Chapter 3--Cell Structure and Function

1. The fundamental unit of life is the ______. (p. 48)

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1. organism.
2. organ system.
3. organ.
4. tissue.
5. cell.

2. True or False. Multicellular organisms are composed of many cells. (p. 48)
True
j False
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3. True or False. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of atoms. (p. 48)
True
j False
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4. Which type of microscope uses electrons to provide a three-dimensional view of the surface of the
object? (pp. 48-49)
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1. light microscope
2. transmission electron microscope
3. scanning electron microscope
4. scanning-probe microscope
5. dissecting microscope

5. Which type of microscope has a useful magnification of about x 1,000? (pp. 48-49)
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1. light microscope
2. transmission electron microscope
3. scanning electron microscope
4. scanning-probe microscope
5. dissecting microscope

6. ______ is the capacity to distinguish between two adjacent points. (p. 49)
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1. Magnification
2. Resolving power
3. Ionization
4. Emulsification
5. Multiplication

7. True or False. Electrons have a shorter wavelength than visible light and, therefore, will have a lower
resolving power. (p. 49)

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True
False

8. A TEM refers to a photomicrograph taken by a ______. (p. 49)

1. light microscope
j 2. dissecting microscope
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j 3. scanning electron microscope
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j 4. transmission electron microscope
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9. True or False. A picture taken by a scanning electron microscope is called a SEM. (p. 49)
True
j False
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10. Which of the following statements is false? (p. 50)

1. Cell walls are found in plants but not in animals.
j 2. Cell walls are found inside the plasma membrane of a cell.
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j 3. The main constituent of a primary cell wall is cellulose molecules.
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j 4. The middle lamella found between two cell walls contains pectin.
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j 5. Secondary cell walls contain lignin, a substance that makes them stronger than primary cell
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walls.
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11. Which of the following organelles have a double membrane with pores? (p. 53)
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1. lysosome
2. Golgi apparatus
3. mitochondria
4. nucleus
5. chloroplast

12. The control center of the cell is the ______. (p. 53)
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1. mitochondria
2. chloroplast
3. nucleoli
4. nucleus
5. lysosome

13. A threadlike material called chromatin is located within the ______. (p. 53)
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1. nucleus
2. nucleolus
3. mitochondria
4. lysosome
5. Golgi apparatus

14. Where is ribosomal RNA produced? (p. 53)

1. mitochondria
2. chloroplasts
j 3. lysosomes
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j 4. Golgi apparatus
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j 5. nucleoli
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15. ______ is (are) the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. (p. 53)
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1. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

2. Golgi apparatus
3. Ribosomes
4. Lysosomes
5. Mitochondria

16. True or False. Ribosomes are small, dense granules composed of three subunits. (p. 53)
True
j False
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17. True or False. Polyribosomes are functional groups of ribosomes making the same protein. (p. 53)
True
j False
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18. True or False. At the time of cell division, rodlike structures, called chromatin, will form within the
nucleus. (p. 53)
True
j False
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19. The ______ membrane separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding environment. (p.50)
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1. cell
2. nuclear
3. Golgi
4. mitochondrial
5. lysosomal

20. Which type of organelle forms a membranous system of tubular canals, which is continuous with the
nuclear envelope and branches throughout the cytoplasm? (p. 54)
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1. lysosome
2. mitochondria
3. Golgi apparatus
4. endoplasmic reticulum
5. microtubules

21. Which organelle will produce steroid hormones in the testes and adrenal cortex while detoxifying
alcohol in the liver? (p. 54)

1. lysosomes
2. ribosomes
j 3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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j 4. rough endoplasmic reticulum
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j 5. Golgi apparatus
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22. Which organelle contains enzymes capable of detoxifying drugs? (p. 54)
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1. lysosomes
2. peroxisomes
3. Golgi apparatus
4. mitochondria
5. rough endoplasmic reticulum

23. Which organelle makes protein for export? (p. 54)

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1. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

2. rough endoplasmic reticulum
3. free ribosomes
4. lysosomes
5. Golgi apparatus

24. What is the correct organelle sequence for the export of material out of a cell? (p. 54)
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1. rough ER --> smooth ER --> Golgi apparatus

2. smooth ER --> rough ER --> Golgi apparatus
3. rough ER --> Golgi apparatus --> smooth ER
4. smooth ER --> Golgi apparatus --> rough ER
5. Golgi apparatus --> rough ER --> smooth ER

25. Which organelle looks like a stack of hollow pancakes? (p. 54)
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1. lysosomes
2. mitochondria
3. chloroplast
4 Golgi apparatus
5. rough endoplasmic reticulum

