13-H2O CONT OF GASES - 33s PDF

HYDRATES AND HYDRATE PREVENTION
H2O CONTENT OF
MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES
EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF ACID GASES
USE OF SIMULATION PROGRAMS
WATER DEW CURVE OF A NATURAL GAS
ON SITE MEASUREMENT OF WATER CONTENT
2009 - IFP Training
INTRODUCTION ORIGINS OF WATER
All fluids at reservoir conditions are water saturated

Therefore water is always present in oil and gas effluent: in VAPOR phase, and often also
in LIQUID phase
Liquid water: either production water or condensation water

Forms with CO2 and H2S corrosive products
Reduces the capacity of transport of the pipelines
Liquid (or vapour) water:

Forms hydrates with C1, C2, C3, iC4, CO2, H2S, N2, typically at pressures > 10 bar and
temperature < 25C
2009 - IFP Training
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF ACID GASES
2009 - IFP Training
H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases
Gordon Wichert chart (extension of

McKetta chart) with corrections for
density, water salinity, H2S and CO2
content
(JM Campbell charts give equivalent
results)
BUKACEK correlation
Thermodynamic simulation programs

(PRO II, HYSYS)
Constants depending
on P and T
Given by TABLE
or GdF equations
2009 - IFP Training
Example :
H2O CONTENT OF SWEET NATURAL GAS

- JM Campbell charts -
2009 - IFP Training

BUKACEK CORRELATION GdF equations for A and B calculation
2009 - IFP Training

McKETTA Chart
1 - What is the H2O content of a natural gas at 200F and 3000 psi.a ?
280
.
lb/MMSCF
2 For the same base pressure (3000 psi.a), what will be the H2O content of this natural gas at lower
temperature (100F) ?
33
lb/MMSCF
Conclusion: the moisture content of a natural gas increases, when the temperature INCREASES
3 For the same base temperature (200F), what will be the H2O content of this natural gas at lower
pressure (1500 psi.a) ?
lb/MMSCF
Conclusion: the moisture content of a natural gas increases, when the pressure DECREASES
2009 - IFP Training
480
.

McKETTA Chart
4 What is the Dew Temperature at 1000 psi.a of this same gas (moisture-saturated at 200F and
3000 psi.a) ?
150
5 What is the Dew Pressure at 100F of this same gas (moisture-saturated at 200F and 3000
psi.a) ?
170
.
psi.a
2009 - IFP Training
Remark: the water contents of gases do not exceed 47,484 lb/MMSCF of wet gas, which
corresponds to pure vapor stream (100% water). This is clearly shown on the McKETTA chart.

McKETTA Chart Correction for Specific Gravity
The McKETTA chart is aimed at a gas

Specific Gravity of 0.6 (air = 1.0).
Given that:
Sp.GrGas
M:
Sp.Gr:
MGas
MAir
MGas
kg
29
kmol
Molecular Weight (kg/kmol)

Specific Gravity
..
17.4
kg/kmol
2009 - IFP Training
This is equivalent to a gas molecular weight of :
10

McKETTA Chart Correction for Specific Gravity
6 What will be the H2O content of the same natural gas (moisture-saturated at 200F and 3000
psi.a) if we take into account the correction factor for Specific Gravity (Molecular Weight 23.2
kg/kmol) ?
Gas Molecular Weight:
23.2
kg/kmol
Gas Specific Gravity:
0.8
..
Correction Factor for Specific Gravity, Cg:
.
0.975
H2O content without correction for Sp.Gr:
..
280
lb/MMSCF
H2O content corrected for Specific Gravity:
..
273
lb/MMSCF
2009 - IFP Training
Conclusion: the H2O content of a natural gas increases when the Specific Gravity DECREASES.
11

McKETTA Chart Correction for Water Salinity
A Correction Factor Cs could be introduced in order to take into account the salinity of
the formation water.
This correction factor is lower than one.
2009 - IFP Training
12

McKETTA Chart Correction for Water Salinity
7 What will be the H2O content of the same natural gas (moisture-saturated at 200F and 3000
psi.a) if we take also into account the correction factor for formation water salinity (Salt
content : 3% weight of salted water) ?
Salinity of formation water:
Weight %
H2O content corrected to Sp.Gr:
...
273
lb/MMSCF
Correction Factor for Salinity, Cs:
0.93
H2O content corrected for Sp.GR and Salinity:
...
254
lb/MMSCF
2009 - IFP Training
Conclusion: the H2O content of a natural gas increases when the water Salinity DECREASES.
..
13

