International Journal of

Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering

ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 02, April 2014

Air quality impact assessment of a highway corridor through

vehicular pollution modelling
RAJNI DHYANI1, SUNIL GULIA2, NIRAJ SHARMA2, ANIL SINGH2
1

Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, India
2
Environment Science Division, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, India
Email: rajnione@gmail.com, sunilevs@gmail.com, sharmaniraj1990@rediffmail.com,
anilsingh1234@gmail.com

Abstract: Rapid growth in road transport sector leads to increased vehicular emissions resulting in deterioration
in ambient air quality. An efficient and effective approach for assessment and management of air pollution due
to road transport is necessary to improve ambient air quality. Environment impact assessment (EIA) is a
regulatory process to assess and mitigate the negative impacts of proposed infrastructure projects such as road
and highway projects. Air quality impact assessment including vehicular pollution modelling is one of the vital
components of EIA process which deals with management of the air quality along the proposed road and
highway corridors. The CALINE4 highway dispersion model is most widely used tool to assess and predict the
air quality along the highways. The CALINE4 model uses traffic count data, road geometry and local
meteorological parameters to predict pollutant concentrations along the road/highway corridor. The present
paper deals with application of CALINE4 model to assess and predict the carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations
along a highway corridor within the urban confines of Delhi as a case study.
Keywords: Environment Impact Assessment, Air Quality Assessment, Vehicular Pollution Modelling, Caline4
Introduction:
Infrastructure projects like roads and highways are
important for countrys economic and social growth.
However, incremental and unchecked development
may lead to innumerable environmental and
economic losses. Development of new or expansion
of existing road/highway project adds to existing
traffic which in turn to air and noise pollution, human
establishments etc. along the road corridor. In case of
road and highway projects, air pollution due to
induced traffic is one of the adverse environmental
concerns. To minimize the adverse environmental
impacts of increased developmental activities,
environmental impact assessment (EIA) has emerged
as an important tool. It integrates the objectives of
environmental management into the decision making
process. An efficient and effective air quality
monitoring system an integrated part of EIA process
which is necessary for assessment and management
of vehicular pollution along the road corridor.
However, a vast air quality monitoring system results
in to high project cost in terms of money as well time
[1]. Therefore, it is not always feasible and
economical to carry out air pollution monitoring to
measures the pollutants concentration at all sensitive
receptors along the road corridor. To minimize the
time and monetary cost, vehicular pollution
dispersion modelling is an important aid to predict
present as well as future pollutants concentrations
along the long stretches of road corridors to facilitate
the abatement and management of vehicular/ urban
air pollution. They are used to simulate the dispersion
of vehicular pollutants near roads where vehicles
continuously emit pollutants. CALINE4 [2], the latest
in CALINE series models, is most widely used

Gaussian based vehicular pollution dispersion model

to predict air pollutants concentrations along the
highway under rural (i.e. open), semi urban and
urban conditions with and without street canyon
effects [2]. CALINE series of models have been used
extensively all over the world including India for
regulatory purposes [3]. CALINE4 offers several
advantages over the other previous models and has
been used by many researchers to predict pollutants
concentrations of vehicular pollutants along the
roads/ highways in Indian climatic conditions [4] [5].
Nirjar et al. [6] had used CALINE4 to predict the
concentrations of CO along the urban and semi-urban
roads in Delhi and the study results showed under
prediction and moderate r2 correlation values
between observed and predicted concentrations.
Further, Gramotnev et al. [7] used CALINE4 for the
analysis aerosols of (fine and ultra-fine particles)
generated by vehicles on a busy road and found good
agreement between observed and predicted
concentrations. Sharma et al. [8] used the CALINE4
model in an urban highway corridor in Delhi. The
study concluded that model performed satisfactorily
in vehicular exhaust contribution in air quality.
Dhyani et al. [9] evaluated and compared the
performance of CALINE4 model for hilly and flat
terrain. They observed unsatisfactory performance of
model in hilly regions due to complex topography
and micro meteorological conditions which could not
be properly simulated in CALINE4. The present
paper, briefly discusses parameters influencing the
vehicular pollution dispersion beside evaluation of
CALINE4 model performance along an urban
highway corridor in Delhi as a case study.

