Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Frequency Response
• One can analyze a given network using S
domain and find out the frequency response
of the network, by equating s=j*w
– Capacitance 1/C.s
– Resistance R
– Inductance L.s
Magnitude
• To find the magnitude
– s=j*w
– If j term is in the denominator multiply the
function by its conjugate
– Find magnitude
Phase
• Phase is the inverse img
θ (ω ) = tag −1 ( )
tangent of the real
imaginary term −ω
devided by the real
p
term θ (ω ) = tag −1 ( )
1
−ω
θ (ω ) = tag −1 ( )
Radiant p
Frequency Response
• Consider increasing the frequency by steps
of 10*p
1
H (0 ) = = 1
1 + 0
p 1 1
H (ω = ) = = ≈ 1
10 2 1
p 1 +
100
1 + 10
p
1 1 1
H (ω = p ) = = =
p
2 1 + 1 2
1 +
p
1 1 1
H (ω = 10 ⋅ p ) = = =
10 ⋅ p
2 1 + 100 101
1 +
p
Take the Natural Log of both sides, we get the log gain in
neper
ln(G ( jω )) = ln( M (ω ) ⋅ exp jφ (ω ) )
ln(G ( jω )) = ln( M (ω )) + jφ (ω ) Phase is in rad
Bode Plot
• This is a log log based plot
– The Y axis is in terms of 20*log(H(w))
• dB
– The X axis increases in a log fashion
• Increments of 10*the previous frequency
– log(w0/10*w0)=log(1)- log(10)=0-1
• One Decade
– For every Decade you get a 20 dB of attenuation
10
-20dB
15
20 log( H( 1j⋅ω ) )
20
25
30
− 33.981 35
100 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 10
1 ω 10×10
7
Bode Plot
H (ω )
2 0 lo g ( 1 )
20dB/ De c
p ω
9/29/2001 Shahriar Rokhsaz 14
Phase Plot
• Phase starts from 0
• Starts rolling off at (w/10)
• Gets to -45 deg. at the pole
• decays to -90 deg 10*w
− 1 − ω
θ ( ω ) = tag ( )
p
− p
p
θ ( ) = tag − 1 ( 100 ) = tag − 1 (. 01 ) ≈ 0 deg
100 p
− p
θ ( p ) = tag − 1 ( ) = tag − 1 ( − 1 ) = − 45 deg
p
− 100 ⋅ p
θ ( 100 ⋅ p ) = tag − 1 ( ) = tag − 1 ( − 100 ) ≈ − 90 deg
p
Phase
(p=2.106)
0o
−5
0
− 2.865× 10
-45o
20
40
φ (ω )
60 -90o
80
2.106
− 88.861 100
100 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 10
1 ω 10×10
7
20
20 log( H( 1j⋅ω ) ) 40
φ (ω )
60
80
− 88.861 100
100 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 10
1 ω 10×10
7
Phase
0 Deg. Phase shift
-90 Deg. Phase shift
θ (ω )
p ω
9/29/2001 Shahriar Rokhsaz 18
Phase Magnitude
H (ω )
θ ( ω )
2 0 lo g ( 1 )
20dB/ De c
-45 Deg.