26. The ______ functions in the packaging, storage, and distribution of molecules produced by the ER.
(p. 54)
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1. Golgi apparatus
2. lysosome
3. nucleus
4. mitochondria
5. centrioles

27. Which plant organelles function as storage areas for water, sugars, salts, pigments, and toxic
substances? (pp. 54-55)

1. lysosomes
2. vesicles
j 3. vacuoles
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j 4. Golgi apparatuses
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j 5. mitochondria
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28. Which plant organelle will provide added support to the cell? (pp. 55)
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1. vacuole
2. vesicle
3. chloroplast
4. lysosomes
5. Golgi apparatus

29. Lysosomes are vesicles formed by the ______. (p. 55)

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1. endoplasmic reticulum
2. nucleus
3. mitochondria
4. ribosomes
5. Golgi apparatus

30. Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules? (p. 55)
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1. rough endoplasmic reticulum

2. mitochondria
3. centrioles
4. lysosomes
5. Golgi apparatus

31. Mitochondria can be digested within the cell by ______. (p. 55)
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1. lysosomes
2. the Golgi apparatus
3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
4. ribosomes
5. centrioles

32. Which organelle is used when the fingers of a human embryo are at first webbed but later freed from
one another? (p. 55)
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1. rough ER
2. microtubules
3. Golgi apparatus
4. mitochondria
5. lysosome

33. Tay-Sachs disease is a metabolic disorder involving a missing or inactive enzyme found in the
______. (p. 55)

1. Golgi apparatus
2. ribosomes
j 3. rough endoplasmic reticulum
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j 4. lysosomes
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j 5. mitochondria
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34. True or False. Vacuoles are more prominent in plant cells than in animal cells. (p. 55)
True
j False
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35. True or False. A vesicle is a large membrane-enclosed sac; a vacuole a small membrane-enclosed
sac. (pp. 54-55)
True
j False
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36. True or False. The inner face of the Golgi apparatus is directed toward the nucleus and receives
incoming molecules for export. (p. 54)
True
j False
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37. Which of the following is an energy-related organelle? (pp. 56-57)

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1. Golgi apparatus
2. centriole
3. lysosome
4. nucleolus
5. chloroplast

38. Cristae are structures found in the ______. (p. 56)

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1. Golgi apparatus
2. chloroplast
3. mitochondria
4. lysosome
5. centriole

39. Which organelle is often called the powerhouse of the cell? (p. 56)
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1. chloroplast
2. mitochondria
3. Golgi apparatus
4. lysosome
5. actin fiber

40. Which organelle of the cell is said to carry on aerobic cellular respiration? (p. 56)

1. mitochondria
2. chloroplasts
j 3. lysosomes
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j 4. nucleus
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j 5. rough endoplasmic reticulum
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41. Study this reaction: carbohydrate + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + water + energy. This chemical
transformation is called ______. (p. 56)
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1. photosynthesis
2. aerobic cellular respiration
3. anaerobic cellular respiration
4. hydrolysis
5. the endosymbiotic theory

42. Study this reaction: energy + carbon dioxide + water ----> carbohydrate + oxygen. This chemical
transformation is called ______. (p. 56)
1. photosynthesis
2. aerobic cellular respiration
j 3. anaerobic cellular respiration
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j 4. hydrolysis
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j 5. the endosymbiotic theory
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43. Which organelle is responsible for this chemical transformation: energy + carbon dioxide + water ---> carbohydrate + oxygen? (p. 56)
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1. lysosome
2. Golgi apparatus
3. nucleus
4. mitochondria
5. chloroplast

44. Which organelle is responsible for the process of photosynthesis? (p. 56)
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1. mitochondria
2. chloroplasts
3. centrioles
4. cilia
5. lysosomes

45. Which process is used to produce carbohydrates and release oxygen? (p. 56)
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1. photosynthesis
2. aerobic cellular respiration
3. anaerobic cellular respiration
4. hydrolysis
5. autodigestion

46. Which process will produce carbohydrates and release oxygen? (p. 56)
1. autodigestion
j 2. hydrolysis
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j 3. aerobic cellular respiration
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j 4. photosynthesis
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47. A picture from an electron microscope showed a structure that had a double membrane, flattened
sacs piled up like stacks of coins, and a fluid-filled space. Such an organelle would be called a ______.
(p. 57)
1. mitochondrion
2. nucleus
j 3. chloroplast
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j 4. lysosome
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j 5. Golgi apparatus
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48. The fluid-filled space that surrounds the cristae within a mitochondrion is called a ______. (p. 56)
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1. thylakoid
2. stroma
3. matrix
4. grana
5. vacuole

