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3D & VR Displays,
part 2
Binocular cues
Monocular cues
VR Displays, part 2
3D displays
Relative size
Occlusion
Motion parallax
Texture, spatial frequency
Perspective
Shadow
Shading
Color and contrast
Atmospheric effects
Accommodation of the eye
VR Displays, part 2
3D displays
VR Displays, part 2
Free 3D viewing
VR Displays, part 2
3D Display Topology
holographic displays
volumetric displays
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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VR display types
Classification of 3D displays
according to Pastoor et al., 1997
A
B
C
aided viewing
(stereoscopic)
Effective origin of
waves
Number of
different
views
Eyepoint
dependent
perspective
two
optional
(normally for a
single observer)
volumetric display,
electro-holography
distinct depth
planes (slices),
entire space
unlimited
inherent
(for a small number
of observers)
direction multiplex
(e.g., by diffraction,
refraction, reflection, occlusion)
two
or
more
optional
(for a small number
of observers)
Color-,
polarization-,
time-,
location multiplex
free viewing
free viewing
(autostereoscopic)
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
Head position/orientation
Monitor-based Displays
Tiled displays
A Classification of 3D Displays
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Varrier: autostereoscopic
http://www.evl.uic.edu/cavern/rg/20040820_dan/
Only one master user is tracked, so other viewers in that space do not
experience fully correct stereoscopic cues
Head-mounted displays
Head orientation is the most important cue for proper scene rendering
3 DOF (the orientation of the head) is sufficient in many cases
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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3D Monitor Displays
Stereoscopic display
12
Easy to use
Autostereoscopic display
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Components of fishtank VR
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Shutter/color glasses
Tracking system
CRT projectors
The oldest type, 3 cathode ray tubes
Difficult to set up, weak in light power
+ Good colors, contrast ratio. Very fast
LCD projectors
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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VR Displays, part 2
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Projection based VR
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VR Displays, part 2
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Projectors
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Components of projection-based VR
Screens
Screen Parallax
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Projection screen
Positive Parallax
Eye
3D glasses
VR Displays, part 2
Virtual Spaces
VR Displays, part 2
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CAVE etc.
Large projection screens
Flight simulators etc.
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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CAVE
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CAVE, CABIN,...
Commercial systems
VR Displays, part 2
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VR Displays, part 2
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Virtual Cocoon
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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CAVE Painting
VR Displays, part 2
Workbench display
UCSB Allosphere
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VR Displays, part 2
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VR Displays, part 2
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Manufactured by FakeSpace
A display the size of a table
Viewed with Liquid Crystal shutter glasses
Images float on air above the table
The image can be interacted with
VR Displays, part 2
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Stretched desktop
RAVE
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P rojection
plane
Tracked
eye
Object
P
DISP
Viewer's
eye
Configurable screens
PD
Z
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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PanoScope 360
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VisionStation, 20 - 165,000
VisionDome, 150 270,000
VR Displays, part 2
Microsoft Sphere
VR Displays, part 2
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VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Planetariums
Media machines?
Why not email, web, skype?
Mix and match technologies
38
VR Displays, part 2
Planetarium Systems
VR Displays, part 2
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Immersive!
VR Displays, part 2
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VR Displays, part 2
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Flight Simus
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Raster (+ calligraphic?)
260 H x 80 V
www.seos.com
www.cae.com\aerospace
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Water Displays
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http://www.mizunova.com/
Active, programmed waterfall
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2LUz2WVcek
Disney Fantasmic
Aquatique Show
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLji5SjbXQk
http://www.aquatic-show.com/
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Walk-thru FogScreen
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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FogScreen
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VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Techniques:
Shutter glasses
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Shutter glasses
VR Displays, part 2
Advantages
VR Displays, part 2
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Left and right images are filtered with nearcomplementary colors. The observer wears
respective color-filter glasses for separation
Disadvantages
High refresh rate needed
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Shutter glasses
Synchronized usually by
infrared signal
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
Shutter glasses
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VR Displays, part 2
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Monochrome/color glasses
Colorcode3d
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Polarization multiplex
Because the filters are narrow-band they effectively increase the contrast
Disadvantages
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
Polarization of light
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Polarization glasses
Linear
Real colors
Full resolution (using a combination of two displays)
Good channel separation
Glasses cheap and lightweight
Disadvantages
About 60% loss of light energy
Another 50% loss when combining images with
semitransparent mirrors
Linearly polarized glasses require the viewer to keep his/her
head level
Circular
The viewer can tilt
his head
E.g., Real D
Cinema System
Horizontal polarization
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Advantages
58
Advantages:
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tilting of the viewing filters will cause the images of the left and
right channels to bleed over to the opposite channel
Vertical polarization
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Autostereoscopic displays
