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TOP FIVE SCIENTIST

1)Stephen Hawking
2)Issac Newton
3)Albert Einstein
4)Thomas Edison
5)A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
1)Stephen Hawking

Stephen Hawking at NASA, 1980s

Born

Stephen William Hawking


8 January 1942 (age 71)
Oxford, England

Residence

United Kingdom

Nationality British
Influences

Notable
awards

Children

Albert Einstein Award (1978)


Wolf Prize (1988)
Prince of Asturias Award
(1989)
Copley Medal (2006)
Presidential Medal of Freedom
(2009)
Special Fundamental Physics
Prize (2012)
with Jane Wilde - Robert
(1967), Lucy (1969), and
Timothy (1979)

Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical
physicist, cosmologist, and author. Among his significant scientific works have been a
collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularities theorems in the framework of
general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called
Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set forth a cosmology explained by a union of the

general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He is a vocal supporter of the many-worlds
interpretation of quantum mechanics.
He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical
Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian
award in the United States. Hawking was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the
University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009.
Hawking has achieved success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own
theories and cosmology in general; his A Brief History of Time stayed on the British Sunday
Times best-sellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking has a motor neurone disease
related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a condition that has progressed over the years. He
is almost entirely paralysed and communicates through a speech generating device. He married
twice and has three children.

2)Issac Newton

Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait of Isaac Newton (age


46).
Born

25 December 1642
[NS: 4 January 1643][1]
Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth,

Lincolnshire, England

Died

20 March 1727 (aged 84)


[OS: 20 March 1726
NS: 31 March 1727][1]
Kensington, Middlesex, England

Resting place

Westminster Abbey

Residence

England

Nationality

English (later British)

Institutions

Alma mater
Academic
advisors

University of Cambridge
Royal Society
Royal Mint

Trinity College, Cambridge

Isaac Barrow[2]
Benjamin Pulleyn[3][4]
Signature

Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP (25 December 1642 20 March 1727) was an English physicist and
mathematician who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as
a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica
("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations
for most of classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics and, as
mathematician, he shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the invention of the infinitesimal
calculus.
Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that dominated
scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. It also demonstrated that the
motion of objects on the Earth and that of celestial bodies could be described by the same
principles. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of
gravity, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentric model of the
cosmos.
Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on
the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours of the visible
spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound. In
addition to his work on the calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of
power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, and developed
Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function.

Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the
University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian and, unusually for a
member of the Cambridge faculty, he refused to take holy orders in the Church of England,
perhaps because he privately rejected the doctrine of trinitarianism. In addition to his work on the
mathematical sciences, Newton also dedicated much of his time to the study of alchemy and
biblical chronology, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his
death. In his later life, Newton became president of the Royal Society. He also served the British
government as Warden and Master of the Royal Mint.

3)Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein in 1921

Born

14 March 1879
Ulm, Kingdom of Wrttemberg,
German Empire

Died

18 April 1955 (aged 76)


Princeton, New Jersey, United States

Residence

Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria,


Belgium, United Kingdom, United
States

Citizenship

Fields

Physics

Institutions

Alma mater
Doctoral advisor

Kingdom of Wrttemberg
(18791896)
Stateless (18961901)
Switzerland (19011955)
AustriaHungary (19111912)
German Empire (19141933)
United States (1940

Swiss Patent Office (Bern)


University of Zurich
Charles University in Prague
ETH Zurich
Caltech
Prussian Academy of Sciences
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
University of Leiden
Institute for Advanced Study
ETH Zurich
University of Zurich

Alfred Kleiner

Other
Heinrich Friedrich Weber
academic advisors

Notable students

Known for

Ernst G. Straus
Nathan Rosen
Le Szilrd
Raziuddin Siddiqui[1]
General relativity and special
relativity
Photoelectric effect
Mass-energy equivalence
Theory of Brownian Motion
Einstein field equations
BoseEinstein statistics

Notable awards

Bose-Einstein condensate
BoseEinstein correlations
Unified Field Theory
EPR paradox
Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
Matteucci Medal (1921)
Copley Medal (1925)
Max Planck Medal (1929)
Time Person of the Century
(1999)

