CONTENTS

1: Visual representation of design

2: Design conept
3: Boardwalk in context
4: Site plan
5. Floor plan
6: Concept diagram
7: Exploded axonometric
8-11: Calculations - Post and Primary beams
12-14: Detail drawings
15-16: Calculations - Secondary beam
17-19: Sections
20-21: Renders
22: Elevation
23-25: Second Story
26: Second stor visual
27-28: Willow weave-Nails
29: Render
30: Credits

Our primary interests were in traditional wooden construction and designing with wooden joints, principly inspired by Crannogs vernacular
architecture. We then researched more modern examples including the mathematical bridge in Cambridge which we felt was apt due to its
mathematical focus of the project. A sculptural piece by Ai WeiWei built out of old temple parts was also an inspiration for its
traditional oriental joinery.
A key feature in our design was to get people as close to the water as possible, close enough on a lower level to engage and touch it. On
top of this we created a pond space to allow for a closer interaction with the wildlife. As a sight of natural beauty, we chose the site taking
into account the present habitat of the birds. We also desired to get out into the centre of the loch to envoke a sense of awe at the beautiful
stillness and topography.
Its trajectory into the loch was taken so you would view the most picturesque areas of wildlife to the east. However, we wanted areas
providing panoramic views which were accomodated by a raised platform.

1:1250 Site Plan

1:200 Plan

A key aspect of our design was to create a series of view points. We decided on three areas, focusing on different
elements of the loch and surrounding scenery. The principle walkway runs continuously at the same level allowing
access for all users. The design steps down at the end of the boardwalk bringing users closer to the water and the
birds.
6

Exploded Axonometric

COLUMNS
Check loading on column A

The chosen column dimension 200 x 200 mm (200 x 195 in Table 12:
Geometrical properties of regularised softwood)

Total area of floor carried by column = 2.2 x 1.575 = 3.47 m2 (column carries half of the adjacent spans).
Therefore, the total load carried by each column P = 3.47 x 5.5 (+4.5 pedestrian load) = 23.59 kN
For stress class D40, the compressive strength parallel to the grain fc,0,k = 26 N/mm2
Consider actual construction details and conditions in determining effective
length Le for buckling (the height the column can buckle):
Le = 3000 mm
From Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for common timbers
(Table 1 from BS EN 338:2003)):
E0.05 = 9.4 kN/mm2 , therefore

E0.05 9400
=
= 361.5
fc,0,k
26

Le 3000
=
= 53.3 , where the radius of gyration about the axis of the section
rxx 56.3
x-x rxx = 56.3mm (from Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods).
The slenderness ratio y =

Using these values (Table 14: Values for the slenderness modification factor kc,y in HARDWOODS in
terms of the material properties of the stress class and the slenderness of the column), for D40
strength, the slenderness modification factor is obtained kc,y = 0.7471
The permissible stress in the column fc,0,d is:

kmod kc,90 kls fc,0,k 0.50 1.0 1.1 26

=
= 11.0 N / mm 2
M
1.3
kc,90 = 1 as there is no increase the bearing strength because the applied length of the uniformly
distributed load q is 3000 mm > 150 mm (typical value for most beams under UDL)
fc,0,d =

P 23.59 10 3
=
= 0.590 N / mm 2
200 200
A
The check for buckling strength is sufficient when c kc,y fc,0,d and the column is therefore safe
The actual compressive stress c =
against buckling.

c = 0.590

kc,y fc,0,d = 0.747111.0 = 8.22 N / mm 2

0.590 8.22 N / mm

Therefore the column is safe against buckling.

