Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

Key differences with EC2

7th Edition

Textbook:
2013 Design code
Concrete Design
based on:
Denoted by:
Design strength
Stress block depth
Limiting x/d
Limiting z/d
Limiting K or K bal
Limiting d/d
(0% redistribution)
Moment
redistribution

Cube strength

EC2 (National Annex)

C50
Cylinder Strength

fcu
0.87fy, 0.45fcu
0.9x
0.5
0.775
0.156
0.19
x<( b - 0.4)d

fck
0.567fck
0.8x
0.45
0.82
0.167
0.171
xbal

( k1 )
k2

0 . 45 d
1

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

Composite Action
The strains at concrete and steel
at the same level are the same !!

Effect of shrinkage and thermal movement on concrete causes

cracking in concrete but strengthens the bond between concrete and

steel bar
Effect of creep on concrete a change in the compressive strains

transferred to reinforcing steel

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Concrete stress-strain relationship

3a

Design stress = 0.67fcu/1.5 = 0.447fcu 0.45fcu

(for fcu <= 60 N/mm2)

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Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

Steel stress-strain relationship

Mild steel
fy = 250 N/mm2
High Yield steel fy = 500 N/mm2

f yk

Stress N/mm

Tension and
compression

fy
y
m

Es

m=1.15
2

200kN/mm

Strain

For fy = 500 N/mm2

y 0.00217

Figure 4.2: Short-term design stress-strain curve for reinforcement

back 4

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

Distribution of strain and stress under bending

cc

d'
x

neutral
axis

sc

lever
arm

A' s

ss=0.9x
= 0.8x

As

T
st

effective depth
Section

(a)
triangular

Strains

(b)
rectangular
parabolic

(c)
equivalent
rectangular

(d)
force

Stress Blocks

Figure 4.3: Section with strain diagrams and stress blocks

back

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Assumptions in the Reinforced Concrete Theory
Concrete does not take any tension. (1~2 N/mm2)
The stresses in concrete in compression follows the simplified
parabolic-rectangular stress-strain curve in (Concrete2013).

3a
To

The ultimate limit of collapse in concrete is reached when the strain at

2
the extreme compression fibre reaches 0.0035 ( f cu 60N/mm )
To
The steel stresses follows the simplified short-term design stressstrain curve in (Concrete 2013).

To

A perfect bond exists between the steel bar and concrete.

Where a section is designed for flexure only, the lever arm should
NOT be assumed to be greater than 0.95 times the effective depth.

To

Plane sections before bending remain plane after bending, i.e. the
strain distribution of concrete in compression and steel in tension or
To
compression are directly proportional to their distance from the
6
neutral axis at which the strain is zero.

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

RC Beam Section under bending moment

d x
st cu 2

cu2
x

A' s

d'

and x

sc

As
st

(d-x)

for
and

st
1
cu 2

cu 2 0.0035 (concrete crushes)

st y 0.00217 (steel yields)

( f y 500 N / mm 2 )

d
To ensure
of theyields
tensionwhen
steel x
0.617 d
The yielding
tension steel
0.00217
1
0.0035
--- Balanced Failure ---

Safe ???

Concrete2013 however places limit at ----

x 0.5d

back

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

RC Beam Section under bending moment
cu2

Take high tensile bar for example

d'
x

A' s

3a

If x=0.617d, st= 0.002. Steel yields and

sc

As
st

(d-x)

concrete crushes at the same time

Balanced cross-section
If x<0.617d, st> 0.002. Steel SURELY
yields BEFORE concrete crushes

Under-reinforced cross-section
If x>0.617d, st <0.002. Concrete crushes
BEFORE steel yields

Over-reinforced cross-section
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Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

Equivalent Bending stress block for Design

0.85f
0.567fckcu
0.67fckcu/ /c=m=0.45f

0.0035

s/2

s=0.8x
s=0.9x

Fcc

neutral
axis

depth of
stress block

As
st

Section

z = la d

Strains

< 0.95d

Fst

They form a
couple !!

Stress Block

Figure 4.4: Singly reinforced section with rectangular stress block

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

For equilibrium: M Fcc z Fst z
Input:
M, b,d, fcu,fy

and

F stress area 0.45 f cu bs

cc

z d s/2

substitute
to give:

(4.5)

3a

K factor
(4.6)

M 0.45 fcubs z 0.9 fcub(d z) z

(4.7)

2
K

M
/
bd
f cu
Re-arrange the above and define
2
to give ( z / d ) ( z / d ) K / 0.9 0

Solve for z/d to have z d[0.5 (0.25 K / 0.9)]

We have

(4.8)

Fst ( f y / m ) As ( f y /1.15) As 0.87 f y As

Output: As

Substitute in (4.5)

As

M
0.87 f y z

(4.9)