Signature

Albert Einstein (pron.: /lbrt anstan/; German: [albt antan] ( listen); 14 March 1879
18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of
relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).[2][3] While
best known for his massenergy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed "the
world's most famous equation"),[4] he received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services
to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".[5]
The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory.
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer
enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field.
This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the
principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent
theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He
continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his
explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal
properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein
applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole.[6]
He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and did not go back
to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the
U.S., becoming a citizen in 1940.[7] On the eve of World War II, he helped alert President
Franklin D. Roosevelt that Germany might be developing an atomic weapon, and recommended
that the U.S. begin similar research; this eventually led to what would become the Manhattan
Project. Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced using the
new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand
Russell, Einstein signed the RussellEinstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear
weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey,
until his death in 1955.

Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works.[6][8]
His great intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous
with genius.[9]

4)Thomas Edison

"Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent


perspiration."
Thomas Alva Edison, Harper's Monthly (September
1932 edition)
Thomas Alva Edison
February 11, 1847
Born
Milan, Ohio, U.S.
October 18, 1931 (aged 84)
Died
West Orange, New Jersey, U.S.
American
Nationality
School dropout
Education
Inventor, businessman
Occupation
Deist
Religion
Mary Stilwell (m. 1871 1884)
Spouse(s)
Mina Miller (m. 1886 1931)
Marion Estelle Edison (18731965)
Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (18761935)
Children
William Leslie Edison (18781937)
Madeleine Edison (18881979)

Parents
Relatives

Charles Edison (18901969)


Theodore Miller Edison (18981992)
Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804
1896)
Nancy Matthews Elliott (18101871)
Lewis Miller (father-in-law)

Signature

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and
businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world,
including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light
bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first
inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of
invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial
research laboratory.[1]
Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as
well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with
numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular,
telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an
electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.
His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator.
Edison developed a system of electric-power generation and distribution[2] to homes, businesses,
and factories a crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His first power station
was on Pearl Street in Manhattan, New York

5)A. P. J. Abdul Kalam


A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Abdul Kalam at the 12th Wharton India Economic


Forum, 2008
11th President of India
In office
25 July 2002 25 July 2007
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Prime
Manmohan Singh
Minister
Vice
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
President
Preceded by K. R. Narayanan
Succeeded by Pratibha Devisingh Patil
Personal details
15 October 1931 (age 81)
Rameswaram, British India (present
Born
day Tamil Nadu, India)
St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli
Alma mater
Madras Institute of Technology
Professor, Author, scientist
Profession
Aerospace engineer

Website

abdulkalam.com

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam born 15 October 1931) usually referred to as Dr. A. P.
J. Abdul Kalam, is an Indian scientist and administrator who served as the 11th President of
India. Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, studied physics at the St.
Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, and aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of
Technology (MIT), Chennai.
Before his term as President, he worked as an aerospace engineer with Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[1] Kalam
is popularly known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic
missile and launch vehicle technology.[2] He played a pivotal organizational, technical and
political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by
India in 1974. Some scientific experts have however called Kalam a man with no authority over
nuclear physics but who just carried on the works of Homi J. Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai.[3]
Kalam was elected the President of India in 2002, defeating Lakshmi Sahgal and was supported
by both the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party, the major political parties
of India. He is currently a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad and
Indian Institute of Management Indore, Chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and
Technology Thiruvananthapuram, a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University
(Chennai), JSS University (Mysore) and an adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and
research institutions across India.
Kalam advocated plans to develop India into a developed nation by 2020 in his book India 2020.
Books authored by him have received considerable demands in South Korea for the translated
versions.[4] He has received several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's
highest civilian honour. Kalam is known for his motivational speeches and interaction with the
student community in India.[5] He launched his mission for the youth of the nation in 2011 called
the What Can I Give Movement with a central theme to defeat corruption in India. Kalam was
also criticized for inaction as a president on the pending mercy plea petitions, that delayed
prosecution of the convicts.

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