1:500 Post Plan

Check loading on column B

The chosen column dimension 250 x 250 mm (250 x 245 in Table 12: Geometrical properties of
regularised softwood)

Total area of floor carried by column = 3.0 x 2.250 = 6.75 m2 (column carries half of the adjacent spans).
Therefore, the total load carried by each column P = 6.75 x 5.5 (+ 4.5 pedestrian load) = 41.625 kN
From Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN
338:2003)):
For stress class D40, the compressive strength parallel to the grain fc,0,k = 26 N/mm2
Consider actual construction details and conditions in determining effective
length Le for buckling (the height the column can buckle):
E0.05 = 9.4 kN/mm2 , therefore

E0.05 9400
=
= 361.5
fc,0,k
26

Le 3000
=
= 42.4 , where the radius of gyration
rxx 70.7
about the axis of the section x-x rxx = 70.7mm (from Table 12: Geometrical
properties of regularised softwoods).
The slenderness ratio y =

Using these values (from Table 14: Values for the slenderness modification factor kc,y in HARDWOODS in
terms of the material properties of the stress class and the slenderness of the column), for D40
strength, the slenderness modification factor is obtained kc,y = 0.5640
The permissible stress in the column fc,0,d is:

kmod kc,90 kls fc,0,k 0.50 1.0 1.1 26

=
= 11.0 N / mm 2
M
1.3
kc,90 = 1 as there is no increase the bearing strength because the applied length of the uniformly
distributed load q is 3000 mm > 150 mm (typical value for most beams under UDL)
fc,0,d =

The actual compressive stress c =

P 41.62510 3
=
= 0.666 N / mm 2
250 250
A

The check for buckling strength is sufficient when c

kc,y fc,0,d and the column is therefore safe

against buckling.

c = 0.666

kc,y fc,0,d = 0.747111.0 = 8.22 N / mm 2

0.666 8.22 N / mm

Therefore the column is safe against buckling.

Spans and heights

PRIMARY BEAM
LOADING
Domestic; long term action
Live load (impose)
5.0 kN/m2
Self weight (planks)
0.5 kN/m2
Total q
5.5 kN/m2

FLOOR JOIST SIZE

1. Mechanical Properties
We have chosen a hardwood, green oak, with Strength Class D40.
The grade stresses for D40 were taken from Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for
common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN 338:2003).

Bending, fmk
Compression parallel fc0k
Compression perp fc90k
Shear fvk
Mean Elasticity Modulus E

40 N/mm2
26 N/mm2
8.8 N/mm2
3.8 N/mm2
11000 N/mm2

2. Section
Rectangular section 100 x 295 mm
From Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods:
Area A = 29.5 x 103 mm2
Second moment of inertia Ixx = 213.94 x 106 mm4
Section modulus Zxx = 1450.4 x103 mm3

1:500 Primary Beam Plan

10

3. Modification factors

6. Check section size in bending

Strength modification factor k mod

Service Class 3: external uses, fully exposed (Table 7: Service Classes (Table NA.2 from NAD) )
Load duration: permanent
Material: solid timber
Therefore (from Table 6: Strength modification factor kmod (Table 3.1 from EN 1995-1-1:2004)), kmod = 0.50!
Size factor k h
d = 295 mm
295 mm > 150 mm, therefore kh = 1.0

!!!"!
!!!

!".!"!!!!!"!

!"#$.!!!!!"!

= 10.02!!/!! !

The actual bending stress against permissible strength means that !!" < ! !!" ,!10.02 < 16.92 N/mm2,
therefore the section is satisfactory in bending.
7. The design (permissible) shear stress (strength) f vd is:

The load sharing factor k is is assumed to be 1.1 as the beam (floor joists) span 2.75m, which is
less than 6m apart (from Table 9: Description of assemblies and load distribution systems)
Instability factor for solid beams k crit
Considering a full torsional constraint of the beam, kcrit = 1.0
The moisture and creep modification factor k def is defined in Table 10: Values of kdef for timber
materials. For Service Class 3 and solid timber material, kdef = 2.0
The material is solid untreated timber, therefore the partial factor !m for material properties is
1.3 (from Table 5:!Partial factors M for material properties and resistances (Table NA.3 from NAD))
Therefore, the design (permissible) bending stress (strength) f md is:
!!"

Bending stress !!" = !

