ME 267

Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering

Pumps and Turbine

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Turbo Machines

Turbo machines are dynamic fluid machines that either

extract energy from a fluid (turbine) or add energy to a fluid
(pump) as a result of dynamic interactions between the
device and the fluid. (Latin Turbo means to spin or whirl)

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Classification

According to energy consideration

Machines that supply energy to fluid (Pumps)
An increase in pressure takes place in pumps, fans,
compressors and propellers.
Machines that extracts energy from fluid (Turbines)
A decrease in pressure takes place in turbines, wind
mills.

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More classifications

Based on direction of flow

Axial flow
Radial flow
Mixed flow
Based on the manner of transmission of energy
Kinetic displacement (Centrifugal pumps and turbines)
Positive displacement (Reciprocating pumps)

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Pumps

A pump is a machine which, when interposed in a conduit,

transfers energy from some external source to the liquid
flowing through the conduit. Machines which deliver liquids
are simply called pumps, but if gases are involved, three
different terms are in use, depending upon the pressure rise
achieved. If the pressure rise is very small (a few inches of
water), a gas pump is called a fan; up to 1 atm, it is usually
called a blower; and above 1 atm it is commonly termed a
compressor.

Mechanical Energy
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Hydraulic energy

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Pumps

Fig: Tire pump

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Fig: Human heart

Fig: Centrifugal pump

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Pumps Classification

Pumps are divided into two fundamental types based on the

manner in which they transmit energy to the pumped media:
kinetic displacement,
a centrifugal force of the rotating element, called an impeller,
impels kinetic energy to the fluid, moving the fluid from
pump suction to the discharge.
Positive displacement
uses the reciprocating action of one or several pistons, or a
squeezing action of meshing gears, lobes, or other moving
bodies, to displace the fluid from one area into another (i.e.,
moving the material from suction to discharge).
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Comparison between Rotodynamic Pump and Positive Displacement Pump

Rotodynamic Pumps

Positive Displacement Pumps

Runs at very high speed

Cannot run at high speeds

Continuous delivery

Pulsating delivery (Reciprocating)

High Flow Rate

Low Flow Rate

Low Pressure Developed at Discharge

High Pressure Developed at Discharge

Suitable for Domestic Water Supply

Suitable for Chemical Dosing

Started with discharge valve closed

Started with discharge valve open

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Pumps Applications

To deliver fluid at a higher elevation or at a long distance

To deliver fluid at a pressurized device
For the control of hydraulic systems
For drainage system, removing slurries, mud, water
For irrigation systems

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Centrifugal Pumps

The hydraulic machines that converts the rotational

mechanical energy into pressure energy by means of
centrifugal force acting on the fluid are called centrifugal
pumps.
Centrifugal pump is radial flow type.
Used for low head and relatively high flow rate.
3 important parts are
Impeller
Volute casing
Suction and delivery pipes
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Centrifugal Pumps

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Centrifugal Pumps

The rotating part of the centrifugal pump is called impeller.

It is a rotating solid disk with curved blades. Impellers could
be open, semi-open or closed.
less efficient
more cloggy fluids

Open
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Semi - Open

Closed

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Centrifugal Pumps

Casing is an airtight passage surrounding the impeller

which converts the kinetic energy of the fluid leaving the
impeller into pressure energy.

Suction pipe is connected to the inlet of the pump and

other side is dipped into the fluid in a sump. Delivery pipe
is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end
delivers the fluid at required height.

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Centrifugal Pumps

Working principle
The impeller is keyed onto a shaft which is mounted on
bearings and is coupled to a motor which rotates the
impeller.
As the impeller is made to rotate the kinetic energy of the
impeller is transmitted to the fluid and its velocity increases.

At the suction side of the impeller water is getting

displaced as the fluid flows outside.P<Patm. Such
decrease in pressure induced at the eye of the impeller
helps in sucking the water stream into the system again.