IJREEE 020207 Copyright 2014 BASHA RESEARCH CENTRE. All rights reserved

RAJNI DHYANI, SUNIL GULIA, NIRAJ SHARMA, ANIL SINGH

Parameters influencing vehicular pollution

dispersion:
Site characteristics:
Site features plays a major role in dispersion of
pollutants from vehicles. Open flat terrains always
have different dispersion characteristics than a
complex terrain region [10]. The structure and
orientation of surrounding structures (trees, hills,
high rise buildings, bridge/ subway etc.) often
influence micro meteorology in the lower atmosphere
which further influences dispersion of pollutants.-The
vertical and horizontal turbulence intensities have
similar values in the street canyon and are much
weaker than those in open flat land [11]. Dispersion
of air pollution is different in urban settings with
large built-up area and high concentration of
vehicles. A combination of large vehicular emissions
and reduced dispersion by building could lead to high
pollution concentrations [12]. Predicting the
distribution of pollutants under various conditions
within viz., street canyon or intersection is extremely
complex involving a variety emissions, wake effects,
canyon wind flows and turbulent dispersion [12].
Road geometry such as road length, road width,
median width, road alignment, do important
parameters while understand the vehicular dispersion
phenomenon along the road corridor. The
background winds perpendicular to the street axis
create a vortex in the street, which rallies the
pollutants, increasing the pollutants levels upwind
and decreasing the pollutants levels downwind [13].
Land use type of surrounding area also influence the
pollution dispersion while initiating any new roads
and highways project, habitable area or densely
populated areas are avoided due to environmental and
social management issues, issues apart from health
impact due to deterioration in air quality due to
induced traffic.
Source information:
Source strength is an important parameter for air
quality modelling. The pollutants concentration at
receptor is proportional of pollutant emission rate
from source. Infact, accurate emission inventory
leads to accurate prediction of pollutants
concentration by any air quality model. In case of
road and highway projects, vehicular traffic is the
main source of air pollution and responsible for poor
air quality along the road/ highway corridor. Well
maintained and new engine technology based
vehicles causes less pollution as compared to old
technology
and
ill
maintained
vehicles.
Concentration of pollutants depends not only on
traffic volume but on other factors. Estimation of
pollution emission rate is complex process especially
when traffic is heterogeneous in nature, which is a
common feature in most of the developing countries.
Traffic emission inventory consist of 24-hour traffic
volume, traffic composition as per vehicle type
(2wheelers, 4 wheelers, trucks, buses etc.), fuel type

(Diesel, Petrol and CNG etc.), engine technology (2

stroke and 4 stroke engines) representative of
vehicular fleet of the study area or road corridor of
concerns. In India, engine technology, fuel type and
vintage of vehicle is represented in terms of Emission
factor, expressed in terms of gram of pollutant/
distance travelled (km) [14]. The CALINE4 model
requires a single value of pollutants emission factor
(i.e. weighted emission factor or WEF) representing
all types of vehicles. Therefore, WEF need to be
determined to get single representative value for
hourly traffic volume/ or total vehicular fleet for the
day if the predictions are to be carried out for 24hour
basis [8] [15]. The equation for calculation of WEF is
as follows:
WEF = [ (j) (ky) N (jky). EF (i,j,ky)]/ Total
No. of Vehicles................(1)
Where, WEF is weighted emission factor (g/km), N
(j, ky) is number of vehicles of a particular type j and
vintage ky in year y, EF (i,j,ky) is emission factor for
pollutant i for the vehicle type j and vintage ky in
year y (g/km).
Meteorological data:
Meteorological parameters are main influencing
factor for dispersion of air pollutants. Highly unstable
atmosphere (e.g. summer, day time) always have
more dispersion potential than a stable atmosphere
(e.g. winter, night time) and low pollution buildup.
Meteorological parameters help in understanding the
dispersion process and finally the fate of air
pollutants [16]. In major urban areas, a network of
meteorological stations/observatory posts can be of
immense help to understand and explain the
dispersion phenomena in the complex urban
environment [17]. Suwarto [18] illustrated that air
pollution phenomenon can not only be described by
pollutant emission flow rate from source, but also on
the meteorological conditions. Soehodho and
Taufickhave [19] briefly described the important
meteorological parameters for air pollution
dispersion. Meteorological parameters like, wind
speed, wind direction, temperature, atmospheric
stability class etc. plays an important role in
pollutants dispersions. For accurate air pollution
dispersion predictions on-site micro-meteorological
data (wind speed, wind direction, temperature,
relative humidity, cloud cover, mixing height) for the
study needs to be measured and used as input in the
model.
CALINE4 model description:
CALINE4 model is the fourth generation simple line
source Gaussian plume dispersion model. It predicts
the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and suspended particulates
(PM10/PM2.5) near roadways. It employs a mixing
zone concept to characterize pollutant dispersion over
the roadway due to vehicles plying on the road
corridor. The CALINE4 can predict the pollutant