!!"# !.!!!! !. !!" !. !!"#$ !. !!" 0.50! 1.0! 1.1! 1.0! 40

=!
=
= 16.92!!/!! !
!!
1.3

4. Total load on joist

The uniformly distributed load / joist w is calculated by

multiplying the surface load q with the width of the deck that
corresponds to the joist which is equal to 2 times a half
spacing s:
w = q s = 5.5 x 2.2 = 12.10 kN/m
!
The point load (P) representing light pedestrian traffic is 4.5kN

!!" = !

!!"#!! !!!" !!!!"

!!

=!

!.!!!.!!!.!
!.!

= 1.61!N/mm! !

Max shear force for UDL V = q s L/2 = 5.5 x 2.2 x 2.75/2 = 16.64 kN!!
!

!.!

Max shear force for point load V = =

= 2.25!kN!
!
!
!V = 16.64 + 2.25 = 18.89!kN

Max shear stress in a rectangular section:

3 !
3 18.89! 10!
!! = !
=! !
= 0.96!/!! !
2 !"
2 100! 295

The maximum shear stress in a rectangular section against the design shear stress means that,
!! < !!" !!"!0.96 < 1.61 the section is ok.

8. Check deflection of beam

The instantaneous deflection of the simply supported joist Winst is:

max !"#$"%&'()!!"#!!!"# = !

5
!! ! !!
5
12.1!!!2750!
!
=!
!!
= 3.83!!!
384 !! ! !!!
384 11000!!!213.94!! !106

!! ! !!
4.5!!!2750!
= !!
6
48! !! ! !!!
48!!!11000!!!213.94!! !10
= 8.28!!!10!! !!!!

max !"#$"%&'()!!"#$%!!"#$!!!"# =!!

wins = 3.83 (+ 8.29!!!10!! )!= 3.83 mm

Which results in a final deflection wfin = wins (1 + kdef) = 3.83 (1+2) = 11.49 mm

Max allowable deflection (from Table 11: Recommended limits for the final deflection) = L/150 = 2750/150
= 18.3mm
11.49 < 18.3 therefore the deflection of the beam is ok.
5. Max bending moment
Each joist is considered as simply supported above each post. The max bending moment occurs at the
centre:
Max bending moment for UDL !!!" = !

!!.!!!
!

Max bending moment for point load !!"# = !

!!!"# = 11.44 + 3.09 = 14.53!!"#

!".!!!!.!"!

!!.!!!
!

= 11.44!!"#

!
!.!!!!.!"
!

= 3.09!!"#

11

2.

1.

2.

This isometric highlights the most frequent setup of conntections

throughout the boardwalk. The primary joint (1) is a hybrid bridle joint due to
its angled connection and dowel fixing.
The orange lines highlight where these connections take place.

1:10 Connection Details

1.

12

2.

2.
1.

This is the most complicated joint implemented in our scheme. We had to use large timber
posts which easily stay within the safety regulations. This large sizing was neccessary to
allow for the joints we chose to work. The beams themselves had to be of a certain
diameter for the mortice and tenon (2) and bridle joints (1) to work.
1.
Here the purple lines show where these connections take place.

1:10 Connection Details

13

1.
2.

2.

These connections involving two primary beams and a secondary beam

are used in four locations on our boardwalk. The secondary connections
throughout our design use a mortise and tenon joint with a dowel fixing.
Once again the coloured line shows where these connections take
place within our design.

1:10 Connection Details

1.

