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PIPING
DOCS MATL SOCIETIES PIPES FLANGES FITTINGS VALVES BOLTS GASKETS EQPT SPECIALS STEEL DIN STEAM OTHERS
Reference Points
Before beginning with making drawings for a new process plant or building, there must be determine where the new
building in the area will take his place. A coordination system, which refers to an officially recognized point therefore is
necessary.
In the Netherlands, for example, are thousands of official reference points, distributed across the country ...search on
the Internet on geographic coordinate conversion, triangulation stations, benchmarks, geography or topography.
You'll find a lot of information about how reference points are measured and identified.
Horizontal Reference
http://www.wermac.org/documents/coordination_part1.html
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Defining a starting point of the site related to the North / South direction, is one of the first
steps in setting up a coordination system.
In principle, with a simple reliable compass the direction of the magnetic north can to be
determined. In the image below the true north is at 18. As a draftsman would work with
the true north coordinates, he will immediately find out that each line from west to east and
from north to south at an angle of 18 must be drawn.
To avoid this, a Plant North will be determined. In the example below, the true north, 18 is
reversed, draftsmen and construction contractors will be grateful for it.
General there will be tried, to approach the true north-south coordinates as close as
possible.
A rule is, that the angle between true north and Plant North can not exceed 45. At 50,
for example, the Plant North would be on the right side, so on the Eastern side of the
image.
Vertical Reference
http://www.wermac.org/documents/coordination_part1.html
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Before starting with any building, the site is leveled (graded), what means that the ground is made as flat as practically
possible. After leveling we talking about "finished grade", where the highest graded point is termed
"high point of finished grade".
This highest point of finished grade refers to an official reference point on which all vertical measurements are related.
In the Netherlands, for example, many vertical measurement are in relation to the "Normaal Amsterdams Peil" (NAP). If
the field compared to the NAP is 1 meter higher, usually the reference point will not become a zero start of 1000 mm,
but in this case a zero start at zero(0).
On a isometric view of a pipe line elevations are indicated by EL.109665 or EL.99450 etc..
What is meant by this vertical dimensions ?
The first EL.109665 you can read as: centerline of pipe is 9665 mm above zero point
The second EL.99450 you can read as: centerline of pipe is 550 mm below zero point
Well, the vertical zero point in this case is 100 meters (100000 mm), and this has the advantage that no negative
(minus) values on drawings need to be applied.
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http://www.wermac.org/documents/coordination_part1.html
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