Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SCS8-GA-2009-234061
Coordination and support action (Coordinating)
FP7-TRANSPORT SST.2008.3.1.4. Urban delivery systems
Project acronym: TURBLOG_ww
Project title: Transferability of urban logistics concepts and practices from a worldwide perspective
Deliverable 2
Business Concepts and Models for urban
logistics
Due date of deliverable: 30th of July 2011
Submission date: 6th of October 2011
Duration: 24months
Public
PP
RE
CO
Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)
Foreword
This TURBLOG Deliverable 2 was produced by TIS.PT (Rosrio Macrio, Maria Rodrigues, and Ana Gama)
and received contributions from the following members of the consortium:
Cesar Lama, PTL UNI, Peru
Paul Timms, ITS Leeds, UK
Marcelo Cintra do Amaral, BHTRANS, Brazil
Geraldo Abranches, BHTRANS, Brazil
Jarl Schoemaker, NEA, Netherlands
Nathaly Tromp, NEA, Netherlands
The review of the document was made by Nathaly Tromp, NEA.
This document is set to be Published and should be referenced as:
TURBLOG (2011), Transferability of urban logistics concepts and practices from a worldwide
perspective. Deliverable 2: Business Concepts and models for urban logistics.
Date
Description
0.1
20/08/2011
0.2
10/09/2011
0.3
16/09/2011
0.4
30/09/2011
0.5
5/10/2011
Final 1.0
6/10/2011
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9
1.1
Overview .......................................................................................................... 9
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.2
1.3
Objectives ........................................................................................................ 16
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
Why apply business model definition and components to urban logistics? ........................ 17
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
Objectives ........................................................................................................ 34
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
iii
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
Profile B: Hotels, restaurants, small grocery stores, small neighborhood markets .............. 42
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.4
References .............................................................................................................. 66
Annexes ................................................................................................................. 67
8.1
Annex A ........................................................................................................... 67
8.2
Annex B ........................................................................................................... 67
8.3
Annex C ........................................................................................................... 67
iv
INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1 Comparison of Business Models characteristics ........................................................... 28
Table 2 City area features ............................................................................................... 36
Table 3 Product characteristics ........................................................................................ 37
Table 4 Agents profile/deliveries profile ............................................................................. 37
Table 5 Logistic Profiles.................................................................................................. 39
Table 6 Characteristics of Profile A .................................................................................... 41
Table 7 Characteristics of Profile B .................................................................................... 42
Table 8 Characteristics of Profile C .................................................................................... 43
Table 9 Characteristics of Profile D .................................................................................... 44
Table 10 Characteristics of Profile E .................................................................................. 45
Table 11 Comparison between logistic profiles characteristics.................................................. 47
Table 12 Logistic profiles identification and comparison .......................................................... 50
Table 13 - Relationship between Logistic Profiles and Business Models........................................... 53
Table 14 - Combination of Logistic Profiles with the most suitable business models ........................... 54
Table 15 Comparison of the policies adopted, logistic profile identified, the business model main
characteristics and the impacts evaluation per good practice case study. ................................. 58
Table 16 Policies according to the combination of logistics profiles with the most suitable business
models ................................................................................................................... 61
INDEX OF FIGURES
Figure 1- Methodological approach of WP2 ............................................................................. 10
Figure 2 - Methodological approach of Work package 2.............................................................. 12
Figure 3 - Selected cities for the case studies ......................................................................... 14
Figure 4 Agents from urban logistics and land use system ......................................................... 19
Figure 5 Core areas of a business model .............................................................................. 20
vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
From a general point of view the objectives on urban freight can be grouped along the following aspects:
Economic (income, price, market share, system wide effects), Efficiency (minimising transport costs),
Safety, Environmental, Infrastructure. Such dimensions constitute the core issue under which a
comparison of different business concepts and models was undertaken in this research work. For the
characterisation and comparison of business models the Osterwalder (2004) business model was used as a
starting point. By applying this business model canvas, the first drawback faced relates to the lack of
reference to externalities which is a very relevant outcome of urban freight transport that cannot be
ignored. Therefore, the business model was adapted to include a 10th building block to cover
externalities generated.