ω
p
9/29/2001 Shahriar Rokhsaz 19
L Zeros R
e i
f g
t h
t
Re al
Re al
Poles
9/29/2001 Shahriar Rokhsaz 20
Poles and Zeros Im a g in a ry
Im a g in a ry
Re al
Re al
Zero
• Magnitude
– A zero is created if the amplitude increases with
frequency
• Phase
– If zero is in the left hand plane the phase
increases
– If zero is in the right hand plane the phase acts
like a pole
H ( jω ) = 1 +
Z
2 2
Z Z 1
H (ω = ) = 1 + = 1 + ≈ 1
100 Z ⋅ 100 100
Z
2
(ω = = 1 + = 1 + (1 ) =
2
H Z ) 2
Z
100 ⋅ Z
2
Phase
• Consider
s
H ( s ) = 1 +
Z
j ⋅ ω
H ( s = j ⋅ ω ) = 1 +
Z
θ (ω ) = tan − 1
(ω / Z )
θ (ω ) = tan (ω / Z )
− 1
Z 1
θ (ω = ) = tan − 1 ( ) ≈ 0
100 100
θ (ω = Z ) = tan − 1
( 1 ) = 45
θ (ω = 100 ⋅ Z ) = tan − 1
( 1 ) = 90
30
25
20
20 log( H( 1j⋅ω ) )
15 +20dB/Dec
10
− 12
1.086×10 0
100 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 10
1 ω 10×10
7
Phase
(z=2.106)
+90o 88.861
100
80
+45o
60
φ (ω )
40
0o
20
−5
2.865×10 0
100 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 10
1 ω 10×10
7
80
20 log( H( 1j⋅ω ) ) 60
φ (ω )
40
20
− 12
1.086×10 0
100 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 10
1 ω 10×10
7
2 0 lo g ( 1 )
ω
Z
+45 Shift
θ (ω )
H ( jω ) = 1 +
Z
1
2 2
Z Z
H (ω = ) = 1 + = 1 + ≈ 1
100 Z ⋅ 100 100
Z
2
H (ω = Z ) = 1 + = 1 + (1 ) =
2
2
Z
100 ⋅ Z
2
H ( ω = 100 ⋅ Z ) = 1 + = 1 + (100 ) 2 ≈ 10
Z
Phase
• Consider
s
H (s) = 1 −
Z
j ⋅ω − j ⋅ω
H (s = j ⋅ω ) = 1 − = 1 +
Z Z
θ ( ω ) = tan −1
(− ω / Z )
Z − 1
θ (ω = ) = tan − 1 ( ) ≈ 0
100 100
θ (ω = Z ) = tan − 1 ( − 1 ) = − 45
θ (ω = 100 ⋅ Z ) = tan −1
( − 1 ) = − 90
30
25
20
20 log( H( 1j⋅ω ) )
15 +20dB/Dec
10
− 12
1.086×10 0
100 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 10
1 ω 10×10
7
Phase
(z=-2.106)
0o
−5
0
− 2.865× 10
-45o
20
40
φ (ω )
60 -90o
80
2.106
− 88.861 100
100 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 10
1 ω 10×10
7
20
20 log( H( 1j⋅ω ) ) 20
φ (ω )
40
60
80
− 88.861 100
100 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 10
1 ω 10×10
7
θ (ω )
2 0 lo g ( 1 )
-90 Deg. Phase shift
θ (ω )
ω
Z
9/29/2001 Shahriar Rokhsaz 34
Canceling Effects
Zero s
1+
Vout ( s ) z
=
Vin ( s ) s
1+
p
Pole
0.5
20 log( H( 1j⋅ω ) )
φ (ω )
0
0.5
−1 1
100 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 10
1 ω 10×10
7
ωn2
H (s) =
ωn
s2 + ⋅ s + ωn2
Q
ω n
2
− 4 ⋅ ωn2
ωn Q
s 1, 2 = − ±
9/29/2001
2Q Shahriar Rokhsaz 2 38
Two Pole System
• If below holds, the
roots are imaginary
ωn
2
− 4 ⋅ωn2 < 0
Q
Q > 0 .5
Poles
ω n jω n 1
− ± ⋅ − 4
2Q 2 Q2
Re al 2 + Im 2
2
2
ωn ω n 1
+ ⋅ − 4
2 2
2 Q Q
ω n
jω n 1
⋅ − 4
2 Q2
Re al
ωn
2Q
v ( t ) = exp − tσ
(exp jω n t
+ exp − jω n t
)
v ( t ) = exp − tσ
cos( ω n t )
9/29/2001 Shahriar Rokhsaz 42
Stability vs. Pole Location
v ( t ) = exp − tσ
(exp jω n t
+ exp − jω n t
)
v ( t ) = exp − tσ
cos( ω n t )
• if σ > 0
Re a l