DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS ESPE

EXTENSIN LATACUNGA

LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

MODULE FOR FIFTH AND SIXTH LEVELS

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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UNIT 1. YOURSELF AND OTHERS

LESSON 1 A - B. HOW TO TALK ABOUT THE PEOPLE IN YOUR LIFE - HOW TO TALK
ABOUT GREETING CUSTOMS
VOCABULARY: THE PEOPLE IN MY LIFE. Say if they are MALE or FEMALE then, make sentences using
the words.
Examples: Peter is an acquaintance.
Gloria is my aunt.
Acquaintance
Colleague
Nephew
Widow

aunt
cousin
niece
widower

best friend
boyfriend
parents
girlfriend

boss
flat mate
step father
wife

brother in law
neighbor
uncle
husband

GRAMMAR: SUBJECT QUESTIONS and OBJECT QUESTIONS

-

Use a SUBJECT QUESTION to ask about the subject, WHO or WHAT does the action
Julie lives in Quito
Luis works with Peter.
Elena likes to go shopping.

Who lives in Quito? - Julie

Who works with Peter? - Luis
Who likes to go shopping? - Elena

Use an OBJECT QUESTION to ask about the object, WHO or WHAT RECEIVES THE ACTION
My sister called you yesterday.
His parents talk to him at home.
The boy gave a present to Alicia.

Who did My sister call? - You

Who do his parents talk to at home? - Him
Who did the boy give a present? - to Alicia

HOW and WH QUESTIONS

-

Use Wh Questions to ask for different types of information.

Who is your boss?
Which is his flat?
Where is he from?
Who did he call?
When did he come?

What is his name?

Where does he live?
What does he do?
Why is he angry?
Whose car is his?

Use HOW Questions to ask for the MANNER in which the action takes place, the state of something.
How are you?
How was your meal?
How do you go to school?
How is the weather?
How long did you stay in Cuenca?

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

How do you feel today?

How is your family?
How did you get there?
How far is Quito from here?
How often do you go to the movies?

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VOCABULARY: Ways of greeting

GREETINGS:

Bow
hug each other
Kiss each other on the lips
Shake hands with each other

How do you meet and greet?

kiss each other on the cheeks

put your hand on the other person shoulder
wave to each other

Which greetings do you use?

GRAMMAR: REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

-

Use REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS when the subject and the object are the same. Use the preposition BY
to mean ALONE.

SUBJECT
PRONOUNS

POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES
My
Your .
His
Her .
Its .
Our
Your
Their .

I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They

Examples:

POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
mine
yours
his
hers
Its
ours
yours
theirs

OBJECT
PRONOUNS
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them

RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

I introduce myself to the rest of the group.

He lives by himself.
Why dont you get yourself a drink?
Elena taught herself to paint.
We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
Rose and David did everything by themselves.
English is powerful by itself.

LESSON 1 C - D. HOW TO EXPLAIN WHO PEOPLE ARE - HOW TO CORRECT A

MISUNDERSTANDING
VOCABULARY: Positions
At the back of the room
On the left of
To the left of

in the middle of
on the right of
to the right of

at the front of
in front of
behind

GRAMMAR: PRESENT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

-

Use the PRESENT SIMPLE for verbs which describe states, an action which happens often, and
permanent situations or long term facts.

STATE VERBS: Believe, know, see, understand, want, mean, etc.

He sometimes visits his friends.

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

You are often late for classes.

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She doesnt live in Ambato.

How do we get to the museum?
They seem happy this morning.
-

Does your brother like eating chips?

He looks very bad today.
The girl likes cooking dinner at home.

Use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS for actions happening this moment and actions happening these
days, but perhaps not at this moment. This time is also used for momentaneous situations.

I am working on weekends.
He is wearing a blue suit.
It isnt raining a lot.
Are we studying English now?

You arent using the computer.

She is dancing rock music.
We are taking a walk around the park.
What are they doing right now?

VOCABULARY: COGNATES and FALSE COGNATES (FALSE FRIENDS)

COGNATE: There is a similar word in my language and it has similar meaning.
Passport
radio
car
bar
club

plant

FALSE COGNATE: There is a word in my language which looks similar but has a different meaning.
Realize
carpet
present

LESSON 2 A - B. HOW TO TALK ABOUT YOUR BACKGROUND - HOW TO TALK ABOUT

TOURISM
VOCABULARY: PEOPLE AND PLACES
RELIGIOUS GROUPS
Christians
Muslims
Jewish

REGIONS
Central America
The middle East
The South Pacific
East Africa

COUNTRIES
Guatemala
Tanzania

GRAMMAR: THE BEFORE GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

-

THE is used BEFORE geographical names: Mountain ranges, rivers and seas, Island groups, deserts,
some countries, some regions.
We visited the Andes.
The Amazon River is the largest in South America.
I worked in the Middle East.
She lived in the United States.

THE is not used with these geographical names: Most regions, single mountains, most countries,
continents, single islands, cities and lakes.
He studies in the Western Australia.
They climbed the Mount Everest.
Ecuador is in South America.

GRAMMAR: ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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100 %

0%
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ALWAYS
USUALLY
OFTEN
QUITE OFTEN
SOMETIMES
HARDLY EVER
RARELY
SELDOM
NEVER
Use ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY to say how often the action happens
Use DEVERBS OF FREQUENCY before action verbs.

Alice always goes to the church.

The boy doesnt often ride a bike.
I hardly ever get up early.
-

Mark usually works on Saturdays.

My sister sometimes plays basketball.
You never arrive late to class.

Use ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY after the verb TO BE forms.

Jorge is always late for work.

The students are often nervous in lessons.
We are never in the house.

Isabel isnt usually happy.

They arent sometimes ready.
It is often cloudy in the morning.

LESSON 2 C - D. HOW TO DESCRIBE OBJECTS - HOW TO TELL AN ANECDOTE

VOCABULARY: PHRASES FOR DESCRIBING OBJECTS
MADE OF
USED FOR
USED AS
COVERED WITH
KIND OF
LOOK LIKE

This table is made of wood.

