AS202- BACHELOR IN SCIENCE (HONS) CHEMISTRY

EVT521- SPATIAL ENVIROMENTAL INFORMATION

LAB 2:
GEOREFRENCING THE SCANNED MAP USING ArcGIS

NAMES

NORTASA BINTI SHAKRI

FAZRIZAL BIN DOLKAFRI
ARSYAD ISMAIL BIN SANUZI

GROUP

AS2022A

DATE OF SUBMITION
LECTURES NAME

2013621346
2013291172
2013458026

16th MAY 2014

MOHD RAZMI BIN ZAINUDIN

OBJECTIVE
To connect a scanned map with other geographical data the map needs to be referenced.
INTRODUCTION
Georefrencing is a method of moving image or grids to real-world coordinates. Basically,
control point or knows also as geo points was identify on the source layer and then
specifywhere in real world coordinate system these points are to be located. It is like spatial
adjustment, a procedure that results in transformation. Spatial adjustment move point and
then features in features classes. In contrast, georeferencing move image and grids.
Georeferencing is the process of establishing the relationship between an image (row,
column) coordinate system, called image space, and a map (x,y) coordinate system, called
map space. A similar transformation process occurs when establishing the relationship of
vector coverage in one coordinate system (i.e., digitizer units) to another map coordinate
system. The form of the input data (a vector model, an image, a cell-based raster model)
does not matter; if analysis is to take place with data on different data models, the data must
be registered to a Cartesian coordinate system.
PROCEDURE
1. The scanned map was prepared. 4 points was pointed on the map by using paint
software. And the coordinates was recorded in Microsoft excel for the registering
geocoordinates.

2. Define a projection: In the first step we need to define a projection for the map, so the
same term is also the function in ArcGIS:

Location of Define Projection in the ArcGIS Toolbox

In the tool Define Projection we choose the scanned map as Input Dataset, and the
coordinate system that is defined in the description of the map that is CDM2000.

Input of parameters
3. Preparation of the geo-referenciation:
The visibility of the georeferencing toolbar was adjust

Add the Georeferencing Toolbar

Open editor > choose toolbar options > customize >list available toolbars will be open (sheet
1 for longitude and latitude)(pointed geo point scanned map) > search for georeferencing
(CDM2000)
4. Georeferencing:
Zoom to the upper left edge of the map and search for a crossing of a longitude
and latitude.
create a point on this cross using the function Add Control Points
After marking the point use a right-click, and choose the option Input X and Y: a
window will open where we can record your pairs of input and output coordinates.

Record the values that belongs to the latitude and longitude as Y- and X-value

adding control-points
As the transformation we will use 1st Order Polynomial (Georeferencing->Transformation.
The result of the transformation needs to be exported using a right-click on the layer: Data>Export Data. It is important to give a name, file format and the storage place for the
resulting raster in the Export Data dialogue.

Export
5. Quality control:

As a minimal quality control we should compare the coordinates of the map and the
shown coordinates on the program. The new coordinates will show on the lower
right part of the working window.
6. As the geo point was set on the map and georeferencing was already updated, the
work was saved and ready for the digitizing.

CONCLUSION
By Georeferencing maps, we can visualise and compare maps in new ways, improve
retrieval and indexing methods, further their use, and develop different means of
understanding and interpreting them. It is most important that all spatial data in GIS are
located with respect to a common frame of reference. For most GIS this frame is provided by
one of a limited number of geodetic coordinate systems. Georeferencing images are an
important step for overlay techniques and to digitize maps after published paper maps. To
be integrated into GIS, a non-georeferenced image (e.g. satellite image or scanned paper
map image) must be converted from image space to map space. The image needs to be
registered to a set of coordinates that are in map space. The parameters necessary to
register can be determined in two ways by extracting them from the information that
accompany the image, or by using georeferencing tools to transform the image. Depending
on the means of collection, images can exhibit a variety of spectral and geometric
distortions. Image-processing techniques like rectifying and rubber sheeting can be used to
correct many types of distortions. Once registered and rectified, the image or grid can be
used in conjunction with other georeferenced vector or raster models or images. In other
hand to the right registering georeferencing is very important in order to ensure the next step
for this project going smoothly because it depending a lots with geo-coordinates and
geoferencing.
REFERENCES
1. Georeferencing, Michael kennedy (2009). Introducing geographic information system
with ArcGIS. Canada. Wiley. ISBN 9780470398173.
2. Georefencing,15 May 2014, retrieve from:
http://www.s4.brown.edu/s4/Training/Modul2/Georeferencing%20and%20Digitizing%
20%20in%20ArcGIS.pdf