49. The fluid-filled space about the grana in chloroplasts is called the ______. (p. 57)
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1. thylakoid
2. stroma
3. matrix
4. grana
5. vacuole

50. ______ is a green pigment found within grana that makes chloroplasts and leaves green. (p. 56)
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1. Cellulose
2. Ribosomal RNA
3. Actin
4. Hemoglobin
5. Chlorophyll

51. Which molecule absorbs solar energy so that chloroplasts can convert the solar energy into ATP
molecules? (p. 56)
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1. oxygen
2. carbon dioxide
3. chlorophyll
4. glucose
5. DNA

52. The individual flattened sacs within a chloroplast are called ______. (p. 57)
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1. matrix
2. cristae
3. grana
4. thylakoids
5. filaments

53. True or False. The equation for photosynthesis is the opposite of aerobic cellular respiration. (p. 56)
True
j False
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54. Which of the following organelles are NOT structurally and functionally related membranous
structures? (pp. 54-57)
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1. endoplasmic reticulum
2. Golgi apparatus
3. vacuoles
4. lysosomes
5. mitochondria

55. The ______ helps to maintain the cell's shape, anchors the organelles, and allows the cell and its
organelles to move. (p. 58)
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1. cytoskeleton
2. nucleus
3. nucleolus
4. Golgi apparatus
5. rough endoplasmic reticulum

56. Microtubules are cylinders that contain a globular protein called ______. (p. 59)
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1. actin
2. tubulin
3. glucose
4. rRNA
5. cellulose

57. What is the function of the centrosome? (p. 59)

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1. to control the nucleus

2. to regulate the assembly of microfilaments
3. to regulate the assembly of microtubules
4. to control the Golgi apparatus
5. to control the movement of cilia

58. Which cytoskeletal structure is found in muscle cells that helps to bring about contraction? (p. 59)

1. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

2. rough endoplasmic reticulum
j 3. centrioles
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j 4. actin filaments
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j 5. microtubules
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59. Which cytoskeletal structure will combine with myosin to form a constriction ring during cell
division? (p. 58)
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1. actin filaments
2. microtubules
3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
4. rough endoplasmic reticulum
5. centrioles

60. Which of the following statements is NOT correct about centrioles? (p. 59)
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1. Centrioles are found in animal cells but not in plant cells.

2. Animal cells have two centrioles.
3. The two centrioles lie parallel to each other.
4. Centrioles lie within the centrosome.
5. Before an animal cell divides, the centrioles replicate.

61. Which organelle within a cell is composed of two short cylinders located near the nucleus? (p. 59)
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1. lysosome
2. mitochondria
3. chloroplasts
4. centrioles
5. cilia

62. Centrioles have a ______ microtubular pattern. (p. 59)

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1. 6 + 2
2. 6 + 0
3. 9 + 2
4. 9 + 1
5. 9 + 0

63. What are the microtubule organizing centers for the formation of cilia and flagella called? (p. 59)
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1. centrioles
2. microvilli
3. basal bodies
4. lysosomes
5. mitochondria

64. Which of the following structures will have a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules? (p. 60)

1. mitochondria
2. flagella
j 3. centriole
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j 4. basal bodies
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j 5. chloroplasts
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65. The structure of flagella is most similar to that of ______. (p. 60)
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1. cilia
2. basal bodies
3. centrioles
4. microvilli
5. rough endoplasmic reticulum

66. Which organelle is composed of a short, hairlike extension of the cell that allows the cell to move?
(p. 60)
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1. centriole
2. microtubule
3. cilia
4. flagella
5. mitochondria

67. Which of the following comparisons is NOT correct? Both plant and animal cells have ______. (pp.
53-60)
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1. plasma membranes
2. nuclear membranes
3. mitochondria
4. chloroplasts
5. vacuoles

68. Which comparison between plant and animal cells is NOT correct? (pp. 53-60)
j
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j
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1. plants: cell wall; animals: no cell wall

2. plants: large, single vacuole; animals: many, small vacuoles
3. plants: chloroplasts; animals: no chloroplasts
4. plants: centrioles; animals: no centrioles
5. plants: no basal bodies; animals: have basal bodies

69. Which of the following comparisons is NOT correct? (pp. 53-60)

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n
j
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j
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n

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1. chromosome--DNA
2. cell wall--cellulose
3. middle lamellae--lignin
4. microtubules--tubulin
5. centrioles--microtubules