Area of steel
required

10

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

lever arm factor

upper limit
or range

Obtain this curve by

plotting Eq. (4.8)

compression
reinforcement
required to
provide BM
larger than Mu

K
lower limit
or range

K=0.156 corresponds to x=0.5d and z=d-s/2=0.775d, with

Mu=0.156fcubd2=Kfcubd2

Mu is the max. moment provided by the concrete section limited by

x=0.5d or it is the moment capacity of the concrete section

11

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

The balanced section
The code specifies xbal = 0.5 d
Depth of the stress block,

( f cu 45 N/mm )
2

3a

s=0.9 xbal = 0.45 d

Force in the concrete stress block,

Fccbal = 0.45 fcu bs = 0.2025 fcubd

For equilibrium of forces, Fstbal = 0.87 fy Asbal = Fccbal = 0.2025 fcubd
Asbal = 0.2328 fcubd/fy
which is the steel area in a balanced section
The ultimate moment of resistance of the balanced section,
Mbal = Fccbal zbal = 0.2025 fcubd (d - s/2) = 0.156 fcubd2
When the design moment Md = Mbal,
( f cu 45 N/mm 2 )

Md
0.156 K bal
2
f cu bd

12

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Singly reinforced beam design: Ex 4.1 - Determine As for given M
Step 1:

d = 440

b= 260

M
bd 2 f cu

Lever Arm:
z d {0.5
440{0.5

fcu

fy

M 185 kNm

Checking the
sufficiency of section !

185 106

0.122 0.156
2
260 440 30
Compression steel not required
Step 2:

As

3a

Step 3:

K
0.25
}
0.9
0.122
0.25
} 369 mm 2
0.9

M
185 106
As

1200mm 2
0.87 f y z 0.87 500 369

13

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Singly reinforced beam design: Ex 4.2
Find the resistant moment of section given b, d and As
0.567f
0.45f
cuck

b = 300

d = 520

3a

fcu

Fcc

neutral
axis

fy

z
2

A s = 1470 mm

Fst

Equilibrium : Fcc Fst

0.45 f cu bs 0.87 f y As

0.45 25 300 s 0.87 500 1470

s 189.5mm and x s / 0.9 189.5 / 0.9 210.5mm 0.5d
Hence steel has yielded

To

14

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a
0.567f
0.45f
cuck

b = 300

d = 520

Note that
s

x
neutral
axis

Fcc

x = (d z)/0.45
z

( f cu 45 N/mm 2 )

A s = 1470 mm

Fst

Moment of Resistance of the section:

M Fst z 0.87 f y As (d s / 2) 0.87 500 1470(520 189.5 / 2) 106
271.9kNm
The moment of resistance can also be calculated as M = Fcc z

15

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Rectangular section with compression reinforcement

3a

Mu
= Fst1+Fst2

back

Cross-section with compression reinforcement

16

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

2
For a singly reinforced section : M u 0.156 f cu bd = K fcubd2

3a

Even though the design (applied) moment exceeds this

value, we still require x0.5d to ensure steel yielding and a
ductile failure
The lower limit of range for z
Therefore:

z d s / 2 d 0.9 x / 2
d 0.9 0.5d / 2 0.775d

For equilibrium:

Fst Fcc Fsc

So with the compression reinforcement at yield:

0.87 f y As 0.45 f cu bs 0.87 f y As'
and with s 0.9 0.5d 0.45d

Yielding of Asc will be

checked separately !

0.87 f y As 0.2025 f cu bd 0.87 f y As'

(4.13)

back

17

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

and taking moments about the centroid of the

tension steel:

M Fcc z Fsc (d d ')

0.2025 f cu bd 0.775d 0.87 f y As' (d d ')
0.156 f cu bd 2 0.87 f y As' (d d ')

(4.14)

Re-arrange to give the compression steel as:

22

M
0.156
f
bd
M 0.156 f cucu
''

A
Ass
'
0.87
0.87f fy yA(sd(ddd')')

Mu

(4.15)

18

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Multiply both sides of Eq. (4.13) by
z=0.775d:

0.156 f cu bd 2
As
As'
0.87 f y z
and with K =0.156 and K=M/bd2fcu:
2
(
K

K
')
f
bd
'
cu
As
0.87 f y (d d ')

K ' f cu bd 2
As
As'
0.87 f y z

3a

To

(4.16)

(4.17)

(4.18)

19

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Check on yielding of compression steel -

3a

2
,
f

500
N
/
mm
sc y 0.002175 the
For y
and

compression steel will have yielded only if:

d'
0.002175
1
0.38,
x
0.0035

d1

f cu 60N/mm 2
when
x 0.5d (4.20)

The Design code Concrete2013 specifies

d/x 0.38 to ensure the compression steel to yield before
section fails. (The criteria can also be stated as d/d 0.19 )
If d/x > 0.38, refer to Figure 3.9 in the Code for the
compressive stress.