Autostereoscopic Types
Multiple image
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Holoform
Multiview
Binocular
Volumetric
Virtual image
Real image
Holographic
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/03/20/l
ifetiles.optical.illusion.murals/index.html
#cnnSTCVideo
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Multi-view display
VR Displays, part 2
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4 1
4 1
Multi-view display
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SCREEN
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Multi-view display
VIEW 1
VIEW 2
VIEW 3
VIEW 1
VIEW 2
VIEW 3
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Multi-view display
2
APPEARANCE OF SCREEN
1 2 3 4
Viewing
zones
Viewer
3 2 1
PARALLAX BARRIER
LENTICULAR
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Passive displays
Do not track users head
Restrict the users eyes within a small
area for the stereo perception
TFT LCD color arrays control spatial
separation of the stereo-pair images
Holoform displays
Disadvantages:
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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almost holographic
Active displays
Involves head-tracking, e.g., one or
two video cameras
Performing a real-time adaptation of
the column interlaced image based on
the users instantaneous position
A prism mask placed over the display
A motor translates the prism mask
Allows changes in viewing angle e.g.,
25 at 65 cm distance
Screen
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72
VR Displays, part 2
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Holografika
Displays
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Multi-beam (QinetiQ)
VR Displays, part 2
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VR Displays, part 2
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Binocular displays
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VR Displays, part 2
Autostereoscopic Products
VR Displays, part 2
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Autostereoscopic Products
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3D display, TV receiver
DDD realtime 2D -> 3D converter
3D display, DDD Mobile
http://sp.cs.tut.fi/mobile3dtv/
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Autostereoscopic Types
Multiple image
Holoform
Multiview
Binocular
Volumetric
Holographic
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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CRT projection on
rotating screen
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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E.g., http://mindlab.msu.edu/web2/design/ardisplays/ardisplays.htm
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Virtual image
Real image
Volumetric Displays
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VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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SeeLinder
Cylindrical rotating LEDs
Creates an effect of a 3D person
Can be walked around
Univ. of Tokyo
Also Hitachi Transpost 3D system
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Siggraph 2007
Autostereoscopic
Omnidirectional
Multiview
Not reach-through!
http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/3DDisplay/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FF1vFTQOWN4
High-speed video projector, a spinning mirror
covered by a holographic diffuser, and FPGA
circuitry to decode specially rendered DVI video
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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A 3D Plasma Display
Volumetric Displays
Advantages
They provide motion parallax in both the horizontal and vertical
direction. Motion parallax is where the image changes with
viewpoint and allows the look around capability
No rivalry between accommodation and convergence, therefore
reducing the possibility of effects such as headaches and nausea
Stereopsis and accommodation give same depth cue
Multi-viewer capability (limited)
http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/dn8778.html
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Disadvantages
Image transparency
The front surface of an image allows light from voxels behind it to pass
through it. All points are visible from all directions, no occlusion
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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PureDepth, www.puredepth.com
Used currently in some slot machines
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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VR Displays, part 2
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Twister
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SeeReal autostereoscopic
Fraunhofer Free2C, etc.
Depth-Fused 3D Rendering
http://www.star.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/projects/TWISTER/
Full-color 360 autostereoscopic display
Rotating (1.6 rps) LED columns
Coming: videophone booth
(c.f., SeeLinder)
VR Displays, part 2
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96
http://www.pufferfishdisplays.co.uk
http://www.hc.ic.i.utokyo.ac.jp/project/Lumisight/
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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3M Virtual Mannequin,
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGJh-tasp74
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVhVClFMg6Y
Holophile, http://www.holophile.com/spectral.htm
Holavision, http://www.brcweb.com/about/holavision.html
VirtualHUD (www.virtualhud.com)
VR Displays, part 2
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Autostereoscopic Types
Multiple image
Holoform
Multiview
Binocular
Volumetric
VR Displays, part 2
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Holographic Displays
Holographic
Virtual image
Real image
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Holographic Displays
Research going on
Often monochromatic and/or small resolution
Combining optical holograms with CG: Oliver Bimber
HORN-6, special hardware, www.opticsinfobase.org/, August 2009
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VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Pseudo-3D: Autostereograms
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104
VR Displays, part 2
VR Displays, part 2
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Pseudo-3D: Autostereograms
Display Information
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VR displays, http://www.stereo3d.com/3dhome.htm
SID, Society of Information Displays, www.sid.org/
3DTV EU project, http://www.3dtv-research.org/
3D Consortium, http://www.3dc.gr.jp/english/
SD&A, http://www.stereoscopic.org/
Bluray 3D specification in Dec. 2009?
http://www.elis.rug.ac.be/ELISgroups/tfcg/microdis
VR Displays, part 2
Display Organisations
VR Displays, part 2
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108
VR Displays, part 2
http://www.reald.com/
http://dti3d.com/
http://actuality-systems.com
http://www.ddd.com
http://www.zebraimaging.com
http://www.mrl.nyu.edu/~perlin/demos/autostereo.html
http://www.newsight.com/
http://www.seereal.com
http://www.holografika.com
http://www.stereoscopy.com/
US patents and pat. applications: http://patft.uspto.gov/
VR Displays, part 2
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