That glass us used for drinking wine.
This plastic tank could be used as water container.
This ring is covered with metal
This car is a kind of prototype.
The top part of the house looks like a dome.

VOCABULARY: TIME EXPRESSIONS

TIME PERIOD
In the evening
During the first week
For a moment
For a while

RELATING TWO TIMES

Before it got cold
After some practice
A couple of years ago
A bit later
When I returned

PUTTING EVENTS IN ORDER

My first time
At first
The second week
Then
The next time
In the end
finally

GRAMMAR: PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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PAST SIMPLE ED (DID) REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

-

The PAST TENSE is used for expressing completed shorter actions that are finished in a
definite time.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Question:
Short answers:

I went to the United States last year.

You didnt go to Argentina last week.
Did he travel to Ibarra yesterday?
Yes, he did.
No, he didnt

NOTE: It is possible to use the Past Simple and the Past Continuous in contrast.
-

The Past Simple interrupts an action that was in progress.

The phone rang when she was cooking the meal.
The electricity went out when we were watching TV.
He was having dinner when his dad arrived.

PAST CONTINUOUS - (WAS WERE) + V-ing

-

Use the Past Continuous to talk about longer actions in the past which were in progress at
a particular time.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Questions:
Short Answers:

The boy was studying English this year.

My parents were living in Quito.
The boy wasnt studying English this year.
My parents werent living in Quito.
Was the boy studying English this year?
Were my parents living in Quito?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasnt
Yes, they were.
No, they werent.

LESSON 2 E. WRITING: AN INTERCULTURAL EXPERIENCE

GRAMMAR: TIME EXPRESSIONS
PERIODS OF TIME

In, during, for a moment, for a We met in the evening.

while
I lost my watch during the concert.
He was waiting me for a while.

RELATE TWO TIMES

Before, after, three days ago, later, Put on your coat before you leave.
when
I saw him two days ago.
It is going to rain later.

PUT EVENTS IN ORDER

First, second, then, next, in the She went to Paris for the first time.
end, finally
He got up then he took a shower.
He worked until 4 and finally went
home.

UNIT 2. EDUCATION
By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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LESSON 3 A - B. HOW TO TALK ABOUT YOUR SCHOOLDAYS - HOW TO TALK ABOUT

YOUR ACHIEVEMENTS
GRAMMAR: USED TO
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Use the expression USED TO to talk about repeated actions or states in the past that bare not true
now or we do not do anymore.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Question:
Short answers:

You used to get good grades when you were a child.

He didnt use to play marbles.
Did she use to play hide and seek?
Yes, she was
No, she wasnt.

VOCABULARY: ACHIEVEMENT WORDS

DICTIONARY ENTRIES
VERB
Achieve
Manage
Succeed

NOUN
Achievement
Management
Success

ADJECTIVE
Achievable
Manageable
Successful

TIME EXPRESSIONS
-

Use expressions of finished time with the Past Simple.

Use expressions of unfinished time with Present Perfect.

EXPRESSIONS OF FINISHED TIME

Yesterday
Last week
Last year
In 2002
A few minutes ago

EXPRESSIONS OF UNFINISHED TIME

Today
This week
This year
In the last few minutes
In my life

GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT and PAST SIMPLE

-

Use the PAST SIMPLE to talk about past actions which happened in a finished time.

Use the PPRESENT PERFECT to talk about past actions which happened in an unfinished time.

PAST SIMPLE: S + Vp+ C

I took an exam a few days ago.
We didnt have a Math test last term.
Did you learn any new words last week?
What did he do yesterday?

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

PRESENT PERFECT: S + (HAVE HAS) + Vpp

She has taken exams in the last few days.
They havent had a Math test this term.
Have they learnt any new words this week?
What have you done today?

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LESSON 3 C - D. HOW TO OFFER HOSPITALITY - HOW TO TALK ABOUT YOUR

EDUCATION AND CAREER
VOCABULARY: HOSPITALITY PHRASES
Dont worry about
Do you need anything?
Shall I change the channel?

Help yourself to some of .

Is everything all right?
Why dont you ..

I will take your if you like

Just leave your on the ..
Would you like .

GRAMMAR: PHRASAL VERBS

-

A Phrasal Verb is a verb used with a particle or a preposition. Together, they have a particular
meaning. Ex: make up = invent

Phrasal Verbs can have more than one meaning.

Ex: Take off your coat.

The plane took off on time

A Phrasal Verb can be separable or non-separable.

A Phrasal Verb has two parts: A Verb + a particle.

Intransitive phrasal verbs have an object. The verb and adverb can be separated.

Transitive phrasal verbs have an object that can be a noun or a pronoun. Sometimes it is possible to
put the object between the verb and the adverb.

If the object of a separable transitive verb is a pronoun (me, you, him, etc.) It must come before the
particle. Nouns can go before or after the particle.

Non-separable phrasal verbs without an object

(intransitive)
Non-separable Phrasal Verbs with an object
(transitive)
Separable Phrasal Verbs with an object (transitive)

James, come on.

He grew up in Italy.
Who is looking after the baby?
Turn on the TV.
He turned the lights on

Turn the TV on
He turned on the lights

VOCABULARY: PUBLIC EDUCATION AND PRIVATE EDUCATION

Primary school or elementary school
University
Career
Bachelor degree
Professor
Doctorate
Institute
Director
Secretary

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

Secondary school
Faculty
Department
Teacher
Masters
PhD
Academy
Sub director
Head master

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LESSON 4 A - B. HOW TO SAY HOW YOU FEEL ABOUT THINGS - HOW TO TALK
ABOUT MUSIC
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY: -ED and ING ADJECTIVES
-

Use ED adjectives to talk about how people feel

I am bored
They feel impressed

She is tired
You seem exhausted

He looks excited
We are amazed

Use ING adjectives to talk about common nouns (animals and things) or the cause of a feeling.
The film is boring
This collection is fascinating

You have an interesting hobby

To climb a mountain is amazing.