14

SECONDARY BEAM
LOADING
Domestic; long term action
Live load (impose)
5.0 kN/m2
Self weight (planks)
0.5 kN/m2
Total q
5.5 kN/m2
FLOOR JOIST SIZE
1. Mechanical Properties

The grade stresses for D40 (green oak) were taken from Table 3: Strength classes and
characteristic values for common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN 338:2003).
Bending, fmk
Compression parallel fc0k
Compression perp fc90k
Shear fvk
Mean Elasticity Modulus E

40 N/mm2
26 N/mm2
8.8 N/mm2
3.8 N/mm2
11000 N/mm2

2. Section
Rectangular section 75 x 147 mm
From Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods:
Area A = 11.03 x 103 mm2
Second moment of inertia Ixx = 19.85 x 106 mm4
Section modulus Zxx = 270.1 x103 mm3
3. Modification factors
Strength modification factor k mod
Service Class 3: external uses, fully exposed (Table 7: Service Classes (Table NA.2 from NAD) )
Load duration: permanent
Material: solid timber
Therefore (from Table 6: Strength modification factor kmod (Table 3.1 from EN 1995-1-1:2004)), kmod = 0.50
Size factor k h
d = 147 mm

k ! = min

!"# !.!
!

= min

!"# !.!
!"#

= 1.004

(From Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5)

Therefore kh = 1.0
Instability factor k crit
Full torsional constraint of the beam, therefore kcrit =1.0
The load sharing factor k is is assumed to be 1.1 as the beam (floor joists) span 2.1m, which is less
than 6m apart (from Table 9: Description of assemblies and load distribution systems)

1:500 Secondary Beam Plan

15

The moisture and creep modification factor k def is defined in Table 10: Values of kdef for timber
materials. For Service Class 3 and solid timber material, kdef = 2.0
The material is solid untreated timber, therefore the partial factor !m for material properties is
1.3 (from Table 5:!Partial factors M for material properties and resistances (Table NA.3 from NAD))
Therefore, the design (permissible) bending stress (strength) f md is:
!!" = !

!!"# !.!!!! !. !!" !. !!"#$ !. !!"

!!
0.50! 1.0! 1.1! 1.0! 40
=
1.3
= 16.92!/!! !

Max shear stress in a rectangular section:

3 !
3 4.89 10!
!! = !
=! !
= 0.665!!/!! !
2 !"
2 75! 147

The maximum shear stress in a rectangular section against the design shear stress means that,
!! < !!! !!"!0.665 < 1.61 the section is ok

8. Check deflection of beam

The instantaneous deflection of the simply supported joist Winst is:

max !"#$"%&'()!!"#!!!"# = !

4. Total load on joist

The uniformly distributed load / joist w is

calculated by multiplying the surface load q with
the width of the deck that corresponds to the
joist which is equal to 2 times a half spacing s:

5
!! ! !!
5
2.519!!!!2100!
!
=!
!!
= 2.92!!!
384 !! ! !!!
384 11000!!!19.85!x!10!

max !"#$"%&'()!!"#$%!!"#$!!!"# =!!

!! ! !!
4.5!!!2100!
= !!
= 3.98!!!10!! !!!!
48! !! ! !!!
48!!!11000!!!19.85!x!10! !

wins = 2.92 (+ 3.98!!!10!! )!= 2.92 mm

w = q s = 5.5 x 0.458 = 2.519 kN/m

Which results in a final deflection wfin = wins (1 + kdef) = 2.92 (1+2) = 8.76 mm

The point load (P) representing light pedestrian

traffic is 4.5kN

Max allowable (from Table 11: Recommended limits for the final deflection) = L/150 = 2100/150 = 14.0mm

5. Max bending moment

8.76 < 14.0 therefore the deflection of the beam is ok.

Each joist is considered as simply supported above each post. The max bending
moment occurs at the centre:

Max bending moment for UDL !!"# = !

!!.!!!
!

Max bending moment for point load !!"# = !

!.!"#!!!.!!

!!.!!!
!

= 1.39!!"#

!.!!!!.!
!

= 2.36!!"# !

!!!"# = 1.39 + 2.36 = 3.75!!"#

6. Check section size in bending

Bending stress !!" = !

!!!"!
!!!

!.!"!!!!"!

!"#.!!!!!"!

= 13.88!!/!! !

The actual bending stress against permissible strength means that !!" < ! !!" ,!13.88 <16.92 N/mm2,
therefore the section is satisfactory in bending
7. The design (permissible) shear stress (strength) f vd is:
!!" = !

