Diode Tutorial

Diodes have the following properties:

They only allow current to flow in one direction

They have a specific voltage drop, which can be taken as a constant for
most circuits

A diode is represented with the following symbol:

The diode above will pass current flowing from left to right, but block current
trying to flow from the right to the left-hand side. The voltage drop over diodes
will vary from diode to diode, the most common ones are:
"Normal" diodes: Have a voltage drop between 0.6V and 0.7V
Schottky diodes: They have a low voltage drop (about 0.1V to 0.2V)
Light emitting diodes (LED): These diodes will emit a light when passing
current. Their voltage drop will depend on the colour of the LED, but is around 2V
to 3V.
Zener diodes: They behave as a normal diode for current flowing from the left to
right, but will allow current to flow from the right to left if the voltage is high
enough. You get a lot of different Zener voltage diodes, e.g. 4.7V and 12V.

Using diodes
Below is a simple circuit with a diode. You must always place a resistor in series
with a diode to limit the current flow, if you don't do that the diode will act as a
short circuit and draw current until the supply or the diode breaks.

The voltage drop over the diode is 0.6V (this is a normal diode and 0.6V is close
enough.) The diode and resistor is in series, thus the current through the diode is
equal to the current through the resistor.

IR1

=V/R
= (5V - 0.7V) / 470R
= 9.1mA

Thus the current through the diode equals 9.1mA

Here is an example with an LED (you will notice the symbol of an LED has
arrows pointing away from it, this is to show that it emits light)

Let's say the LED is a red LED with a voltage drop of 2V, thus:
IR1

=V/R
= (5V - 2V) / 220R
= 13.6mA

The more current an LED's conducts, the brighter it will be. To increase the
current you can either increase the voltage or decrease the value of the resistor.
Just remember that there is a limit to the amount of current a diode can conduct
before it breaks and for LED's this is rather low (about 20mA typically)
Zener diodes are mostly used to create a constant voltage. Say we want an LED
to be the same brightness, no matter what our input voltage is (the input voltage
could be from a battery that starts out at 14V and goes down to 9V before it is
charged again)
The circuit below is one way of doing it:

R1 will determine the amount of current flowing through Z1 (for Zener diodes to
work correctly, you need a minimum current flowing through them, about 10mA is
a good value)
If the input voltage is 9V:
Id1

=V/R
= (9V - 4.7V) / 380R
= 11.3mA

If the input voltage is 14V:

Id1

=V/R
= (14V - 4.7V) / 380R
= 24.4mA

Because the Zener diode will always have a constant voltage drop over it, the
potential at Vzener will always be 4.7V. The current through D2 is (assuming the
voltage drop over D2 is 2V):
Id2

=V/R
= (4.7V - 2V) / 220R
= 12.3mA

And this current will always be the same, whether the input voltage is 14V, 9V or
anything in between. Of course when the input voltage drops below 4.7V, the
current through D2 will drop.