VOCABULARY: MUSIC
Musical instruments
Pianist
Classical music
Pop music
MP3 Player
Concerts

musician
Violinist
country
rap
records
festivals

composer
artist
jazz
salsa
CDs
contests

guitarist
singer
opera
romantic
cassettes
orchestra

GRAMMAR: THE COMPARATIVE AND THE SUPERLATIVE

1. The comparative of One syllable adjectives is made adding er + than
Taller than
Cleaner than

smaller than
faster than

cheaper than
slower than

2. The comparative of Two syllable adjectives ending in Y is made by changing letter Y into i and adding er
+ than.
Busy - busier than
lazy lazier than
crazy crazier than
Ugly uglier than
happy happier than
pretty prettier than
3. The comparative of Two or more syllables adjectives is made using the expression
MORE THAN.
Expensive
beautiful
interesting
important
Intelligent
amazing
careful
comfortable
4. The comparative of adjectives ending in consonant preceded by a stressed vowel is made by duplicating
the last consonant and adding er than.
Big bigger than
Hot hotter than

fat fatter than

wet wetter than

thin thinner than

5. IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE
Good
better than
Bad
worse than
Much
more than
Far
further than
Well
better than
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THE SUPERLATIVE
1. The superlative of One syllable adjectives is made by adding THE -est
Tall the tallest
small the smallest
cheap the cheapest
Clean the cleanest
fast the fastest
slow the slowest
2. The superlative of Two syllable adjectives ending in Y is made by changing letter Y into i and adding The
est.
Busy -The busiest
lazy The laziest.
crazy The craziest
Ugly The ugliest.
happy The happiest.
prettyThe prettiest.
3. The superlative of Two or more syllables adjectives is made using the expression
THE MOST
Expensive
beautiful
interesting
important
Intelligent
amazing
careful
extreme
4. The superlative of adjectives ending in consonant preceded by a stressed vowel is made by duplicating the
last consonant and adding
The est.
Big The biggest.
Fat The fattest.
Thin The thinnest.
Hot the hottest
wet The wettest
5. IRREGULAR SUPERLATIVE
Good
Bad
Much
Far
Well
-

better than
worse than
more than
further than
better than

the best
the worst
the most
the furthest
the best

We use a simple adjective with only one noun.

The English book is cheap
We use the comparative with two nouns.
The French book is cheaper than the English book
We use the superlative with three or more nouns.
The Italian book is the cheapest.
(The English book the French book The Italian book)

LESSON 4 C - D. HOW TO COMPARE AND DISCUSS PREFERENCES - HOW TO

EXPLAIN WHAT A FILM IS ABOUT
VOCABULARY: EXPRESSING LIKE AND DISLIKES
I like
I cant stand

I dislike
I adore

I love
I dont mind

I hate
Im not keen on

GRAMMAR: COMPARING WITH AS .. AS

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Use AS to say that two things are equal or unequal

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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AS + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + AS
Latacunga is as cold as Riobamba
Quito is as big as Cuenca
Peter sang as well as Mario
Esmeraldas is as hot as Guayaquil

NOT AS + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + AS
My car is not as fast as yours.
Carlos is not as tall as Jorge
Ecuador is not as big as Colombia
English is not as difficult as Japanese

VOCABULARY: FILMS
TYPES OF FILMS
Drama
Musical

action movies
romance

science fiction
plays

thrillers
horror

fantasy
sex

comedy

GRAMMAR: RELATIVE CLAUSES

-

A clause is a complex sentence composed by two simple sentences joined by a connector.

WHO
People
THAT
Things
WHICH
WHEN
WHERE
WHOSE

Time
Places
Owner

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

-

A Defining Relative clause is a sentence which provides accurate information.

a) I saw a woman yesterday.

b) The woman was at the bus station.
I saw a woman WHO was at the bus station.
I saw a woman THAT was at the bus station.
a) He brings a computer every day.
b) The computer is small.
He brings a computer THAT is small.
He brings a computer WHICH is small.
a) Peter lives in New York.
b) Peter studies in New York.
Peter lives in New York WHERE he studies.
By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

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A Non-defining Relative Clause is a sentence which provides extra or additional

information.
a) The girl is wearing a beautiful dress.
b) The girl is an excellent secretary.
The girl, WHO is wearing a beautiful dress, is an excellent secretary.
a) Latacunga is located in the central part of the country.
b) Latacunga is the capital of the Cotopaxi province.
Latacunga, WHICH is located in the central part of the country, is the capital of the
Cotopaxi province.

UNIT 3. SOCIAL NETWORKS

LESSON 5 A - B. HOW TO TALK ABOUT COUNTRIES AND GOVERNMENTS - HOW TO
TALK ABOUT RULES AND LAWS
VOCABULARY: POLITICS
Capital
Head of state
Represent
Legislative

conservative
national
republic
Executive

democracy
political
socialist
Judicial

elections
president
United Nations
government

GRAMMAR. THE or NO ARTICLE in names of institutions

-

THE is not used when the noun is mentioned in general form.

The coffee is delicious.
The food is expensive.

Coffee is delicious.
Food is expensive.

THE is used when the noun is mentioned in specific way.

The Ecuadorian coffee is delicious.
The American food is expensive.

THE is not used with names of people

Mary is my sister.
I saw Peter yesterday.

THE is not used with the names of languages.

Spanish is easy to learn.
Chinese is difficult to pronounce.

THE is not used with the majority of names of countries.

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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The Ecuador is a small country.

The Peru is our neighbor country.
-

THE is used with some countries

The United States of America.
The Dominican Republic.
The Mississippi river.

THE is used BEFORE geographical names: Mountain ranges, rivers and seas, Island groups, deserts,
some countries, some regions.
We visited the Andes.
The Amazon River is the largest in South America.
I worked in the Middle East.
She lived in the United States.

THE is not used with these geographical names: Most regions, single mountains, most countries,
continents, single islands, cities and lakes.
He studies in the Western Australia.
They climbed the Mount Everest.
Ecuador is in South America.

THE is used with names of institutions to show POSITIONS and ORGANIZATIONS.