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Centrifugal Pumps

Working principle
The impeller is fitted inside a volute casing. So the water
moving out will be collected inside it and will move in the
same direction of the impeller rotation to the discharge
pipe. The volute casing has increasing area along the flow
direction that converts the kinetic energy of the fluid to
pressure energy.

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Centrifugal Pumps

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Centrifugal Pumps

Priming
Priming is a process of driving out all the air in suction
pipe, casing, and in delivery pipe up to the valve and filling
the pump casing with liquid before the pump is started. If
no water is present initially the negative pressure
developed by the rotating air at the eye of the impeller will
be negligibly small to suck in water into the system or the
pump will not be able to function.

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Centrifugal Pumps

Cavitations
If the suction pressure at the eye of the impeller falls below
the saturated vapor pressure of the fluid being pumped, the
fluid will start to boil.
Any vapor bubbles formed by the pressure drop at the eye of
the impeller are swept along the impeller vanes by the flow of
the fluid. When the bubbles enter a region where local
pressure is greater than saturation pressure farther out the
impeller vane, the vapor bubbles abruptly collapse.
This phenomenon is called cavitation.
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Centrifugal Pumps

There are several effects of cavitations

It creates noise, vibration, and damage to many of the
components.
Causes a loss in capacity.
The output pressure fluctuates.
The pump's efficiency drops.

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Centrifugal Pumps

Effect of cavitation
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Centrifugal Pumps

NPSH (Net positive suction head)

To avoid cavitation in centrifugal pumps, the pressure of the
fluid at all points within the pump must remain above
saturation pressure.
The minimum positive head required to avoid cavitation is the
net positive suction head (NPSH).

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Axial Pump

Turbine pump
Used where high flowrates
at low heads are required
Axial-flow pumps are often
called propeller pumps.
For this type of pump the flow
is primarily in the axial direction
(parallel to the axis of rotation
of the shaft)

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Submersible pump

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Axial Pumps

Turbine Pump

Submersible Pump

Motor located above liquid

Motor in liquid

Needs long drive shaft

No extended shaft

Critical shaft alignment

Motor is close to the impeller, so no

critical shaft alignment.

Shaft elongation cause high power

loss

Motor hermitically sealed and

extended upto pump

Less efficient

More efficient

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Specific Speed (NS)

It is the speed of a pump with a discharging capacity of 1
m3/sec and a head of 1 m.
NS = n Q / H3/4
n = speed of the pump
Q = discharge of the pump
H = head of the pump

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Positive Displacement Pumps

A positive displacement pump causes a liquid or gas to

move by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and then forcing
(displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
Periodic energy addition
Added energy forces displacement of fluid in an
enclosed volume
Fluid displacement results in direct increase in pressure
Two types of PDPs
Reciprocating PDP (Tube well, diaphragm pump)
Rotary PDP (Gear pump, Vane pump)
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Reciprocating PDP
In a reciprocating pump, a volume of liquid is drawn into the
cylinder through the suction valve on the intake stroke and
is discharged under positive pressure through the outlet
valves on the discharge stroke.
The discharge from a reciprocating pump is pulsating.
This is because the intake is always a constant volume.
Often an air chamber is connected on the discharge side of
the pump to provide a more even flow by evening out the
pressure surges.
Reciprocating pumps are often used for sludge and slurry.

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Reciprocating PDP

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Rotary PDP
A rotary pump traps fluid in its closed casing and
discharges a smooth flow.
They can handle almost any liquid that does not contain
hard and abrasive solids, including viscous liquids.
.Types of rotary pumps include cam-and-piston, gear,
lobular, screw, and vane pumps

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Rotary PDP

External Gear Pump

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External Gear Pump

Working Principle
Fluids are trapped between teeth and casing at inlet
Continuous rotation of gears forces liquids around the housing
Liquid is squeezed out as the teeth unmesh at delivery
Correct meshing of gears and correct clearances between gears
and housing prevents liquids back flow.
Vaccum is formed in cavities between teeth as they unmesh, that
causes more liquid to be drawn in.
Flow rate is relatively low and head is high.