!!"#!! !!!" !!!!"

!!

=!

!.!!!.!!!.!
!.!

= 1.61!!/!! !

Max shear force V for UDL = q s L/2 = 5.5 x 0.458 x

!.!
!

Max shear force V for point load =

!
!

= 2.64 kN
=!

!.!
!

= 2.25!!" !

V = 2.64 + 2.25 = 4.89!kN

16

This section shown is taken longitidunally along the boardwalk. It

highlights the primary beams connection through the posts and the
relationship with the weaved balustrading.

1:20 Section AA

17

To ensure that the primary beam was efficient in its use of materials,
with minimum excess in cross section, we alternated the secondary
beam connections. This layout can be seen in the diagram above.

1:20 Section BB

18

1:20 Section CC

19

20

21

1:200 North Elevation

22

SECOND STOREY COLUMN CALCULATIONS

These calculations will consider double self weight and live loads, in addition
to a double pedestrian load.
Point load of pedestrians = 4.5 x 2 = 9kN (considering pedestrians on both
levels)
Assume column dimensions of 200 x 200 mm (200 x 195 in Table 12:
Geometrical properties of regularised softwood), which is coherent with the
rest of our design.
Total area of floor (one storey) carried by column = 3.47 m2
Total load of one storey, P = 3.47 x 5.5 = 19.09 kN
Taking the platforms of the two storeys into consideration the load on one
column
= 19.09 x 2 = 38.17 kN
Therefore, the total load on one column = 9 + 38.17 = 47.18 kN
All of the forces are axial.
For green oak, strength class D40 the compressive strength parallel to the grain fc0k = 26 N/mm2

The effective length of the column, Le = 3000 mm

From Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN
338:2003)):
E
9400
= 361.5
E0.05 = 9.4 kN/mm2, therefore 0.05 =
fc,0,k
26

Le 3000
=
= 53.3 , where the radius of gyration about the axis of the section xrxx 56.3
x rxx = 56.3mm (from Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods).
The slenderness ratio, y =

Using these values (Table 14: Values for the slenderness modification factor kc,y in HARDWOODS in terms of
the material properties of the stress class and the slenderness of the column), for D40 strength, the
slenderness modification factor is obtained kc,y = 0.7471
The permissible stress in the column fc,0,d is:

kmod kc,90 kls fc,0,k 0.50 1.0 1.1 26

=
= 11.0 N / mm 2
M
1.3
kc,90 = 1 as there is no increase the bearing strength because the applied length of the uniformly
distributed load q is 3000 mm > 150 mm (typical value for most beams under UDL)
fc,0,d =

The actual compressive stress, !! = ! = !

!

!".!"!!!!"!
!""!!""

The check for buckling strength is sufficient when c

=!1.18 N/mm2

kc,y fc,0,d and the column is therefore safe

against buckling.
!! = 1.18
kc,y fc,0,d = 0.7471 11.0 = 8.22 N/mm2
1.18 8.22 N/mm2
Therefore the column is safe against buckling.

23

D
D

This section shows the configuration of the secondary

platform and its relationship with the orignal.

1:50 Section DD

24

1:200 North Elevation

25

26

To continue our theme of traditional construction we opted to use a weaved willow

balustrading. The diagram above indicates how light would be able to penetrate the balustrade
by loosely weaving the willow. By doing this it would allow visibility through the balustrade as
well as providing safety. The image gives an indication of the form on weaving.

1:!0 Balustrading Detail

27

To attach the decking to the secondary beams we have employed wrought

hand made iron nails. This furthers our theme of heritage as these nails
have been used for thousands of years on projects such as the Mary Rose.

28

29

CREDITS
Group work :
Justification
Layout drawings
Section drawings
Discussion of the design
Individual work:
1. Detail drawings and Sections - Jack Cripps s1118304
2. Schedule of calculations with diagrams and Plans- Matt Pepper s1105037 and Rachel Braude s1115488
3. Axonometric drawing and 3d Renders- Martin Skarback s1142587

30