Beruflich Dokumente
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CHAPTER 3
Monitor Details
Collection of dots
Matrix of dots creates character
Monochrome monitor screen is collection of 350 *720
350 rows and each rows having 720 dots
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CRT WORKING
1. Heated cathode emits an electron beam which is
accelerated and focused into high speed narrow beam ,
using control grid, accelerating anode and focusing
anode.
2. Beam is deflected horizontally and vertically using H & V
deflecting coils.
3. Beam strikes on the phosphor coated tube surface
4. CRT screen is made up of phosphor material dots called
pixels.
5. Beam falls on screen and dots are illuminated
6. The high speed scanning of electron beam on the screen
called Raster scanning
7. In this type of scanning , in each frame , new screen
(timing synchronized by V-sync pulse) starts at the topleft point of the screen ,then beam trace top horizontal
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Scanning
Scanning is process in which electronic beam inside CRT
tube is moving from left to right and from top to bottom.
Beam moving left to right , it is scanning all dots in row
and it is called Trace.
Beam moving right to left then it is called Retrace.
No info is display during retrace.
Dot illuminated by electron beam during scanning when
logic 1 is provided by processor.
Dots become invisible when logic 0 is given by processor.
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CRT Characteristics
1. Dot pitch or slot pitch: Horizontal distance between two like-colored phosphor
dots
Also called strip pitch
Dot pitch is an indicator of sharpness of the display image.
It is measured in mm (smaller no means sharper image)
Dot Pitch
2. Pixels:
An individual dot on the screen.
Color monitor pixel contain three dots
Also called pixels or pel.
Collection of Row and column is called pixel.
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4. Horizontal Scanning Frequency: The frequency at which monitor repaints the horizontal
lines that make up an image is called Horizontal
Scanning Frequency.
Unit := KHz
If resolution 800*600 , 600 lines per screen
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5.
Vertical Scanning Frequency: The frequencies at which the monitor repaints the
whole screen
It is also called as vertical scanning frequency.
Unit : Hz (no. of cycles per second)
Higher rate associate less flicker
72Hz means screen should e redraw 72 times per
second.
6. Frame Rate: How many times a screenful of information is
produced per second is called frame rate.
Higher frame rate : less flicker problem
7. Video Bandwidth: It is the highest input frequency a monitor can handle
and helps in determining the resolution capabilities of
the monitor
Unit MHz
Higher video bandwidth == image quality better.
Bandwidth=Horizontal pixel * vertical pixel * frame
rate
For 600*400 , if frame rate is 25
Video bandwidth=600*400*25=5,760,000 i.e 5.7
MHz
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Non- interlacing: All the lines are scanned or displayed in one pass
instead of two passes required in the interlaced
mode.
Used in CRT monitors
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Interlace
Non-interlace
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Working Principal
1. When some voltage is applied across the opposite glass
electrodes of LCD
2. Direction of liquid crystal molecules is unchanged
3. This unchanged made visible with the help of certain
polarizing filters which covers outer surface of the glass
electrode
Polarization :- Orientation of light rays in space.
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Working
Light entering the display is guided by liquid crystal
molecules
Molecules of the liquid crystal twist and they rotate
incoming light by 90 degree.
Incoming light is vertically polarized because of vertical
filter and due to twist given by molecules the light waves
becomes horizontally polarized.
When current is passed through electrodes The liquid
crystal molecules straighten out and stop redirecting
light.
No light can pass through ,making this region darker
compared to rest of the screen To display characters or
graphics, voltage is applied to the desired regions making
them darker and visible to the eye.
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Advantages:
1.Sharp display
2.Better viewing angle
3.40:1 contrast
Disadvantages:
1. Need better backlight
2. Complex hardware
3. More costly as compared to passive matrix display.
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Passive
Active
Contrast
10-20
100+
Viewing scale
Limited
Wide
Gray scale
16
256
Response time
100-200ms
<50ms
Multiplex ratio
480
>1000
Size
Up to 17
<14
Manufacturability
Simple
Complex
Cost
Moderate
high
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Interface
a kind of bus used to connect the graphics card to the
motherboard AGP bus or PCI express bus.PCI Express bus is
better than AGP bus in performance.
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