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering

ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 02, April 2014, pp 93-99

Air quality impact assessment of a highway corridor through vehicular pollution modelling

concentrations for receptors located within 150m

under given traffic and meteorological conditions.
The important input parameters required for
CALINE4 model include, classified traffic volume
(number of vehicles per hour), meteorological
parameters (wind speed, wind direction, ambient
temperature, mixing height and stability class),
emission parameters (weighted emission factor,
WEF), road geometry (road width, median width,
road elevation), type of terrain (rural or urban),
background concentration of pollutants (ppm or
g/m3) and pre-identified receptor locations along the
road corridors.
Case Study:
Models setup and run:
The CALINE4 model was used to predict CO
concentrations along the Ashram Chowk-CRRI
section of road corridor of national highway NH-2
under prevailing traffic (Chart-1) and meteorological
conditions (Table 1). Ashram chowk-CRRI highway

road corridor of NH-2 (generally referred as DelhiMathura Road) was selected for the study.

Figure-1: Hourly traffic variations along Ashram

chowk CRRI (NH-2)

Table- 1: Summary of the on-site meteorological parameters in the vicinity of CRRI [20]
Temp
.
(oC)
23.2
21.8
22.3
22.4
20.9
20.1
20.2
19.2
19.1
22.8
25.8
29.2
28.7
29.4
29.1
26.6
25.9
22.2
21.3
21.1
20.1
20.0
20.2
19.9

Time
(hrs)
00-01
01-02
02-03
03-04
04-05
05-06
06-07
07-08
08-09
09-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24

Humidit
y
(%)
73
83
78
73
78
83
83
88
88
65
51
40
29
29
35
45
51
78
83
83
88
88
88
88%

Wind Speed (m/s)

(10m distance above
GL)*
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.25
0.23
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.45
0.51
0.54
0.67
1.00
1.05
1.02
1.01
0.45
0.11
0.12
0.21
0.23
0.21
0.22
0.21

Wind
Direction

Stability
Class(P-G)

S
S
S
SSW
SSW
SSW
SSW
SSW
WSW
SW
SW
WSW
WSW
WSW
W
W
W
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

F
F
F
F
F
F
F
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
D
D
F
F
F
F

Mixing
Height(
m)
410
390
356
362
358
318
282
370
606
1040
1598
1908
2144
2356
2460
2324
2060
1352
816
656
530
488
438
420

Ventilation
Coefficient(m2/
s)
86.1
89.7
89.0
90.5
82.3
66.7
76.1
81.4
272.7
530.4
862.9
1278.3
2144.0
2437.8
2509.2
2347.2
927.0
148.7
97.9
137.7
121.9
102.3
96.3
88.2

*The wind speed at 10m above GL has been found out by using velocity power law equation given below:
U1
U2

Z1
Z2

0.33

The value of corresponding to urban terrain conditions have been taken as 0.33

(Counihan, 1975)

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering

ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 02, April 2014, pp 93-99

RAJNI DHYANI, SUNIL GULIA, NIRAJ SHARMA, ANIL SINGH

The corridor selected for the study typically

represents the highway corridor in the urban
confines. The total length of the road corridor was
about 2.7km and connects adjoining Faridabad and
Noida city to Delhi. The road corridor was a six lane
road corridor with carriageway width of ~24m and
median of 3m. The CO being the indicator pollutant
for vehicular activities was chosen for the study

purpose. The CALINE4 model was run using

emission factors specified by ARAI (Table 2) for
Indian vehicles. The Weighted Emission Factor
(WEF) one of the input parameter of CALINE4
model is a function of vehicle emission factor
(vehicle category, type, fuel type, vintage etc.) and
vehicle activity (traffic volume).

