The Power Transformer

The Power Transformer

Transformer Basics
What is a transformer
Transformer Basic Theory
Power Transformer
Construction of a Power Transformer
Ideal Transformer
Practical Transformer
The Equivalent Circuit of a Power Transformer
The Power Transformer Phasor Diagram
Winding Connections & Vector Groups
Protection of a Power Transformer

The Power Transformer

Transformer Basics

What is a transformer
It may be defined as a piece of static apparatus, which by e.m. induction
transforms a.c. voltage &b current between 2 or more windings @ same
frequency, and usually at different values of V & I.
In its basic form, it consists of 2 coils wound on a single magnetic core
Transformer Basic Theory
Faraday Newman Laws: Statements
Basic Principle of operation: by mutual induction between 2 or more
windings, which are linked by a common B-field, have energy transfer
between the 2 ccts without direct electrical or galvanic action.

The Power Transformer

Transformer Basics

What is a transformer
Basic Circuits : (a) Tx on No Load, (b) Tx on Load
The coupling efficiency & hence depends to a large extent on the
degree to which the common B- field links both circuits, i.e degree
of magnetic leakage. For this reason, the use of materials with high
, mainly steel based reduces the reluctance .

The Power Transformer

Transformer Basics

Tx Operation
No Load - see fig.01
Im sets up m
V1 = E1 = back e.m.f.
V2 = E2

The Power Transformer

Transformer Basics

Tx Operation (ctd)
On Load - see fig.02
I2 creates a flux 2 which opposes m . The demagnetizing effect of 2
weakens the balance between V1 & E1, V1 E1. To compensate for this
weakening, I1 must increase appropriately so as to produce a flux, 1
which
is = & opposite to 2 , i.e.
1 = 2
For any load
1 = 2
This is known as the ampere turns balance

The Power Transformer

Transformer Basics

Basic Tx Equation
It relates the induced e.m.f E & m. =
If the supply voltage is sinusoidal, K = 4.44, so = .
Can re- write equn thus: = .
Tx Relations

It can be shown that

= =

To maintain magnetic balance in the circuit, the secondary ampere

turns must be balanced by the opposite polarity ampere turns in the
primary windings, i.e. =

The Power Transformer

Transformer Basics

Tx Relations (ctd)
Combining the above

==

The Power Transformer

The Power Transformer
What is a power tx
The term Power Transformer generally refers to all types of transformers excluding
control txs.
Function: Transfers electrical energy from 1 voltage level to another:
Can have step up or step- down tx : turns ratio
The need of a power tx in a power system
The tx allows electrical energy to be supplied to the load @ a pre-determined voltage
level. Thus the coupled energy is transformed from 1 level to another
It serves as an economical means of transporting the product to the consumers; loads
(consumers) are very far away from the generating stns (the factory), i.e. efficiency
Power Losses
Safety to the consumer

The Power Transformer

The Power Transformer
Power Transformer Classification
It can be done in 2 - 3 ways
(a) Type of winding
(b) Mode of cooling
(c) Application
Types of windings
(i) Double wound (2 winding)
(ii) Series Winding (Auto tx)
Mode of Cooling
(a) Oil
(b) Dry

The Power Transformer

The Power Transformer
Power Transformer Classification (ctd)
Application
(a) Gen Tx
(b) Grid - Tx
(c) Distribution
Note :
(i) Power txs refers to the above
(ii) have other types of txs
(d) Control : VT, CT
(e) isolation tx
(f) communications
Construction: (a) Core, (b) Shell

The Power Transformer

Transformer Construction Basics
Core
Tank
Windings: Primary and Secondary
Cooling Medium
Bushings
Reservoir
etc

The Power Transformer

Three Phase Transformer Winding Connections
Wye Wye (Y - Y)
Delta Delta ( - )
Wye Delta (Y - )
Delta Wye ( - Y)
Wye - Delta - Wye (Y - - Y) : tertiary winding
Auto Tx
Note :
1) Advantages & disadvantages See Notes
2) Double Wound (2 winding)Tx vs Series (One) Winding Tx Auto Tx

The Power Transformer

Three Phase Transformer Vector Groups
Star - Star Connection: (Yy0)
Delta Delta Connection: (Dd0) - Exercise
Wye Delta Connection: (Yd11)
Delta Wye Connection: (Dy11)
Table

The Power Transformer

The Ideal Transformer
What is an ideal tx?
Hypothetical: Loss free
Pin = Pout
Winding Resistance = 0
Eddy Current Loss = 0
Hysteresis Loss = 0
No flux leakage
We use the ideal tx model to approximate the behaviour of a real tx in a
power system