20

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Doubly reinforced beam design: Ex 4.4
Find moment of resistance of section

3a

fcu=25
fy=500
M=? kNm
= Fst1+Fst2

21

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a
Equilibrium : Fst Fcc Fsc
0.87 f y As 0.45 f cu bs 0.87 f y As'
s

0.87 f y ( As As' )
0.45 f cu b

0.87 500(2410 628)

246.1mm
0.45 25 280
with s 246.1mm, x s / 0.9 246.1/ 0.9 273.4mm 0.536d 0.617 d
Hence tension steel has yielded in real situation
Also
d '/ x 50 / 273.4 0.183 0.38
Hence compression steel has yielded as assumed.
22

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

b = 280

Fsc

d' = 50
d = 510

3a

0.45fck
cu
0.567f

A' = 628
s

s=0.8x
s=0.9x

Fcc

A s = 2410
Fst = Fst1+Fst2
Section

Stress Block

Taking moments of compressive forces about the tension steel

M Fcc (d s / 2) Fsc (d d ')
0.45 f cu bs (d s / 2) 0.87 f y As' (d d ')
0.45 25 280 246.1(510 246.1/ 2) 0.87 500 628(510 50)
425.63 106 Nm 425.63kNm

23

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Doubly reinforced beam design: Ex 4.3 - Find As, As
Step 1: Check the sufficiency of section !

b = 260

d = 440

A's

Compression steel is required

d'/d 50 / 440 0.11 0.19
Compression steel has yielded

As
Step 2:

f cu 25
f y 500
M 285kNm
Step 3:

M
285 10
K 2
0.226 0.156
2
bd f cu 260 440 25
6

d' = 50

3a

As'

( K K ') f cu bd 2
0.87 f y ( d d ')
(0.226 0.156)25 260 440 2
0.87 500 (440 50)

519.3mm 2

2
K ' f cu bd 2
0.156
25
260
440

As
As'
519.3 1842.7mm 2
0.87 f y z
0.87 500(0.775 440)

24

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Design of tension and compression reinforcement - Ex. 7.3

3a

The beam section shown below has characteristic material

strengths of fcu = 25N/mm2 and fy = 500N/mm2 The ultimate
moment is 165kN m. causing hogging of the beam.
Step 1:

Check on sufficiency of concrete section

M
165 106
K 2
0.26 K ' 0.156
2
bd f cu 230 330 25

This means compression steel is required.

25

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Design of tension and compression reinforcement
Step 2:
x=0.5d=165mm;
Therefore:

d/x=50/165=0.303 < 0.38

3a

(o.k.)

f sc 0.87 f y

Step 3:
Compression steel:
2
6
2
(
M
0.156
f
bd
)

(165
10
0.156
25
230
330
)

cu
As'

0.87 f y (d d ')
0.87 500 (330 50)

552.6mm 2
Tension steel:

2
0.156 f cu bd 2
0.156
25
230
330

As
As'
552.6
0.87 f y z
0.87 500 0.775 330

878.0 552.6 1430.6mm 2

Provide two T20 bars for As=628mm2 and
four T25 bars for As = 1960mm2.

To

26

Evolution of and
Concrete
Compressive
Block with Moment
of Resistance
Analysis
Design
of Rectangular
Beam Sections
in Design Rectangular Beam Section

3a

increasing applied bending moment on section

(a)

(b)

x0.5d

(c)

x<0.5d

Ultimate
Moment of
Resistance
of concrete
section

x=0.5d

Fsc
Fcc
(d)
Fst
x=0.5d

Resisting couples:
Fcc

Fcc

Fcc

Fcc
Mu

Fst

Fst

z={0.5+(0.25-K/0.9)}d
and z<0.95d

Fst
z=0.775d
K=K=0.156

Fsc

Mu
Fst1
z=0.775d
K=K=0.156

+
Fst2
z=d-d

back

27

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

depends on the
moment redistribution
factor

Design Chart

For

over-reinforced

under-reinforced
Balanced
point
Margin not used in Code

back

For illustration ONLY !!

28

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

For illustration ONLY !!

Example 1
B=300, d=450,
M=262.5 kNm

Solution

262.5 10 6
M

4.32
bd 2 300 450 2
100 As
from chart ,
1.37
bd
As 1849.5 mm 2

Provide 4T 25 ( As 1960mm 2 )
To

29

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

Example 2

3a

B=300, d=450,
M=320 kNm

Solution

No Good !
x/d > 0.5

M
320 106

5.27
2
2
bd
300 450
Use the next curve of
100 As'/bd 0.5,
100 As
from chart ,
1.55
bd
As 2093 mm 2
5T 25 (2450mm 2 )

For illustration ONLY !!

100 A's
bd

0.5, A's 675 mm 2 , 3T 20 (943mm 2 )

~~~ End ~~~

To

30

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

To
Back

31

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam Sections

3a

Distribution of strain and stress

cc
A' s

s=0.9x
s = 0.8x

d'
x
neutral
axis

sc

< 0.95d

As
st

(a)
triangular

Section

Strains

(b)
rectangular
parabolic

(c)
equivalent
rectangular

Stress Blocks

Figure 4.3: Section with strain diagrams and stress blocks

Back
32