Table- 2: Emission factor for Carbon monoxide (in gm/km) as per ARAI (2008) [14]
Two Wheelers
Four Wheelers
LCV
HCV
100%
100%
100%
100%
Buses
Auto
Year 2-Stroke 4-Stroke Petrol Diesel
CNG
Diesel CNG Diesel CNG
(CNG)
(CNG)
(40%)
(60%)
(60%) (38%) (2%)
1992
6
3.12
4.75
1993
6
3.12
4.75
1994
6
3.12
4.75
1995
6
3.12
4.75
1996
5.1
1.58
4.825
0.87
1997
5.1
1.58
4.825
0.87
1998
5.1
1.58
4.825
0.87
1999
5.1
1.58
4.825
0.87
2000
5.1
1.58
4.825
0.87
2001
3.435
1.48
3.01
0.72
2002
3.435
1.48
3.01
0.72
0.06
3.72
0.69
3.66
12.14
2003
3.435
1.48
3.01
0.72
0.06
3.72
0.69
3.66
12.14
2004
3.435
1.48
3.01
0.72
0.06
3.72
0.69
3.66
12.14
2005
3.435
1.48
3.01
0.72
0.06
3.72
0.69
3.66
12.14
2006
0.16
0.72
3.01
0.06
0.06
3.72
1
3.66
3.92
2007
0.16
0.72
3.01
0.06
0.06
3.72
1
3.66
3.92
2008
0.16
0.72
3.01
0.06
0.06
3.72
1
3.66
3.92
2009
0.16
0.72
3.01
0.06
0.06
3.72
1
3.66
3.2
3.92
3.72
2010
0.16
0.72
3.01
0.06
0.06
3.72
1
3.66
3.2
3.92
3.72
*PCG/PCD - Passenger car (Gasoline/Diesel driven), ** LCV Light Commercial Vehicles. (Compiled;
Source: Sharma, 2010)[21]
The 18 receptor points (9 points on each side of the
highway corridor) were selected at per-identified
receptor location with a specified distance from the
edge of the mixing zone width (road width + 3 m on
each side of the road corridor) i.e. 1.0m, 2m, 5m,
10m, 15m, 25m, 50m, 100m, 150m from the edge of
the road on both the sides. The summary of various
input parameters used in the CALINE4 model along
with their sources has been shown in Table 3.
Results and Discussion:
In order to know their impact on predicated CO
concentrations, the CO predictions were carried out
by using same set of traffic, meteorological road
geometry and other relevant input data set. In this
exercise, the prediction of CO concentrations was
made to find out 1-hour (Standard and Worst-case

run) under standard case (1-hr) and multi-run case (8hr) conditions, the model uses given wind speed and
wind.
Whereas, in Worst Case (1-hr) and Multi Run (8-hr),
the model takes the given wind speed and selects
wind direction which gives maximum CO
concentration at pre-identified receptor locations. The
background CO concentrations (X) were assumed to
be zero (i.e., X = 0), hence predicted CO
concentrations (X) reflected the incremental
increase in CO concentrations due to vehicular
activities only. Table 4 shows the maximum
predicted CO concentrations at receptor location (at a
distance of 1m from the edge of mixing zone width).
Direction input and predicts CO concentrations at
pre-identified receptor points

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering

ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 02, April 2014, pp 93-99

Air quality impact assessment of a highway corridor through vehicular pollution modelling

Table- 3: Input parameters used in CALINE4 model

S. No.
(i)
(ii)
(a)
(iii)
(iv)
(a)

Values /Units
24 hourly
g/mile
2.96
Urban

Source
Manual Count

30.3

Physically measured

(b)
(c)
(v)
(a)
(b)

Parameters
Traffic Data (24-hour)
Weighted Emission Factor (WEF)
Based on ARAI Emission Factors
Terrain Type
Road Geometry
Mixing Zone Width (carriage width + 3
on both sides)
Road Alignment
Road Type
Meteorological Data
Wind Speed
Wind Direction

Straight
At-grade

(c)
(d)
(vi)
(vii)

Mixing Height
Stability Class
Background CO Concentration**
Monitored CO Concentrations**

Meters (m)
1,2,3,4,5,6 or 7
ppm
ppm

Google Map
Physical observed
CRRI (2010) [20]
On-site Measurement*
Pre-identified Points Across the
Road Corridor*
Attri et al. (2008) [22]
Pasquill (P-G) Stability Class
CRRI (2010) [20]
CRRI (2010) [20]

m/s
Degree

Calculated
Physically observed

Table- 4: Predicted CO concentration

Run Type
Standard Case
Worst Case

Duration
(1 Hour)
(8 Hours)
(1 Hour)
(8 Hours)

CO Concentrations (g/m3)
1025.6
797.7
1595
1254

Table- 5: Statistical parameters for model results

Parameters
Correlation Coefficient (r2)
Index of Agreement (d)
Fractional Bias (FB)
NMSE

