 3.2%. The day lighting factor standards for office is 2%. The room has
exceeded the limit for 1.2%. Therefore the usage of sun control device such as blind and curtain is a
must to reduce the sun glare.

3) Studio
The daylight factor for studio is 4.06%. The standard number day lighting factor for studio is 2%
which the room has exceeded 2%. The advantage of this number is that the room has more than
enough natural light for the day but it has disadvantage as well. The natural light must be control.
Therefore, the room needed the usage of tinted glass and low e glass followed by blinds and curtains
which are necessary to reduce the sun glare in relation to the human comfort of the room.

10

Acoustic : A) Reverberation Time

1) Gallery

Standard Reverberation Time for Gallery = < 0.8

Volume of Room is 480.48 m3

Component

Material

Function

Area , M2

Absorption
Coefficient, S

Sound Absorption,
SA

Ceiling

Concrete

Ceiling

120.12

0.02

2.4

Wall

1) Brick wall

Load Bearing Wall

109.2

0.02

2.18

2) Glass

Curtain Wall

107.2

0.04

4.28

Floor

1) Carpet

Flooring

120.12

0.06

7.21

Furniture

Paintings

Exhibition Item

64

0.25

16

Opening

1) Glass

Entrance Door

5.04

0.04

0.2

20

0.35

People
Total Absorption, A

39.27

=0.161V/A
= 0.161 x 480.48 / 39.27

Answer = 2s

The reverberation time for gallery space is 2s which is slightly more than the standard RT for gallery.
Necessary action such as putting acoustic absorber panels on walls should be done to reduce the RT
to match the standards.

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2) Office

Standard Reverberation Time for Office = < 1

Volume of Room is 163.2 m3

Component

Material

Function

Area , M2

Absorption
Coefficient, S

Sound Absorption,
SA

40.851

0.02

0.816

93.2

0.02

1.864

32

0.04

1.28

40.851

0.06

2.451

Ceiling

Concrete

Ceiling

Wall

1)Concrete

1)Load Bearing
Wall

2) Glass

2) Glass Wall

Floor

Carpet

Flooring

Opening

Glass

Entrance Door

0.04

0.16

Furniture

1) Steel

Tables

23

0.22

5.06

2) Wood

Chairs

0.1

0.5

20

0.35

People
Total Absorption, A

19.131

=0.161V/A
= 0.161 x 163.2 / 19.131

Answer = 1.4s

The reverberation time for office space is 1.4s which is 0.4s more than it should be. Improvement
such as putting a gypsum ceiling and acoustic absorber might improve the RT of the space.
12

3) Studio

Standard Reverberation Time for Studio = < 0.8

Volume of Room is 285.28 m3

Component

Material

Function

Area , M2

Absorption
Coefficient, S

Sound Absorption,
SA

Ceiling

Concrete

Ceiling

71.32

0.02

1.426

Wall

1)Concrete

1)Load Bearing
Wall

93.2

0.02

1.864

2) Glass

2) Glass Wall

70.92

0.04

2.836

Floor

1) Carpet

Flooring

71.32

0.06

4.279

Openings

Glass

Openings

0.04

0.16

Furniture

1) Steel

Table

40

0.22

8.8

2) Wood

Chair

12

0.1

1.2

10

0.35

3.5

People
Total Absorption, A
T

24.065

=0.161V/A
= 0.161 x 285.28 / 24.065

Answer = 1.9s

The reverberation time for Studio space is 1.9s which is 0.9s more than the standards. Same as the
office space, improvement such as putting a gypsum ceiling and acoustic absorber might improve
the RT of the space.

13

B) Sound Pressure Level

External Noise
Traffic Noise = 82dB
Activity Noise = 68dB

Traffic Noise
82 = 10 log I / Iref
Antilog 8.2 = I / 1 x 10-12
I = 1.58 x 10-4

Activity Noise
68 = 10 log I / Iref
Antilog 6.8 = I / 1 x 10-12
I = 6.3 x 10-6

Combined Intensities
= 1.58 x 10-4 + 6.3 x 10-6
= 1.643 x 10-4

Combined SPL
Using SPL Formula
= 10 log I / Iref
= 10 log (1.643x10-4) / 1 x 10-12
= 82.2dB

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General Noise Sources & Its Noise Level

Class
Intolerable

Very Noisy

Noisy
Quiet
Very Quiet

Sources

Sound Pressure Level(dB)

Concert

120

Accelerating Vehicle

110

Pneumatic Hammer

100

Factory

90

Busy Street
Shouting

80

Busy Traffic

70

Department Store

60

Quiet Restaurant

50

Residential Area At Night

40

Theatre

30

Leaves Rusting

20

Human Breathing

10

The combined noise for both activity is 82.2dB which is considered in Very Loud category. This
number shows that in every studied spaces, the number is not acceptable. Therefore, usage of
suitable material as the building envelope is a compulsory to reduce the noise from outside.