BUKACEK Correlation
8 Compare the H2O content obtained by McKETTA to BUKACEK for the same natural gas
(moisture-saturated at 200F = 93.3C; 3000 psi.a = 206.9 bar.a; M = 23.3 kg/kmol and 3 %
weight of water salinity).
McKETTA
BUKACEK
Tables
GdF equations
A coeff. (in the adequate unit system)
547
000
644 556
...
B coeff. (in the adequate unit system)
104
...
1472.4
.
H2O content without corrections, mg/Nm3
4587.7
.
286.3
271.3
.
H2O content without corrections, lb/MMSCF
280
..
0.975
...
Salinity Correction Factor, Cs
0.93
260
.
H2O content with corrections, lb/MMSCF
N.B.
1 lb/MMSCF = 16.9076 mg/Nm3
254
..
246
..
2009 - IFP Training
Specific Gravity Correction Factor, Cg
14
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF ACID GASES
2009 - IFP Training
15
H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of ACID gases
The McKetta & Bukacek methods are valid for (H2S + CO2) < 10% mol
Otherwise correction factors are required :

CAMPBELL method
GASUNIE method
2009 - IFP Training
16
CAMPBELL method
WSour Gas = YHC WHC + YCO2 WCO2 + YH2S WH2S
WSour Gas
: water content of sour gas
WHC
: water content of sweet gas (HC fraction)
YHC
: mole fraction of all components except H2S and CO2

: effective water content of CO2, given by charts
YCO
: mole fraction of CO2 in natural gas
WH
: effective water content of H2S, given by charts
YH
: mole fraction of H2S
2S
2S
2009 - IFP Training
WCO
17
CORRECTION FOR ACID GASES CAMPBELL METHOD

CAMPBELL
2009 - IFP Training
18
CORRECTION FOR ACID GASES CAMPBELL METHOD

CAMPBELL
2009 - IFP Training
19
CAMPBELL method
9 Using the CAMPBELL method, what will be the H2O content of the same natural gas (moisturesaturated at 200F, 3000 psi.a), given a H2S content of 4% mol and a CO2 content of 6 % mol.
For simplification corrections for Specific Gravity and Salinity will not be considered.
H2O content of the sweet gas (without acid components) :
..
280
lb/MMSCF
Effective H2O content of H2S:
..
1 083
lb/MMSCF
Effective H2O content of CO2:
400
..
lb/MMSCF
H2O content of gas with acidity correction:
320
lb/MMSCF
2009 - IFP Training
Conclusion: the H2O content of a natural gas increases when the acidity INCREASES.
20
CORRECTION FOR ACID GASES GASUNIE METHOD

GASUNIE
2009 - IFP Training
21
GASUNIE method
Using the GASUNIE method, what will be the H2O content of a natural gas saturated with
moisture at 30C and 80 bar.a), given a H2S content of 4% mol and a CO2 content of 6 % mol.
For simplification corrections for Specific Gravity and Salinity will not be considered.
Equivalent H2S content:
8.5
% mol
GASUNIE correction factor
40
mg/Nm3
Water content of the sweet gas:
581
mg/Nm3
(Bukacek)
H2O content of gas with acidity correction:
.
621
...
INCREASES
2009 - IFP Training
Conclusion: the H2O content of a natural gas increases when the acidity
mg/Nm3
22
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF ACID GASES
2009 - IFP Training
23
WATER CONTENT COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAMS
2009 - IFP Training
24
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF ACID GASES
2009 - IFP Training
25
WATER DEW POINT (DP) / WATER DEW CURVE DEFINITION
Definition:
A water saturated gas at given conditions (P

& T) is said to be at its water dew point
when water vapour starts to condense when
the gas is slightly cooled at constant P.
GAS WATER DEW POINT CURVE

160
140
Water content could be defined by P &

T values of the gas water at dew-point.
For one water content, there is an
infinite number of water dew-points,
defining the water Dew Curve
120
Pressure (bar a)
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
50
100
Temperatue (C)
150
2009 - IFP Training
For one water dew-point defined by

one (P & T) couple, there is only one
water content
26
WATER DEW POINT (DP) / WATER DEW CURVE APPLICATION

Lets consider a natural gas saturated with moisture at 1000 psi.a and 100F.
Fill-in the following table with the water dew points (No corrections for Sp.Gr. nor Salinity)
60.40
..
Water Content (lb/MMSCF)

Dew Temperature (F)
Dew Pressure (psi.a)
20
40
60
80
100
120
130
140
150
17.7
..
43.7
..
101.3
..
223.3
..
474.1
..
1,000
2,191
..
3,387
..
5,524
..
10,291
..
2009 - IFP Training
27
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF ACID GASES
2009 - IFP Training
28
ON SITE MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF WATER DEW POINT
PORTABLE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS (Bureau of Mines DP tester)
Consists into detecting condensation over a scope or a glass
Allows to measure either Water or HC DP, whatever the first to meet (the highest temperature)
The detection could be automatic
Could be used up to pressures of 170 bar.a

Temperature drop must be very gradual
0.1C for temperatures higher than 0C
0.3C for temperatures lower than 0C
IN-LINE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

most are based on the Bureau of Mines tester
the mirror is cooled by elements based on PELTIER effect (an electric current flowing through a loop
composed of two different metals generates a temperature difference between the two weld
junctions)
The measurement thus obtained is processed by the DCS in the control room
Remark: the PANAMETRIX is an instrument used on site for dew point measurement is composed of
GOLD sensors, which can not tolerate any presence of MERCYRY in the gas (formation of amalgam)
2009 - IFP Training
29
2009 - IFP Training
30
ON SITE MEASUREMENT QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT WATER