Rafael Correa is THE president of Ecuador.
He interviewed THE managing director.
I visited THE World Health Organization.
Freddy works at THE Amazon Petroleum Company.

THE is not used with the names of individual people

The King Juan Carlos visited Africa.
The President Rafael Correa went to Europe.

VOCABULARY: PERMISSION WORDS

Allow = To give permission for somebody to do something
Permit = To not allow something
Forbid = To allow somebody to do something
Prohibit = To say that something is not allowed by law
Let = To allow somebody to do something
GRAMMAR: MODALS OF OBLIGATION
-

Use CAN to say what is allowed.

You can take pictures in the museum

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He can smoke in that place.

-

Use CANT and MUSTNT to say that something is forbidden.

The student cant cheat the exam.
Your father mustnt use the cell when driving.

Use MUST and HAVE to say thats important to do something.

You must have a license to drive a car.
He must do his homework.

Use DONT HAVE TO to say that something is not necessary to do.

You dont have to give a test to drive a bike.
She doesnt have to finish the report.

LESSON 5 C - D. HOW TO TALK ABOUT STORIES IN THE NEWS - HOW TO TALK

ABOUT PAST EVENTS
VOCABULARY: CRIME VERBS AND NOUNS
Attack
Arrest

rob
hijack

steal
assault

murder

kill

shot

kidnap

Delinquent

robber

killer

murderer

thief

vandalism

vandal

GRAMMAR: THE PASSIVE VOICE

PS + BE + Vpp + BY + AS + CIRC.
P.S. = Patient Subject
BE =
Vpp. = Past participle form
BY = Preposition that shows WHO does the action
A.S. = Agent Subject
CIRC = Circumstantial
BE verbal forms for the passive voice
PRESENT
am, is, are
PAST
was, were
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(am, is, are) being
PAST PROGRESSIVE
(was, were) being
IMMEDIATE FUTURE
(am, is, are) going to be
MEDIATE FUTURE
will be
PRESENT PERFECT
(have, has) been
PAST PERFECT
had been
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: (have, has) been being
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSSIVE:
had been being
Active voice: The girl does
A.S.
By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

D.O.
the homework at home
Tr. V.
P.S.
Circ.
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Passive Voice:The homework is made by the girl at home.

P.S.
BE Vpp. Prep A.S.

Circ.

Active Voice: He worked a table in the workshop.

Passive Voice: A table was worked by him in the workshop.
Active Voice: She is going to study English next year.
Passive Voice: English is going to be studied by her next year.
Active Voice: My friend will buy a car next month.
Passive Voice: A car will be bought by my friend next month.
-

NOTE: A verb can be transitive or intransitive.

Transitive verb when there is a DO in the sentence.
Peter writes a letter in the office.

Intransitive verb when there isnt a DO in the sentence.

Peter writes in the office.
CONCLUSSION - An active sentence is possible to change into passive sentence only when the verb
is transitive.

VOCABULARY: GLOSSARY
Army = Very large organized group of soldiers
Battle = Fight between two armies
Confess = To declare guilty
Deformed = not the normal shape
Enemy = Opposite of friend
Evil = Very bad
Protect = Keep safe
Rebel = Fight against the government
GRAMMAR: PAST PERFECT: HAD + Vpp
-

Use the Past Perfect when you are talking about the past and want to say that an action happened at
an earlier time in the past.
You had been in Mexico lately.
He hadnt been in the Galapagos Islands.
Had you gone to the movies?
Yes, I had.
No, I hadnt.

LINKERS: (THEN, AFTER, WHILE)

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Use THEN, AFTER, WHILE to say when something happen.

Use AND THEN to show the sequence that things happen in.
He wrote the e-mail and THEN he left the office.

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Use AFTER to show that one thing was completed before another started.
AFTER I had written the letter, I left the office.
I left the office AFTER I had written the letter.

Use WHILE to say that one thing was happening when another happened.
The phone rang WHILE I was taking a bath.
WHILE her mum was cooking, she arrived.

LESSON 6 A - B. HOW TO EXPRESS STRONG FEELINGS - HOW TO TELL AND SHOW

INTEREST IN AN ANECDOTE
VOCABULARY: EXTREME ADJECTIVES
Amazing
Fantastic

awful
furious

brilliant
terrible

dreadful
terrified

exhausted
wonderful

enormous
huge

GRAMMAR: SO and SUCH

-

Use SO to make an adjective more extreme

Betty was SO tired that she fell asleep at once.
She was SO busy to go to the party.

Use SUCH to make a noun phrase more extreme

Dracula is SUCH a bad film that I dont like it.
Why is he such a stupid boy?

GRAMMAR: INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

-

Full infinitive is used with the preposition TO + V (Decide, expect, forget, hope, phone, want. Refuse,
etc.)
We decided TO visit our relatives.
He wants TO give the test immediately.

Gerund infinitive is used with a Verb + -ING ending. (like, enjoy, dislike, love, fancy, finish, mind, hate,
prefer)
They like going to the concert.
My friend hates working on Saturdays.

Use Gerund infinitives after a preposition. (After, before, for, of, etc.)
You went home before finishing class.
I arrived in Quito after travelling two hours.

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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LESSON 6 C - D. HOW TO TALK ABOUT PEOPLE IN YOUR NEIGHBOHOOD - HOW TO

REPORT WHAT PEOPLE SAID
VOCABULARY: BEHAVIOUR
A Bully
Nosy

To fight
polite

friendly
rough

kind
rude

naughty
To swear

noisy
well-behaved

GRAMMAR: PRONOUNS IN REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH
Wilson: I am very tired
Ana: I want to go dancing
The boy: I dont do MY work.
Celia: I call my son right now
Parents: We visit our family

REPORTED SPEECH
He says he is very tired
She says she wants to go dancing
He says he doesnt do HIS work.
She says she calls HER son right now.
They say they visit THEIR family.

NOTES: Pronouns sometimes change in reported speech, depending on the situation.