The Power Transformer

The Ideal 1 Phase Transformer : No Load
Steady State Behaviour
Property 1 : An ideal tx is lossless (hypothetical)
Meaning
Winding Resistance = 0: Rp = Rs = 0
Eddy Current Loss = 0
Hysteresis Loss = 0
Pin = Pout
Voltage Equations
The Transformer E.M.F Equation

The Power Transformer

The Ideal 1 Phase Transformer : No Load
Property 2 : In an ideal tx all flux links all turns of all windings, i.e. no
flux leakage
Meaning
Induced e.m.fs
Transformation ratio: a - definition
Equivalent Circuit on no load
No Load current
Voltage equations
Phasor Diagram

The Power Transformer

The Ideal 1 Phase Transformer : On Load
Demagnetizing Effect of i2 due N2i2
Additional current in N1 to neutralize demagnetizing effect of i2
() = + ()
Balance of mmfs: () = ()
Property 3 : In an ideal tx, the permeability is infinite ( = )
Meaning
=
() = ()
()

=
=
()

Power Invariance Principle: For an ideal tx, Pin = Pout, i.e. VARs are conserved,
i.e. CLE

The Power Transformer

The Ideal 1 Phase Transformer : On Load
Property 4 : Load reflected to the source: If an ideal tx is
connected to a load impedance Z, the apparent, Z, presented to the
source is
=

The Power Transformer

The Real/Practical 1 Phase Transformer
Tx Losses

C0

Stray inductance: this affects the induced emfs

The Power Transformer

The Real/Practical 1 Phase Transformer : Effect of Winding
Resistance
Losses
Distortion in the output voltage

The Power Transformer

The Steady State Behaviour Real/Practical 1 Phase Transformer
Real Tx on No - Load
Equivalent Circuit
Circuit Parameters:
Primary: + = +
Secondary: =
Phasor Diagram

The Power Transformer

The Steady State Behaviour Real/Practical 1 Phase Transformer
Real Tx On- Load
Equivalent Circuit
Equivalent circuit referred to the primary
Primary: = ( + )
Secondary: = +
Phasor Diagram

The Power Transformer

Transformer Parameters
R1
R2
X1
X2
Rm
Xm

The Power Transformer

Determination of Transformer Parameters
Open Circuit (OC) Test
Also called No Load Test
Test performed by applying rated voltage at terminals of 1 wdg (often L.
V. wdg) while the terminals of the other wdg is kept open. This should
result in rated voltage appearing on the HV wdg. Current drawn to be
low s.t. I2R loss 0 & power measured is almost all from core loss.
Aim is to determine (i) Pc, (ii) Rm, (iii) Xm and a
Measurements: (i) V1 & V2, (ii) INL, (iii) Pc
= = + +
Calculations

The Power Transformer

Determination of Transformer Parameters
Short Circuit (S.C.) Test
Test performed by shorting out one wdg (often LV) and applying
voltage at the other wdg (often HV) & adjusted until rated current
(IFL) flows in the HV wgd, at which time rated current should flow in
the LV wdg
Following are measured: (i) Vsc, (ii) Isc, (iii) Psc
Aim: To determine (i) Req, (ii) Xeq, (iii) Load loss (PL,FL)
Calculations

The Power Transformer

Transformer Performance
This addresses (i) Tx Efficiency and Tx V.R.
Tx Efficiency
What is the Pin for a required Pout?
= =

=
Maximum Efficiency: Pcu = Pc

+
+ +

The Power Transformer

Transformer Performance
Tx Voltage Regulation (V.R.)
Defined as the change in magnitude of the sec voltage from N.L.
condition to F.L. expressed as a %age of F.L. value
Expression
Transformer Cooling
ONAN
ONAF
ODAF
OFAF, etc

The Power Transformer

Transformer Ratings (Specifications)
This gives nominal operating parameters
These are
No. of phases
Frequency
Winding Connections and Vector Group
Method of cooling
Rated Apparent Power
Voltage Ratio
Tappings
Rated voltage and current @ primary & secondary

The Power Transformer

Transformers Operating in Parallel
UJ APK campus 11 kV network
Conditions (Some)
The e.m.fs should be = in magnitude & phase (vector group) in
order to circulating currents & permit good load sharing
The per unit impedances should be = in magnitude & have the
same angle, i.e. X/R ratios should be the same

The Power Transformer

Transformers Protection
Bucholtz
Winding Temperature
Oil temperature
E/F
O/C, etc