Values
0.657
0.85
0.04
0.002

Model results reflected that the impact of vehicular

activities on air quality was confined to ~150m on
both the sides of the road, depending upon traffic and
on-site meteorological conditions. Beyond this
distance, the air quality approaches to the background
air quality in the area, and do not show any impact/
effect of vehicular traffic. The predicted 1-hour CO
concentrations during peak hour at pre-identified
receptor location have been shown in Chart-2 for
worse case. This is r2 value estimated was 0.65
between the predicted and the monitored CO
concentrations (Table 5). The performance of the
model can be deemed acceptable if: 0.4 d
[23]
1.0,
, - 0.5
.
From the statistical descriptor values it was
concluded that CALINE4 model is predicting
satisfactorily for CO under given traffic and
meteorological and terrain condition/ land use pattern
which is urban (but without urban street canyon
effect) in this case.

Figure- 2: Predicted CO concentration (peak hour)

along Ashram chowkCRRI (worse case)
Conclusions:
Vehicular pollution dispersion models have been
used world over for regulatory purpose. In India
various roads and highways project carry out the air
dispersion modeling to predict the future air quality
and air quality trends to make an effective air quality
management plan along the proposed corridor. The
present study highlights the application of CALINE4
model for air quality management purpose along the
road/ highway corridor(s). The performance
evaluation of CALINE4 model was carried out to
assess its predicting capabilities on an urban highway
corridor in Delhi. The results have indicated that the
dispersion of predicted CO concentrations is limited
to a distance of ~150m from the edge of the mixing
zone width. The r2 value indicated fairly good

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering

ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 02, April 2014, pp 93-99

RAJNI DHYANI, SUNIL GULIA, NIRAJ SHARMA, ANIL SINGH

relationship between observed and predicted value(s).

Model performance statistical indicators shows that
air pollution dispersion model could be used for
predictions the future air quality. As any models
accuracy depends upon accuracy of various input
parameters Therefore air pollution/ vehicular
pollution dispersion model can become effective tool
for air quality management if the model is provided
with accurate input parameters. Thus, the present CO
prediction indicates that along an urban highway
corridor (without street canyon effect) can be
performed satisfactorily using CALINE4 model
under Indian meteorological and heterogeneous
traffic conditions. Moreover, accurate prediction
capabilities and user-friendly nature of CALINE4
model could make it an effective tool for vehicular
pollution management in urban road corridors in
Indian cities. However, as most of vehicular pollution
dispersion models are developed in USA and Europe
by western countries, the application of these models
directly into different climatic and traffic conditions
(e.g. developing counties like India) could give
inaccurate results. Therefore, applying these models
in any future predictions for air quality management
purpose, their accuracy should be checked for region
specific meteorological and traffic conditions.
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to Director, CSIR-CRRI for
kindly permitting to publish the present paper. Rajni
Dhyani is thankful to CSIR for providing financial
assistance through CSIR Senior Research Fellowship.
References:
[1]
Raducan, G. and Stefan, S. (2009)
Characterization
of
traffic-generated
pollutants in Bucharest, Atmsfera, Vol.
22(1), pp. 99-110.
[2]
Benson, P.E. (1984) CALINE4: A dispersion
model
for
predicting
air
pollutant
concentrations near roadways. FHWA-CATL-84-15,
California
Department
of
Transportation, Sacramento, CA (USA).
[3]
Akyurtlu, A. and Akyurtlu, J. (2012) An
Investigation on the Dispersion of Pollutants
from Major Roadways Hampton University,
Chemical
Engineering
Department.
Proceedings of 1st National Conference on
Intermodal Transportation (NCIT): Problems,
Practices, and Policies, Organized by Eastern
Seaboard
Intermodal
Transportation
Applications Center (ESITAC) Hampton
University, Hampton, Virginia, October 11
12, 2012.
[4]
Jain, Parida M., Rastogi, A., Mittal, N. (2006)
Performance Evaluation of Air Pollution
Models for Delhi City, Journal of Institution
of Engineers, Vol. 87(9), pp. 16-26.
[5]
Majumdar, B. K., Dutta, A., Chakrabarty, S.
and Ray, S. (2009) Assessment of Vehicular