It is not necessary to change the tenses of the reported speech, when it is in the present.
VOCABULARY: SAY and TELL
-

SAY is used to express something literally.

Ex: He says: Good morning everybody!

TELL is used to narrate something to somebody

Ex: He told me about the horror movie.

GRAMMAR: TENSES IN REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH
Present Simple
Past Simple
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Can
Will
Direct Speech
I play the violin
I dont like music
We played tennis
I am watching TV
I was going home
We have eaten lunch
By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

REPORTED SPEECH
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect
Could
Would
Reported Speech
He said (that) he played the violin
She said (that) she doesnt like music.
They said (that) they had played tennis.
He said (that) he was watching TV.
She said (that) she had been going home.
They said (that) they had eaten lunch.
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I can leave early

I will go to Europe

He said (that) he could leave early.

She said (that) she would go to Europe.

LESSON 6 E. WRITING: EXCHANGING NEWS IN A PERSONAL LETTER.

VOCABULARY: RESPONDING TO NEWS
My birthday is the same day as yours - Wow, what a coincidence
My aunt has died - Oh no, I am sorry
I cant go on holiday, Ive broken my arm - How terrible, poor you.
I have been chosen for the national team - Thats wonderful news. I am so pleased.
I have resigned from my job - what a surprise!
We are going to have a baby - Thats wonderful news. I am so pleased for you.
GRAMMAR: CONNECTORS (However, although, anyway, by the way)
-

A connector is a word or expression used to join ideas.

Use ALTHOUGH and HOWEVER as the same meaning as BUT

We havent finished painting the house. However, we have done most of the rooms.
He likes his job, although he has to travel a lot.

Use ANYWAY as the same meaning of ALSO or AND

I dont want to go out. ANYWAY, I have much homework to do.
I have much homework to do, AND I dont want to go out.

Use BY THE WAY to introduce an unconnected topic.

Everybody knows the exams start on Tuesday. BY THE WAY, are you preparing your speech?

NOTE: Use a comma after: BY THE WAY, HOWEVER and ANYWAY.

LESSON 7A - B. HOW TO SAY HOW PEOPLE LOOK - HOW TO TALK ABOUT FASHION
VOCABULARY: LOOKS AND CHARACTER; LOOK and LOOK LIKE
CHARACTER
Active
Aggressive
Ambitious
Artistic
Confident
Generous
Imaginative
Kind
Lively
By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

LOOKS
Bushy eyebrows
Moustache
Fringe
Clean-shaven
Round-face
High-forehead
Curly hair
Ginger hair
Straight hair

AGE
In her late teens
In his early twenties
In his mid-thirties
Around fifty
In his seventies

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Nervous
Imaginative
Serious
Shy
Unfriendly

Wavy hair
Shoulder-length hair

VOCABULARY: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

Clean-shaven
Old fashioned
Well-off

fashion-conscious
well-dressed
self-educated

good looking
well-known
self-controlled

loose-fitting
well-mannered

GRAMMAR: WH- CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES)

-

Use WH- CLAUSES as nouns to refer to: people, things, places, times, reasons, methods, conditions,
and quantities.
Things
People
Places
Times
Reasons
Methods
Conditions
Quantities

She cant decide WHICH dress fits better.

They dont know WHAT they want.
Do you know WHO wrote this poem?
This is the shop WHERE we bought the shirt.
She cant remember WHEN she brought her tablet.
He doesnt understand WHY his wife is upset.
Does he know HOW make food?
I know HOW you feel with your problem.
She doesnt mind HOW MUCH to spend.

LESSON 7 C - D. HOW TO TALK ABOUT PLANS AND INTENTIONS - HOW TO EXPRESS

GUESSES
VOCABULARY: BODY AND EXERCISE
PARTS OF THE BODY
Elbow
Knee
Limb
Thumb
Toe
Finger
Leg
Arm
Head
Face

EXERCISE ACTIVITIES
Gym
Jogging
Steam bath
Walking
Yoga
Aerobics
Make ups
Cycling
Lift weights
Climbing

BODY CARE
Haircut
Massage
Shave
Sauna

GRAMMAR: FUTURE INTENTIONS

-

Use the Present Continuous to talk about arrangements and appointments.

He is having a party on Saturday.
She isnt doing anything on weekend.

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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Are you meeting the teacher now?

What are you having for dinner?
-

Use GOING TO to talk about plans you have had for a while.
He is going to give a lecture tonight.
I am not going to take a vacation this year.
Are you going to study for the test?
Where are you going to stay?

Use WILL to talk about plans you have decided already.

We will have a celebration after the exams.
He wont go out tonight.
Will you give me a ride to the airport?
What will he do on Sunday?

GRAMMAR: MODALS OF DEDUCTION (MUST, MIGHT, CANT)

-

Use MUST to say what you are sure is true.

He must be very rich if he has got a Roll Royce car.
She must have a house because she didnt go to a hotel.

Use MIGHT to say what you think is possible true.

The shutters are closed. She might be asleep.
It might rain this afternoon. It is getting cloudy.

Use CANT to say what you are sure is not true.

They cant be poor if they live in that mansion.
He cant speak Spanish well. He is from England.

UNIT 4. FASHION
LESSON 8 A - B. HOW TO TALK ON THE PHONE - HOW TO TALK ABOUT ABILITY
VOCABULARY: PHRASAL VERBS
PHRASAL VERBS
Break down
Call from
Call by
Cut somebody off
Get away (from)
Get through
Hand somebody over to somebody
Hang on
Put somebody through
Ring somebody back

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

MEANINGS
(Used about a vehicle or machine) to stop working
Phone since a place
To make a short visit to a place or person as you pass
To stop or interrupt somebodys telephone conversation
To succeed in leaving or escaping from somebody or a place
To succeed in speaking to somebody on the telephone
(Used at a meeting or on the phone) to let Sb speak or listen
To wait for a short time
To make a telephone connection that allows Sb to speak to Sb
To telephone Sb again

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GRAMMAR: PHRASAL VERBS (2)

-

A PHRASAL VERB is a verb composed by the verb and a particle or a preposition.

