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Q2
Q2
F1 = F2 y1 A1 +
= y 2 A2 +
gA1
gA2
2 y1
0 . 815
y1
= 2 . 815
42
42
y1 (2 y1 ) +
= 1 * ( 2 * 1) +
g 2 y1
g ( 2 * 1)
y1 = 0.311 m
V2 = 4/(2*1) = 2.0 m/s
hloss = 2.42-1.20 = 1.22 m
1
2
3m
Fr
Q 2T
=
=1
3
gA
From Mannings
A 2 / 3 1/ 2
Q= R S
n
( 28 ) 2
( 3y + 2y 2 ) 3
=
9 . 81
(3 + 4 y )
V2
2g
= 6m
yc
Ec = y c +
2
or yc = 4 m
=
g
2
Q Tc
1=
gA 3c
or
yc
=
g
2
yc
1/3
= 0 . 74 m
1/ 3
A 2 / 3 1/ 2
Q = R So
n
Qn
So
5/3
= AR
2/3
A
= 2/3 = Ko
P
Qn
So
5/3
= AR
2/3
A
= 2/3 = Ko
P
Qn
So
5/3
= AR
2/3
A
= 2/3 = Ko
P
Cost of lining
Construction techniques
Area A = b* y
Perimeter P = b + 2y
y
b
Example 7
What are the most efficient dimensions (the best hydraulic section) for a
concrete (n=0.012) rectangular channel to carry 3.5 m3/s at So=0.0006?
Given: n=0.012
Find b and y.
A 2 / 3 1/ 2
Q = R So
n
best section
b=2y
Q=
2
n
1/ 3
by
by
A A 2 / 3 1/ 2
Q=
Q = ( ) So
n b + 2y
n P
2y * y 2y * y
Q=
2y + 2y
n
( y)
8/3
So
1/ 2
( y)
8/3
2/3
= 1.36
So
1/ 2
2y
Q=
n
)
y
2
2/3
( )
So
2/3
1/ 2
So
1/ 2
Most efficient
Trapezoidal
Rectangular
Width = 2 x depth
Triangular
No specific relationship
Circular
Semicircle if open
Circle if closed
Precautions
Material
Rock
Nearly vertical
: 1
:1 to 1:1
1:1
1.5:1
2:1
3:1
Fig. 1
Q, n, So
1
Q = AR
n
2/3
S 1o / 2
3.
Z = AR 2/3 =
[(b + zy ) y ] 5 / 3
[b + 2 y 1 + z ]
2
2/3
Experience Curves showing bottom width and water depth of lined channels
1
3
A =
2
3
y
R =
2
4
T =
3
b =
3y
3y
3 y
Checks
In the proximity of critical depth, flow becomes
unstable with excessive wave action, hence it is
recommended that:
1)
Freeboard
The freeboard, f, is determined by an empirical equation
f = 0.2 (1+y)
where, f is the freeboard (m) y is the water depth (m)
Finalization
1)
2)
3)
y
z
Z=
[(b + zy ) y ] 5 / 3
[b + 2 y 1 + z ]
2
2/3
= 7.1875
Assume b = 6m and z= 2,
Solve for y = 1.04 m
n *Q
So
= AR
2/3
[(b + zy ) y ] 5 / 3
[b + 2 y 1 + z ]
2
2/3
Check stability :
Q 2T
2
Fr =
=1
At critical flow yc = 0.692m
3
gA
For yn Fr = 0.48 subcritical and within limits
Velocity V = Q/A = 1.37 m /s
OK for sedimentation.
Fr =
Fr =
V
gD
V
g( A / T )
y
z
[(b + zy ) y ] 5 / 3
[b + 2 y 1 + z ]
2
2/3
= 7.1875
Take b = 2.5m,
Solve for y = 1.56m
Check stability :
At critical flow yc = 0.692m
For yn Fr = 0.47 subcritical and within limits
Velocity V = Q/A = 1.52 m /s
OK for sedimentation.
Z=
n*Q
So
= AR 2/3 = 7.1875
z =
T =
A =
1
3
4
3
3y
b =
2
3
3y
3 y
2
R =
y
2
Check stability :
At critical flow yc = 0.692m
For yn Fr = 0.38 subcritical and within limits
Velocity V = Q/A = 1.49 m /s
OK for sedimentation.