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C) Sound Transmission Loss

1) Gallery

Materials

Surface Area,m2

Transmission on Coefficient

Sn X Tcn

Material
Brick wall

109.2

1.99 x 10^-6

2.17 x 10-4

Glass Wall

107.2

2.51 x 10^-4

2.69 x 10-2

Glass Door

5.04

2.51 x 10^-4

1.265 x 10-3

Total Surface Area

221.44

Tav = 2.17 x 10-4 + 2.69 x 10-2 + 1.265 x 10-3 / 221.44

= 1.288 x 10-4
SRI= 10log10 X 1/T
= 10log10 X 1/ (1.288 x 10-4)
=38.9 dB

16

2) Office

Materials

Surface Area,m2

Transmission on Coefficient

Sn X Tcn

Material
Concrete wall

93.2

1.99 x 10^-6

1.85 x 10-4

Glass Wall

32

2.51 x 10^-4

8.032 x 10-3

Glass Door

2.51 x 10^-4

1.004 x 10-3

Total Surface Area

129.2

Tav = 1.85 x 10-4+ 8.032 x 10-3 + 1.004 x 10-3 / 129.2

= 7.136 x 10-5
SRI= 10log10 X 1/T
= 10log10 X 1/ (7.136 x 10-5)
= 41.5 dB

17

3) Studio

Materials

Surface Area,m2

Transmission on Coefficient

Sn X Tcn

Material
Concrete wall

93.2

1.99 x 10^-6

1.855 x 10-4

Glass Wall

70.92

2.51 x 10^-4

1.78 x 10-2

Glass Door

2.51 x 10^-4

1.004x10-3

Total Surface Area

168.12

Tav = 1.855 x 10-4 +1.78 x 10-2 + 1.004x10-3 / 168.12

= 1.129 x10-4
SRI= 10log10 X 1/T
= 10log10 X 1/ (1.129 x10-4)
= 39.5 dB

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Acoustic Conclusion
1) Gallery
Since the gallery needs to follow the standard noise level at least 50dB, the total SPL from outside
which is at 82.2dB should be reduce by the building envelope to total of 43.3dB ( SPL minus SRI
value). SRI value for Gallery envelope is 38.9 dB. According to the noise level table and the standard
noise level for rooms, 43.3dB is considered as quiet and it has already match the standard.
2) Office
SRI for office envelope is 41.5dB. Total noise level inside the office after noise from outside passes
through the building envelope is 40.7 dB which is also consider as quiet and has already match the
noise level standard for office.
3) Studio
Recommended noise level for studio is around 50 dB while the SRI for the envelope is 39.5dB.
Therefore, the noise level of the room after noise from outside passes through the building envelope
is 42.7dB. Which is suitable and match the standards.

19

References :

11.0 REFERENCES
1. Lighting Design Basics [Paperback] (2004) by Mark Karlen , James .R.Benya
2. www.veelite.com
3. http://www.sae.edu/reference_material/pages/Coefficient%20Chart.htm
4. Neufert Architects' Data, Third Edition [Paperback] (2002)
5. Energy Efficient Building Systems: green strategies for operation and maintenance by Dr.lal
jayamaha, (2006)
6. http://www.mjcladding.co.uk/brochure_2009.pdf
7. http://mfk.co.id/product/detail/90/Confectionery-Showcase-1200-mm
8. http://opticalinstructor.homestead.com/files/lightformulas.html
9. E. J. Evans and E. N. Bazley (revised 1978) Sound Absorbing Materials
10. http://www.ebay.com/itm/SIMONELLI-AURELIA-II-T3-SEMI-2-GROUP-COMMERCIALESPRESSOMACHINE-1-800-533-7214-/150803721728
11. http://www.lightsearch.com/resources/lightguides/formulas.html
12.http://www.buildingsystems.basf.com/p02/USWebInternet/buildingsystems/en_GB/function/conversi
ons:/publish/content/microsites/buildingsystems/Color_Cards/Final_Fan_Deck.pdf
13.http://www.osram.fr/osram_fr/Outils_et_services/Training_%26_Knowledge/Encyclopedia_of_Light/p
opups/pop_Illuminance_E_c.jsp
14. http://www.archdaily.com/550018/ramona-mm18-arquitetos/
15. http://www.archdaily.com/550018/ramona-mm18-arquitetos/53fb9541c07a80388e000808_ramonamm18-arquitetos_mm18_ramona_-8-jpg/
16. http://mapleintegration.com/sound_ab.php
17. http://www.osram.com/osram_com/products/lamps/halogen-lamps/osram-halopar/osram-

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halopar-16-e14/index.jsp
18. http://www.fujitsugeneral.com/cassette_specs.htm#specs
19. http://www.archdaily.com/550018/ramona-mm18-arquitetos/53fb960cc07a80388e00080e_ramonamm18-arquitetos_mm18_ramona_-17-jpg/
20. F. Fahy (1985) Sound and structural vibration, Academic Press.
21. http://www.archdaily.com/550018/ramona-mm18-arquitetos/53fb9501c07a80c3840008bd_ramonamm18-arquitetos_mm18_ramona_-4-jpg/
22. http://www.sae.edu/reference_material/pages/STC%20Chart.htm
23. Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Design Methods for Architects [Hardcover] (2002)
24. http://www.cs.cdu.edu.au/homepages/jmitroy/sph244/Lecture06.pdf
25. Environmental Issues for Architecture [Hardcover] (2000) by David Lee Smith
26. http://www.stcratings.com/assemblies.html
27. All graphical data is produce and simulated in Ecotect 2011 by Autodesk

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