A PHRASAL VERB can be separable or non-separable.

The car broke down
We called by the garage on the way home.

A PHRASAL VERB can be separable.

You can pick up your car later.
You can pick your car up later

If the object of a separable verb is a pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) it must come before
the particle.
My brother picked me up to the airport.
The tour guide takes us over the island.

Nouns can go before or after the particle.

He picked up the message from the box.
He picked the message up from the box.

It is not correct to use the object (me, you, him, her, it, etc.) at the end.
I will call him up.
I will call up him.

Correct.
Incorrect.

GRAMMAR: ABILITY CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MANAGE TO.

-

General ability in the present

I can speak three languages.
His dog is able to swim.

General ability in the past.

She could play tennis when she was 10
He had a car so he was able to travel a lot.

General ability in one occasion in the past.

They were able to book the flights on the internet.
You managed to pass the level.

Other tenses or Modals.

We have been able to save money for a trip.

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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LESSON 8 C - D. HOW TO REPORT AN INTERVIEW - HOW TO REPORT A

CONVERSATION
GRAMMAR: REPORTED QUESTIONS
-

Use ASK when you want to report a question and be careful about the sequence of times.
OPEN QUESTIONS

DIRECT QUESTION
Where is he from?
Where does he work?
How was your interview?
When did your course begin?
Where will you be?
What will you do?
CLOSED QUESTIONS
Do you go to Spain?
Can you speak French?
Did you do your work?
Will you come tomorrow?

REPORTED QUESTION
They asked him where he was from.
She asked him where he worked.
She asked me how my interview had been.
He asked us when our course had begun.
She asked me where I would be.
We asked him what he would do.
We asked him IF he went to Spain.
They asked her IF she could speak French.
He asked her IF she had done her work.
She asked me IF I would come tomorrow.

VOCABULARY: REPORTING VERBS

REPORTING VERBS
Agree (not) to
Advice Sb (not) to
Invite Sb to
Offer to
Refuse to
Promise (not) to
Warn Sb (not) to

MEANINGS
To say yes to somebody
To tell somebody what you think they should do
To ask somebody to come to a place to do something
To ask if somebody would like something
To say or show that you dont want to do or accept
To say definitely that you will do or not do
To tell somebody about something unpleasant or dangerous

GRAMMAR: REPORTED IMPERATIVES AND REQUESTS

-

Use TOLD + person + full infinitive to report imperatives.

Use ASKED + person + full infinitive to report requests.

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH
IMPERATIVES

Be careful!
Dont move!

She told the children to be careful.

I told him not to move.
REQUESTS

Can you tell me the time?

Do you know where the bank is?

She asked me to tell her the time.

They asked me where the bank was.

UNIT 5. FESTIVALS, CELEBRITIES

LESSON 9 A - B. HOW TO MAKE SMALL TALK - HOW TO TALK ABOUT FUTURE
By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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VOCABULARY: WEATHER
NOUNS

VERBS

Heat wave
Showers
Cloud
Gales
Floods
Lightning

ADJECTIVES

Shining
Snowing
Pouring
blowing

Mild
Stormy
Windy
Boiling
Soaking
Freezing

GRAMMAR: TAG QUESTIONS

-

A TAG QUESTION is a small expression that is added at the end of a sentence.

Use The TAG QUESTION to check something that you think is true.

When the sentence is affirmative, the tag question is negative.

It is cold, isnt it?
They live in Loja, dont they?

You are a student, arent you?

He can play soccer, cant he?

When the sentence is negative, the tag question is affirmative.

It isnt sunny today, is it?
They arent doctors, are they?
She doesnt have a car, does she? He cant swim, cant he?

VOCABULARY: ATTITUDE ADVERBS

Probably
Improbably

unfortunately
Fortunately

GRAMMAR: FUTURE PERFECT

-

hopefully
unhopefully

definitely
indefinitely

(WILL + HAVE + Vpp)

Use the FUTURE PERFECT to talk about something that will be finished by a certain time in the
future.

Affirmative:

I will have finished the report after an hour.

Negative:

They will not (wont) have finished work by tomorrow.

Question:

Will you have finish listening activity by 9 oclock?

Short Answers:

Yes, I will.

No, I wont.

LESSON 9 C - D. HOW TO GIVE ADVICE - HOW TO TALK ABOUT HYPOTHETICAL OR

UNREAL SITUATIONS
VOCABULARY: DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT
Along
Inside

backwards
outside

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

downhill
towards you

downwards
uphill

forwards
upwards

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GRAMMAR: FIRST CONDITIONAL

(IF CLAUSES)

IF CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

IF + Present Simple

Mediate future

a) If you study hard, you will approve the level.

b) You will approve the level IF you study hard.
-

Use the FIRST CONDITIONAL to talk about possible future actions and predict their result. (To give
advice or warn about danger)

OTHER IF CLAUSES
-

Use an IF CLAUSE followed by a main clause with an Imperative or SHOULD to give advice.

IMPERATIVE: IF there is an accident, call the police

Call the police IF there is an accident.
IF the road is flooded, dont try to drive.
Dont try to drive IF the road is flooded.
GIVING ADVICE: IF there is a fire, you should take precautions.
You should take precautions IF there is a fire.
IF you see a bear, you shouldnt run.
You shouldnt run IF you see a bear.
VOCABULARY: COMPOUNDNOUNS
Computer technology
Computer programmer
Computer keyboard
Computer graphics
Alarm clock
Alarm bell
Science fiction
Science teacher
Science faculty
Service charge
Service station

Laptop computer
Desktop computer
Personal computer
Fire alarm
Alarm burglar
Smoke alarm
Computer science
Medical science
Room service
Health service

Book shop
Book fair
Book club

Address book
Exercise book
Text book
Phrase book

Phone box
Phone call
Phone card
Phone number

Car phone
Cell phone
Mobile phone
Public phone

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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GRAMMAR: SECOND CONDITIONAL.

IF CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

IF + Simple Past

WOULD + V

IF I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.

