Calibration

The ITS-90 scale:

The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is the industry calibration
standard for measuring temperatures throughout the world. The National Physical
Laboratory (NPL) works to establish and maintain the ITS-90 through experiments,
most notably, thermometer calibration. To better understand and overcome the
shortcomings of the experimental process, Jonathan Pearce, at the UKs National
Physics Laboratory, turned to simulation. His results yielded fascinating results about
the microscopic behavior of the liquid-solid interface during the freezing process.
The operation of platinum resistance temperature sensors and their importance in the
.International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) are investigated in detail
Optional computerized data acquisition and traceable calibration standards are also
available and add to the extreme versatility of this unit
Before its -90 standard of 0.01 c . ITS-90 recommends platinum resistance
thermometers (PRTs)as a standard in the range between triple point H (-259.2 c )
And freezing point of silver (96108 c )
4-Temperature measuring devices and their principle of work:
1.4 liquid filled glass thermometer:
a temperature-measurement device whose operation is based on the thermal expansion
of a liquid. Liquid-filled thermometers provide a direct reading of the temperature
as the liquid expands with arise in temperature , it moves up or down a thin
(capillary)tube behind a calibrated scale
4.2 gas thermometer:

Bimetal Thermometers:
The temperature-sensitive sensor element is a bimetallic strip in the form of a spiral or
coil spring.
A bimetallic strip is a measuring element consisting of two materials with different
thermal expansion coefficients. The material coefficients are selected in such a way as
to give the largest possible difference in their coefficient of heat expansion. The angle
of twist of a bimetallic spiral therefore changes dependent on temperature.
Resistance Thermometers:
Metal resistance thermometers change their electrical resistance dependent on
temperature. The change in electrical resistance under temperature influence is caused
by the conduction mechanism of the metals. The freely moving electrons in the
atomic grid are the basis for the conductivity of metals. Their quantity and movement
energy are temperature-dependent. When energy is supplied to the metal atoms by
means of an increase in temperature, the metal atoms oscillate with correspondingly
greater amplitude and frequency. An increasing resistance is set against the electron
movement, this corresponds to the increase in electrical resistance. Since the electrical
resistance rises in proportion to temperature the expression positive temperature
coefficient is used.
The metal with the best characteristics is platinum and as a result the Pt resistance
thermometer is the most important in measurement technology. Further metals that
are used in temperature measurement are copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum
(Mo).
The platinum resistance thermometer is described in detail in EN 60751. The socalled Pt100 resistance thermometer is the most commonly used. The thermometer
has a nominal resistance of R = 100 W
at t = 0 C and obeys the following equation:

Ohm's law:
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the potential difference or voltage across the two points, and inversely
proportional to the resistance between them. Ohm's law works by making a current
flow through a resistance by the use of a particular amount of voltage across that
resistance. It also shows the relationship between the voltage (V), current (I) and
resistance (R).