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Turbine

Turbines are devices that convert the energy of fluid into

mechanical energy. The fluid can be water, steam, flue gas
etc. The energy of the water can be in the form of potential
or kinetic energy.

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Classification of turbines
According to the energy used
Impulse turbine
Reaction turbine

According to the head available to the inlet of turbine

High Head Turbine (250-1800m), Pelton Wheel
Medium Head Turbine (50-250m), Francis Turbine
Low Head Turbine ( <50m), Kaplan Turbine

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Classification of turbines
According to the specific speed
Low specific speed ( <50) Pelton wheel
Medium specific speed (50 < Ns < 250) Francis
High Specific speed ( >250) Kaplan

According to the fluid used

Water Turbine (Pelton Wheel, Francis Turbine, Kaplan Turbine)
Gas Turbine
Steam Turbine

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Turbine Classification
Impulse Turbine
Impulse turbines work on the principle that high velocity fluid is
directed onto the moving blades transferring its kinetic energy
to the blades. These turbines change the direction of flow of a
high velocity fluid or gas jet. The resulting impulse spins the
turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic energy.
There is no pressure change of the fluid or gas in the turbine
rotor blades (the moving blades). The entire pressure drop
takes place in the stationary blades (the nozzles).

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Turbine Classification
Impulse Turbine

Before reaching the turbine, the fluid's pressure head is

changed to velocity head by accelerating the fluid with a nozzle.
Impulse turbines do not require a pressure casement around
the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to
reaching the blading on the rotor. Newton's second law
describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.

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Turbine Classification
Reaction turbine
The principle of a pure reaction turbine is that all the energy
contained within the fluid is converted to mechanical energy
by reaction of the jet of the fluid as it flows over the blades
of the rotor. The rotor is forced to rotate as the fluid exhausts
the rotor blades according to Newtons 3rd law of motion.
In practice, it is impossible to achieve pure reaction effect
as the incoming fluid to the turbine has velocity when it reaches
the moving blades. Therefore the fluid on passing across the
moving blades imparts some impulse to the blades.

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Impulse Turbine

Pelton Wheel
It works for high head,low flow rate
In a pelton wheel, nozzles direct forceful streams of water
against a series of spoon-shaped buckets mounted around
the edge of a wheel.

As water flows into the bucket, the direction of the water

velocity changes to follow the contour of the bucket.

When the water-jet contacts the bucket, the water exerts

pressure on the bucket and the water is decelerated as it
does a u-turn and flows out the other side of the bucket at low
velocity.

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Impulse Turbine

Pelton Wheel
In the process, the water's momentum is transferred to the
turbine. This impulse does work on the turbine.

A very small percentage of the water's original kinetic energy

will still remain in the water which allows the bucket to be
emptied at the same rate it is filled. Thus allowing the water
flow to continue uninterrupted.

Often two buckets are mounted side-by-side, thus splitting

the water jet in half. This balances the side-load forces on the
wheel, and helps to ensure smooth, efficient momentum
transfer of the fluid jet to the turbine wheel.

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Pelton Wheel

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Pelton Wheel

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Kaplan Turbine

Kaplan turbine
The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine that has
adjustable blades.
It is an inward flow reaction turbine.
Flow enters the scroll casing of decreasing area that ensures
the flow entering the centre portion with uniform velocity
throughout the perimeter.
Water flows through the guide vanes, and then flows axially
through the runners and finally comes out through the draft
tube
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Kaplan Turbine

Kaplan turbine
Guide vanes not only controls the flow rate but also the
swirling effect that can result in reduce efficiency.
axially through the runners.
Because of the adjustable blades it is possible to run at
maximum efficiency at any load
The runner blade angles can be changed by a lever.
It can work on very low head but requires high flow rate.

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Kaplan Turbine

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Kaplan Turbine

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