IF you were the president, you would be powerful.
IF he didnt have a car, he would walk to work.
-

Use the SECOND CONDITIONAL to talk about situations which are not true now and probably wont
be true in the future.

LESSON 10 A - B. HOW TO EXCHANGE OPINIONS - HOW TO TALK ABOUT YOUR

SHOPPING HABITS
VOCABULARY: SHOPS
OBJECT + SHOP
Shoe shop
Clothes shop
Bread shop
News stand
Book shop
Shopping mall
Department store

JOB + S

OTHERS

Butchers
Grocers
Chemists
Opticians
Newsagents
Bakers
Greengrocers

Supermarket
Bank
Library

GRAMMAR: ARTICLES THE, A, AN

-

Use A AN with singular countable nouns

Example: A shop
-

A mall

An engineer

An employ

Use THE with singular or plural nouns.

Example: The shop

A - AN

The shops

The boy

The first time you mention a noun

To mention a profession
To mention something
When the noun is mentioned again
When it is clear the thing we talk about
With places in a town

THE

The boys
There is a taxi outside my house.
He is an engineer
It is a new shopping mall
I saw him in the street
Mr. Jones is talking to the doctor
Have you been to the bank?

VOCABULARY: PACKAGING
Bag
Lid

bottle
packet

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

box
pot

can
tin

carton
tube

jar

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A jar of coffee, jam, mayonnaise

A packet of biscuits, nuts, cigarettes
A box of eggs, cereal, soap powder
A carton of milk, fruit juice, tomato juice
A pot of yogurt, cottage cheese
A tin of tomatoes, beans, fruit
A bottle of ketchup, water, beer
A bag of potatoes, apples, crisps
A tube of toothpaste, tomato puree
A tub of margarine, cream, ice cream
GRAMMAR: QUANTIFIERS (EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY)
Use QUANTIFIERS to say and ask about how much or how many of something there is or there are

EXPRESSIONS
SOME
ANY
MUCH
MANY
A LOT OF
LOTS OF
A LITTLE
SEVERAL
NONE

COUNTABLE
SI
SI
NO
SI
SI
SI
NO
SI
SI

NON
COUNTABLE
SI
SI
SI
NO
SI
NO
SI
NO
SI

SI
NO
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI

NO
SI
SI
SI
SI
NO
NO
SI
SI

SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI

There is some coffee on the table

There isnt any sugar in the bag
There is much water in the pool
There are many cars on the street
There is a lot of oil in the tank
There are lots of apples on the tree
There is a little salt in the kitchen
There are several students in class

LESSON 10 C - D. HOW TO TALK ABOUT RECENT ACTIVITIES - HOW TO ASK ABOUT

PRODUCTS IN A SHOP
VOCABULARY: APPROXIMATE TIMES AND AMOUNTS
A LITTLE LESS THAN
Nearly
Almost

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

IN RECENT TIMES
Lately
Recently

APPROXIMATELY
About
More or less
Or so

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GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

-

Use the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS to talk about an activity which started in the past and
has continued until now.

Affirmative:
Negative:
Questions:
Short Answers:
-

(HAVE HAS) + BEEN + Ving

They have been learning English for a long time.

They havent been learning English for a long time.
Have they been learning English for a long time?
Yes, they have.
No, they havent.

Dont use the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS with State Verbs (be, believe, etc.).

VOCABULARY: WORDS CONNECTED WITH BUYING AND SELLING

SALE
AVAILABLE
UPGRADE
VOUCHER
BARGAIN
DELIVER
REPLACE

An occasion when a shop sells products to lower prices

Something you can get, buy or find
To get a better version of something you have already got
A printed piece of paper which you can use like money
A thing bought for less than the usual price
To take goods. Letters to someones home
To change something which is damaged or not right for a new one.

GRAMMAR: TIME AND CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

(IF AS LONG AS UNLESS WHEN AS SOON AS UNTIL)
Ill buy the camera IF it is cheap.
Ill buy the camera as long as it is cheap.

IF it is cheap, Ill buy the camera.

As long as it is cheap, Ill buy the camera.

I wont buy the camera UNLESS it is cheap.

UNLESS it is cheap, Ill buy the camera.

Well buy a car WHEN we have saved enough money.

When we have saved enough money, well buy the car.
Well buy a car AS SOON AS we have saved enough money
AS SOON AS we have saved enough money, well buy a car.
We wont buy a car UNTIL we have saved enough money.
UNTIL we have saved enough money, we wont buy a car.

UNIT 6: CULTURE-INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

LESSON 11 A - B. HOW TO GIVE AND ASK ABOUT DIRECTIONS - HOW TO TALK
ABOUT HOLIDAY ACCOMMODATION
VOCABULARY: THE STREET
An alley
a bridge
A roundabout a taxi rank
Turn right
turn left
Keep right
By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

a canal
a T - junction
go straight

a car park
a dead-end street
on your left

a crossroad
a pedestrian street
on your right

a path
keep left
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GRAMMAR: INDIRECT QUESTIONS

-

Use INDIRECT QUESTIONS (Requests) when you want to be more polite.

(DO YOU KNOW - CAN YOU TELL ME - COULD YOU TELL ME )

Open Requests are those ones in which we can answer with information about something.

Closed Requests are those ones in which we can answer with YES or NO

Closed Questions with BE

DIRECT QUESTIONS
Is there a bank near here?

Closed Questions with Does he study English at ESPE?

ACTION VERBS
Open Questions with BE
Where is the museum?
Open Questions
ACTIONS VERBS

with When does the shop open?

Where did she go?

INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Can you tell me if there is a bank near here?
Could you tell me if there is a bank near here?
Do you know if he studies English at ESPE?
Can you tell me if he studies at ESPE?
Can you tell me where the museum is?
Do you know where the museum is?
Could you tell me when the shop opens?
Do you know when the shop opens?
Can you tell me where she went?
Do you know where she went?