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

Pollution in Kolkata, India using CALINE4

Model. Environment Monitoring Assessment,
Vol. 70, pp. 33-43.
Nirjer, R. S., Jain, S. S., Parida, M., Sharma,
N., Robert, V. R. and Mittal, N. (2002)
Development of Transport Related Air
Pollutants Modeling for an Urban Area,
Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, Vol.63
(2) 289-326.
Gramotnev, G., Brown, R., Ristovski, Z., Hitc
hins, J., and Morawska, L.(2003) Determinati
on of Average Emission Factors for Vehicles
on a Busy
Road, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 37(4),
pp.465474.
Sharma, N., Gulia, S., Dhyani, R. and Singh,
A. (2013) Performance Evaluation of
CALINE4 Dispersion Model for an Urban
Highway Corridor in Delhi, Journal of
Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol. 72(8),
pp.521-530.
Dhyani, R., Singh, A., Sharma, N. and Gulia,
S. Performance Evaluation of CALINE4
Model in a Hilly Terrain A Case Study of
Highway Corridors in Himachal Pradesh
(India), International Journal of Environment
and Pollution, [In press]
Sharma, P. and Khare, M. (2001) Modelling
of vehicular exhausts - A review,
Transportation Research Part D: Transport
and Environment, Vol.6, pp.179-198.
Qin, Y. and Kot, S.C. (1993) Dispersion of
vehicular emissions in street canyons,
Guangzhou city, South China (PRC),
Atmospheric Environment, Vol.27B, pp.286295.
Sharma, N., Chaudhry, K. K. and Chalapati
Rao, D. C. V. (2004) Vehicular Pollution
Prediction Modelling: A Review of Highway
Dispersion Models, Transport Reviews. Vol.
24 (4), pp. 409435.
Louka P., Belcher, S. E. and Harrison, R. G.
(2000) Coupling between air flow in streets
and the well-developed boundary layer aloft,
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 34, pp.26132621.
ARAI (2008) Draft report on emission factor
development for Indian vehicles report
Submitted to CPCB/MoEF as a part of
Ambient air quality monitoring and emission
source apportion studies. Automotive
Research Association of India, Pune, India.
Sharma, N., Gulia, S., Kaushik, C.P. and
Dhyani, R. (2011) Vehicular pollution
modelling and estimation of emission load
along a proposed metro rail corridor. Paper
presented at 1st Conference of Transportation
Research Group of India (CTRG), 7th-10th
December, Bangalore, India.

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering

ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 02, April 2014, pp 93-99

Air quality impact assessment of a highway corridor through vehicular pollution modelling

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

Verma, S.S. and Desai, B. (2008) Effect of

Meteorological Conditions on Air Pollution of
Surat City. Journal Int. Environmental
Application & Science, Vol. 3 (5), pp. 358367.
Sharma, N., Chaudhry, K. K. and Chalapati
Rao, D. C. V. (2005) Vehicular Pollution
Modeling in India, Institution of Engineers.
Vol. 85, March 2005.
18.Suwarto, A. (1997) 'Impact of Air
Pollution Control Efforts Due to Motor
Vehicle Exhaust against Traffic Officers
and Network
Roads
in
Jakarta.
Environmental
Science
Program
UI. Jakarta.
Soehodho, S. and Taufick, E.S. (2005) Study
on Correlation between Motor Vehicle
Emission and Public Health, Proceedings of
the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation
Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 1841 1856.
CRRI
(2010)
Environmental
Impact
Assessment Study for Preparation of Detailed
Project Report for Proposed Metro Phase III,
Consultancy report prepared on behalf of

[21]

[22]

[23]

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. Central

Road Research Institute, New Delhi, India,
(2010).
Sharma, N., Gangopadhyay, S. and Dhyani, R.
(2010) Methodology for Estimation of CO2
Reduction from Mass Rapid Transit System
(MRTS) Projects, Journal of Scientific and
Industrial Research, Vol.69 (8), pp. 586-593.
Attri, S.D., Singh, S., Mukhopadhyay, B. and
Bhatnagar, A.K. (2008) Atlas of hourly
mixing height and assimilative capacity of
atmosphere in India, Met Monograph No.
Environment Meteorology-01/2008, Indian
Meteorological Department, New Delhi, Govt.
of India.
Kumar, A., Dixit, S., Varadarajan, C.,
Vijayan, A. and Masuraha, A. (2006)
Evaluation of the AERMOD Dispersion
Model as a Function of Atmospheric Stability
for an Urban Area, Environmental Progress,
Vol.25 (2).

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering

ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 02, April 2014, pp 93-99