CONTENT
USE OF SOLID CHEMICAL ABSORBENTS (DRGER TUBE TYPE)
USE OF LIQUID CHEMICAL ABSORBENTS
Typically Magnesium Perchlorate, which has a specific feature to retain moisture

The water content is obtained by measuring the increase in mass of the absorbent (Gravimetry)
More adapted to LOW PRESSURE measurements (relatively high H2O content)
Remark: the absorbent must be pre-saturated with the HC of the gas itself
Chemical solutions that absorb moisture

The most common is Karl-Fisher method (solution of Methanol, containing iodine, pyridine and SO2)
the water content is obtained by Titrimetry
Remark: the Karl-Fisher solution is very unstable (degraded under light effect). More stable reagents
are now available.
OTHER TYPES OF ANALYZERS

Other types are available. All of them are sensitive to liquids (water, methanol, glycols, HC)
Electrolytic Sensors, based on the use of Phosphorous Pentoxide P2O5: slow process
Piezoelectric Sorption: complex and not always precise due to H2S
Dielectric Layers (metal oxide, silicon-optic): good precision initially
Absorption Spectroscopy: danger of overlap by the gaseous compounds
Idem + Tunable Diode Laser (TDL): very good precision
2009 - IFP Training
31
KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER
Natural gases are almost always saturated with moisture because they are often in
contact with an aqueous phase (except of course after a dehydration and/or
reheating step in contact with water).
The lower the pressure and the higher the temperature, the higher the water
saturation of a natural gas.
The water saturation of a natural gas decreases if the Molecular Weight increases.
The water saturation of a natural gas decreases if the salinity of the reservoir water
(which saturated the gas) increases.
The acidity of a natural gas results in a higher water saturation content (corrections
needed for H2S + CO2 contents in the natural gas greater than 5 % mol)
Some water dew point in-line measuring instruments have gold sensors and
therefore cannot be used for gases containing mercury.
2009 - IFP Training
32
UNITS CONVERSION
Normal Conditions:
mmHg
1 atm.a = 1.013 bar.a = 760

0C (Universal!!!)
Standard Conditions:
mmHg
1 bar = 14.5 psi
1 atm = 14.7 psi
1 atm.a = 1.013 bar.a = 760

US: 60F? (=15.6C); UE: 15C?;
Water content of a gas:
1 lb/MMSCF =
16.9076 mg/Nm3
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
16.0187 mg/Sm3
1 m3 = 35.31467 CF
379.495/18.02 21.06 ppm
23.645/18.02 1.31 ppm volume
1 bbl = 0.159 m3
volume
1 mg/Sm3
0.0282623 Sm3 (at 15C and 101.325
1 Sm3 (at 15C and 101.325 kPa) = 35.382754 SCF (at 60F and 14.7
psi.a)
2009 - IFP Training
1 SCF (at 60F and 14.7 psi.a) =

kPa)
33

13-H2O CONT OF GASES - 33s PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

13-H2O CONT OF GASES - 33s PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

HYDRATES AND HYDRATE PREVENTION

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS

WATER DEW CURVE OF A NATURAL GAS

ON SITE MEASUREMENT OF WATER CONTENT

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

2009 - IFP Training

INTRODUCTION ORIGINS OF WATER

All fluids at reservoir conditions are water saturated

Liquid water: either production water or condensation water

Liquid (or vapour) water:

2009 - IFP Training

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS

WATER DEW CURVE OF A NATURAL GAS

ON SITE MEASUREMENT OF WATER CONTENT

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

2009 - IFP Training

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases

Gordon Wichert chart (extension of

Thermodynamic simulation programs

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

H2O CONTENT OF SWEET NATURAL GAS

2009 - IFP Training

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases

2009 - IFP Training

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

2009 - IFP Training

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

2009 - IFP Training

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases

The McKETTA chart is aimed at a gas

Molecular Weight (kg/kmol)

2009 - IFP Training

This is equivalent to a gas molecular weight of :

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases

Gas Specific Gravity:

Correction Factor for Specific Gravity, Cg:

H2O content without correction for Sp.Gr:

H2O content corrected for Specific Gravity:

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

2009 - IFP Training

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases

2009 - IFP Training

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases

H2O content corrected to Sp.Gr:

Correction Factor for Salinity, Cs:

H2O content corrected for Sp.GR and Salinity:

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_04 H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

2009 - IFP Training

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases

A coeff. (in the adequate unit system)

B coeff. (in the adequate unit system)

H2O content without corrections, mg/Nm3

H2O content without corrections, lb/MMSCF

Salinity Correction Factor, Cs

H2O content with corrections, lb/MMSCF