VOCABULARY: DESCRIBING HOLIDAY ACCOMMODATION (ADJECTIVES)

Comfortable - Good, physical feeling
Delicious - Great test or smell
Delightful - A feeling of happiness or enjoyment
Efficient - Quickly, organized
Elegant - Attractive appearance
Friendly - Polite, kind
Magnificent - Beautiful, to be admired
Secluded - Quiet, away from people or noise
GRAMMAR: TO HAVE (GET) SOMETHING DONE
-

(chair, bathroom, sofa)

(food, coffee, cake)
(food, people, room)
(service, staff, employee)
(furniture, room, restaurant)
(guests, staff)
(garden, hotel, building)
(hotel, building, neighborhood)
S + (HAVE GET) + OBJECT + Vpp.

Use the CAUSATIVE CAUSE for expressing that something is done for us. Use the Verbs HAVE
GET.

I have my food prepared every day.

My parents have their house painted.
He has his car repaired.
She has her nails cut.
We get our letters printed.
They get their shirts washed and ironed.

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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LESSON 11 C - D. HOW TO GIVE HEALTH ADVICE - HOW TO GIVE EXTRA INFORMATION

VOCABULARY: HEALTH AND TRAVEL
Injections
Vaccination
Insect repellent

Certificates
local food
emergency

pills
first aid kit
medicine

medical insurance
mosquito net
vitamins

tap water
sun block

GRAMMAR: HAVE TO, NEED TO, SHOULD, OUGHT TO

-

Use HAVE TO, NEED TO to say that it is necessary to do something

Use DONT HAVE TO, NEEDNT to say that something is not necessary to do.

OUGHT TO, SHOULDNT + VERB to give advice.

You have to take the pills three times a day.

You need to show your passport at the hotel.
You should make a reservation in advance.
You ought to keep a first aid kit in your car.
You shouldnt take any medicine when driving.
VOCABULARY: TRAVEL PROBLEMS
Run out of
Miss
Lose
Get lost
Get stuck
Get stopped for speeding
Have

(gas, petrol, money)

(the bus, the train, the plane, your turn)
(Your wallet, your way, and your ticket)
(your orientation)
(be trapped in the traffic)
(by the police)
(a flat tire, a break down, an accident)

GRAMMAR: NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
- A Defining Relative clause is a sentence which provides accurate information.
c) I saw a woman yesterday.
d) The woman was at the bus station.
I saw a woman WHO was at the bus station.
I saw a woman THAT was at the bus station.
c) He brings a computer every day.
d) The computer is small.
He brings a computer THAT is small.
He brings a computer WHICH is small.
c) Peter lives in New York.
d) Peter studies in New York.
Peter lives in New York WHERE he studies.
By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

-

A Non-defining Relative Clause is a sentence which provides extra or additional

information.
c) The girl is wearing a beautiful dress.
d) The girl is an excellent secretary.
The girl, WHO is wearing a beautiful dress, is an excellent secretary.
c) Latacunga is located in the central part of the country.
d) Latacunga is the capital of the Cotopaxi province.
Latacunga, WHICH is located in the central part of the country, is the capital of the
Cotopaxi province.
NOTES: A non-defining relative clause is the extra information that is added between commas.
If the non-defining relative clause is omitted, it becomes a Defining Relative Clause.

LESSON 12 A - B. HOW TO EXPLAIN YOUR POINT OF VIEW - HOW TO TALK ABOUT

HOPES AND WISHES
GRAMMAR: SO, BECAUSE, IN ORDER TO
-

Use SO to talk about the result of a situation.

Use BECAUSE to talk about the cause of a situation
Use IN ORDER TO to talk about a purpose

Examples:

I got up late so I missed the bus.

I missed the bus because I got up late.
I got up early in order to catch the bus.
I spent a year in the United States in order to improve my English.
My boss was angry because I crashed his car.
We bought a guide book so we could plan our trip.

VOCABULARY:
WISH - To desire something

I wish I had a million dollars.

HOPE - To expect something

I hope to go to France someday.

BE GLAD - To be happy

I am glad I have got a good car.

GRAMMAR: WISH
-

Use WISH to talk about unreal situations in the present.

Use HOPE to talk about things that we want to happen in the future.
Use BE GLAD to say that you are happy about a situation.

By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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NOTE: Change the tense in sentences with WISH to show that the situation is unreal.
REAL SITUATION
My father smokes too much
Today is Monday.
I am a student
I havent got any problems

WISH - HOPE - BE GLAD TO

I wish my father smoked less.
I wish it were Friday.
Ill hope to be a professional soon.
I am glad I havent got any problems.

NOTE: WERE is more formal than WAS

LESSON 12 C - D. HOW TO DESCRIBE THE PLOT OF A STORY - HOW TO TALK ABOUT

IMPORTANT DECISIONS
GRAMMAR: -ING and ED CLAUSES
-

Use ING and ED CLAUSES to add extra information about the subject of a sentence.

Form ED CLAUSES with any Past Participle, including regular and irregular verbs.

a) The story is about a man.

The story is about a man working in London.

b) The man was working in London

a) That girl is a teacher.

That girl wearing a black jacket is a teacher.

b) That girl wears a black jacket.

a) The pilot of the car was a man.

b) His name was Emerson Fittipaldi
The pilot of the car was called Emerson Fittipaldi
a) It is an adventure film.
b) Steven Spielberg wrote the film.
It is an adventure film written by Steven Spielberg.
GRAMMAR: THIRD CONDITIONAL
-

Use the THIRD CONDITIONAL to talk about an imagined situation in the past (something that didnt
happen) and its imagined result.
IF CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

HAD + Vpp

WOULD + HAVE + Vpp

a) I had studied engineering.

I would have been a good professional.

IF I had studied engineering, I would have been a good professional.

I would have been a good professional IF I had studied engineering.
b) I had gone to the United States.

I would have learned to speak English.

IF I had gone to the United States, I would have learned to speak English.
I would have learned to speak English IF I had gone to the United States.
c) You had won the lottery.

You would have travelled around the world.

IF you had won the lottery, you would have travelled around the world.
You would have travelled around the world IF you had won the lottery.
By: Mgt. Alfredo Albn

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