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Please cite this article in press as: Farrant JM, Moore JP. Programming desiccation-tolerance: from plants to seeds to resurrection plants, Curr Opin Plant Biol (2011), doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.018
Figure 1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(f)
(g)
Please cite this article in press as: Farrant JM, Moore JP. Programming desiccation-tolerance: from plants to seeds to resurrection plants, Curr Opin Plant Biol (2011), doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.018
Programming desiccation-tolerance: from plants to seeds to resurrection plants Farrant and Moore 3
%RWC
Figure 2
AWC g/gDW
MPa
0.45
-3
>0.7
>-1.5
0.25
-11
0.08
-150
-90
-80
Loss of turgor
Mechanical stress
Wilting
Cell Shrinkage
Membrane
appression
Anaerobic
respiration
Unregulated
metabolism
Protein degradation
-70
Damage
-60
Carbonyls emitted
Plasmolysis
Maillard reactions
Free radical
production
-50
ROS production
by autooxidation
Alcohols emitted
-40
Catabolic activity
via enzymes
-30
Membrane demixing
& bilayer transitions
-20
-10
IV
V
Osmotic
adjustment
III
Vacuole filling
Antioxidant production
II
I
plants
seeds &
plants
Response
Sugar accumulation
Water replacement
Accumulation of LEAs & HSPs
Down-requlation of photosynthesis
Leaf folding & pigment accumulation
Wall folding
Current Opinion in Plant Biology
Changes in hydration levels in seeds and resurrection plants with associated physical and metabolic damage reported to occur on water loss (modified
from Vertucci and Farrant, 1995, Berjak et al., 2007 and Farrant et al., 2011). Responses of seeds and plants to these stresses are shown, with those
common to seeds and plants indicated in white and those specific to resurrection plants in grey. The decline in water concentration (g H2O gDW 1) as
a function of Relative Water Content (RWC) for the resurrection plant Xerophyta humilis is shown as a solid line. This trend, however, is typical of
several resurrection plant species studied in our laboratory (e.g. Farrant, 2007) and is similar to the trend for seeds given in Berjak et al., 2007.
Please cite this article in press as: Farrant JM, Moore JP. Programming desiccation-tolerance: from plants to seeds to resurrection plants, Curr Opin Plant Biol (2011), doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.018
resurrection plants, however, has not yet been convincingly demonstrated [18]. One molecular study, currently
unpublished, has produced data that strongly supports the
seed origin of the DT genetic program in angiosperm
resurrection plants [39]. It was reasoned that one
approach to prove the seed origin was to compare gene
expression of desiccated vegetative tissue with mature
dry seed material sourced from a resurrection plant. A
control parallel experiment involving use of a desiccationsensitive plant in order to compare water stressed vegetative tissue with its corresponding mature seed transcriptome was included. In addition to profiling for potential
new pathways, this approach could identify pathways
common to desiccated vegetative tissue and mature dry
seeds. This experiment was carried out using Xerophyta
humilis, a resurrection plant (Figure 1D), and Arabidopsis
thaliana, the desiccation sensitive control, using cDNA
and Microarray technology [39]. Of the X. humilis genes
analyzed, 46% were found to be differentially expressed
between seed and desiccated vegetative tissue. Cluster
analysis and multivariate techniques revealed that the
transcriptomes of desiccated root, desiccated leaf and
seed tissue were very similar to each other in X. humilis.
This is in contrast to A. thaliana where there is no clear
overlap between gene expression clusters of stressed
vegetative tissue and seed tissue, indicating that the
response to water stress is tissue specific in A. thaliana.
Of particular interest was the identification of a common
set of genes in X. humilis, encoding LEAs, HSPs, peroxiredoxins and storage proteins, that were expressed in
roots, leaves and seeds of desiccated X. humilis, but are
seed-specific in A. thaliana (according to TAIR annotation). The overall conclusions from this study are that
desiccation tolerant angiosperms, such as X. humilis and C.
plantagineum, utilize a seed-specific developmental program that is re-activated in vegetative tissues to protect
against desiccation.
Please cite this article in press as: Farrant JM, Moore JP. Programming desiccation-tolerance: from plants to seeds to resurrection plants, Curr Opin Plant Biol (2011), doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.018
Programming desiccation-tolerance: from plants to seeds to resurrection plants Farrant and Moore 5
Answering these questions, and others, will help to elucidate the scientific mechanisms behind the remarkable
DT abilities of seeds and resurrection plants.
16. van der Willigen C, Mundree SG, Pammenter NW, Farrant JM:
Mechanical stabilisation in desiccated vegetative tissues of
the resurrection grass Eragrostis nindensis: does an alpha TIP
and/or sub-cellular compartmentalization play a role? J Exp
Bot 2004, 55:651-661.
17. Moore JP, Le NT, Brandt WF, Driouich A, Farrant JM: Towards a
systems-based understanding of plant desiccation tolerance.
Trends Plant Sci 2009, 14:110-117.
A good summary review on the key mechanisms proposed for imparting
desiccation-tolerance in a variety of resurrection plant species.
Acknowledgements
We thank Keren Cooper and Hanlie Nell for invaluable assistance in
compiling Figure 2.
18. Illing N, Denby KJ, Collett H, Shen A, Farrant JM: The signature of
seeds in resurrection plants: a molecular and physiological
comparison of desiccation tolerance in seeds and vegetative
tissues. Integr Comp Biol 2005, 45:771-787.
19. Buitink J, Leger J, Guisle I et al.: Transcriptome profiling
uncovers metabolic and regulatory processes occurring
during the transition from desiccation-sensitive to
desiccation-tolerant stages in Medicago trunculata seeds.
Plant J 2006, 47:735-750.
This paper provides the first systematic transcriptomic study on the
desiccation tolerance maturation process in drying seeds. Important
insights into key candidate gene families involved are indicated.
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Watkins JE, Mack MC, Sinclair TR, Mulkey SS: Ecological and
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11. Berjak P, Farrant JM, Pammenter NW: Seed desiccationtolerance mechanisms. In Plant Desiccation Tolerance. Edited
by Jenks Matthew Athw, Wood Andrew Jde . Wallingford, UK: CAB
International Press; 2007:151-192.
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Please cite this article in press as: Farrant JM, Moore JP. Programming desiccation-tolerance: from plants to seeds to resurrection plants, Curr Opin Plant Biol (2011), doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.018
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Please cite this article in press as: Farrant JM, Moore JP. Programming desiccation-tolerance: from plants to seeds to resurrection plants, Curr Opin Plant Biol (2011), doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.018