70. Which of the following comparisons is NOT correct? (pp. 53-60)

1. plasma membrane--phospholipid bilayer and protein

2. centrioles--microtubules
j 3. ribosomes--protein and DNA
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n
j 4. chromatin--DNA
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n
j 5. chloroplasts--chlorophyll
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j
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j
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n

71. Male sperm cells move by means of _____. (p. 60)

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n

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1. cilia
2. flagella
3. centrioles
4. mitochondria
5. microtubules

72. _____ are organelles that line our upper respiratory tract. (p. 60)
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j
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1. cilia
2. flagella
3. centrioles
4. mitochondria
5. microtubules

73. Which of the following is NOT correctly paired? (pp. 53-60)

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j
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1. nucleus--control of protein synthesis

2. nucleolus--protein synthesis
3. mitochondrion--aerobic cellular respiration
4. chloroplast--photosynthesis
5. centriole--microtubule organization

74. Which of the following is NOT correctly paired? (pp. 53-60)

j
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n
j
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j
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j
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1. mitochondrion--cristae
2. chloroplast--thylakoids
3. centriole--9 + 0 pattern of microtubules
4. cilia--9 + 2 pattern of microtubules
5. lysosome--stack of membranous saccules

75. Which of the following is NOT correctly paired? (pp. 53-60)

1. lysosome--energy-converting organelle
2. smooth endoplasmic reticulum--membranous canals
j 3. chloroplast--energy-converting organelle
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n
j 4. actin filaments--cytoskeleton
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j 5. ribosome--granulelike organelle
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j
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j
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76. Which of the following organelles is the largest and most easily observed with the light microscope?
(pp. 53-60)

1. mitochondria
2. chloroplast
j 3. nucleus
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j 4. ribosomes
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n
j 5. lysosomes
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j
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j
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77. Which of the following is NOT correctly paired? (pp. 53-60)

j
k
l
m
n

j
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n
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1. rough endoplasmic reticulum--protein synthesis

2. smooth endoplasmic reticulum--lipid synthesis
3. Golgi apparatus--processing, packaging, secretion
4. lysosome--production of ATP
5. nucleus--cellular reproduction

78. True or False. Prokaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus. (p. 61)
True
j False
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n
j
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n

79. Organisms in which of the following kingdoms do NOT have a well-defined nucleus? (p. 61)
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j
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1. protists
2. fungi
3. plants
4. animals
5. monerans

80. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells? (p. 61)
j
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n
j
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n
j
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1. chromosome is composed of a single circular DNA macromolecule

2. unicellular organisms
3. DNA enclosed by a nuclear envelope
4. lack most of the organelles found in eukaryotic cells
5. more metabolically varied than other types of organisms

81. Which of the following cells have a nucleoid region? (p. 61)
j
k
l
m
n

j
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n
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j
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1. muscle cell
2. bacterial cell
3. fungus cell
4. leaf cell
5. liver cell

82. Which of the following structures are found in plant cells but NOT in bacteria? (p. 61)
1. plasma membrane
j 2. cell wall
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n
j 3. DNA
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n
j 4. ribosomes
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j
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j
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5. mitochondria

83. According to the ______ theory, prokaryotes entered eukaryotic cells and eventually evolved into
the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in eukaryotic cells today. (p. 57)
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n
j
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j
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j
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1. cell
2. biogenesis
3. gene
4. evolution
5. endosymbiotic

84. Which of the following is NOT evidence of the endosymbiotic theory? (p. 57)
1. Mitochondria are similar to bacteria in size and structure.
j 2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane: the outer membrane may be
k
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n
derived from the engulfing vesicle, and the inner one may be derived from the plasma membrane
of the original prokaryote.
j 3. Mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of bacteria.
k
l
m
n
j 4. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain a limited amount of their own DNA and divide by
k
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splitting.
j 5. The cristae in mitochondria resemble those found in bacteria.
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j
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n

85. ______ are the most abundant type of organisms found on earth. (p. 61)
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1. Bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Protists
4. Plants
5. Animals

86. True or False. Due to a lack of many organelles, prokaryotic cells are less metabolically varied than
eukaryotic cells. (p. 61)
True
j False
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n
j
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n

87. True or False. Because prokaryotic cells lack many of the organelles found in eukaryotic cells,
prokaryotic cells do NOT carry out as many of the functions as seen in eukaryotic cells. (p. 61)
True
j False
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n
j
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n

88. True or False. Both plants and bacteria have cell walls, which are composed of cellulose. (pp. 50, 61)
True
j False
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n
j
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n

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