Logistic profiles were defined. This concept is based on Macrio (2007) who supported the hypothesis
that, within a city, it is possible to identify areas with homogenous groups in terms of logistical needs,
based on three key variables: the urban characteristics of the area, the requirements of the logistic
agents, and the characteristics of the products they transact / type of delivery. Five Logistic Profiles
were defined:
Profile A: cluster of shops specialized in one specific type of service/product;
Profile B: Hotels, restaurants, small grocery stores, small neighbourhood markets;
Profile C: Business Centre;
Profile D: Large commercial stores;
Profile E: Residential areas with local trade;
The application of these two tools for enhancement, together with the cross comparison of the main
impact of the selected measures, enabled us to draw conclusions and identify the following:
Which business models are best targeted for urban logistics;
The logistic profiles of the case studies;
The dynamic mechanisms that can be applied.
Both analyses were elaborated with the different case studies presented in D3 as a reference,
incorporating the following case studies:
Paris, France: Chronopost Concorde, La Petit Reine, Monoprix and the Freight Oriented Urban
Master Plan of Paris;
Utrecht, the Netherlands: four measures that are part of a greater urban distribution policy
package. These are the Low Emission Zone; the City Distribution Centres; the Beer Boat and the
Cargohopper;
Belo Horizonte, Brazil: Requirements of loading and unloading spaces inside companies with
large traffic movements and Internet/telephone sales and deliveries from producer to customer
through planned routes;
Mexico City Metropolitan Area, Mexico: Public policies for urban logistics;
Santiago de Chile, Chile: Abertis Logistics Park;
Tokyo, Japan: Shinjuku joint delivery systems;
Beijing, People's Republic of China: Beijing Tobacco Logistics Centre;
New York, United States of America: Off-hour delivery program programme;
Mumbai, India: the Mumbai Dabbawalas.
Most of the urban logistic practices that were presented in case studies and that were used to test our
methodologies refer to urban city centres (Profile C), which usually face problems such as bad logistic
accesses and high levels of congestion. At the end of this report, the logistic profiles were crossed
referenced with the business models, which were then grouped into three different types of urban
logistics solutions:
Optimisation/Intermodal distribution
Logistic Parks/Centres
Last mile solutions/Micrologistics Centre
From this analysis, it was possible to analyse the relationship between the types of business models, the
types of logistic profiles and the impact evaluations of the measures from the selected case studies.
Furthermore, it was possible to identify the measures with positive impacts and the associated business
models, logistic profiles and policies that allowed the identification of better targeted policies towards
urban logistics.
The main findings of this report show that the most suitable logistic solution is defined not only by the
business characteristics, but also by the delivery, product and city area features (logistic profile), as well
as the policies adopted/to be adopted for the city. It is the combination of these three pillars that
constitute the backbone of the decision making for best urban logistics solutions.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
Although urban mobility involves the movement of both people and goods, in most cities, those who are
responsible for urban transport policy and planning have historically paid more attention to the
movement of people (developing many explicit ways of facilitation) and less attention to the movement
of goods. In spite of this general observation many cities around the world have tackled aspects of urban
freight in an attempt to solve particular or local issues or have used urban freight policy to help
contribute to the broader transport or urban objectives. As Ogden (1992) states the explicit
consideration of urban goods movements has the potential to contribute in a useful and positive way to
achieving both the goals of urban transport and some of the broader goals of urban policy and planning.
As acknowledged by the European Commission Thematic Strategy on Urban Environment, urban freight
represents typically between 20% and 25% of road space use (space used x hours) contributing to between
10% and 20% of urban road traffic (vehicle x kilometres). This clearly highlights how indispensable urban
freight is for the economy of the city, but also how it may significantly affect the attractiveness and
quality of life in urban areas (i.e. noise, pollution, congestion).
From a general point of view the objectives on urban freight can be grouped along the following aspects:
Economic (income, price, market share, system wide effects), Efficiency (minimising transport costs),
Safety, Environmental, Infrastructure and Urban Structure. Such dimensions constitute the core issues
under which a comparison of different business concepts and models will be realised. This will be done
using the different case studies as a reference.
From that assessment, a definition and establishment of logistic profiles will be done. This concept is
based on the hypothesis that, within a city, it is possible to identify areas with homogenous groups in
terms of logistic needs, based on three key variables: the urban characteristics of the area, the
requirements of the logistic agents, and the characteristics of the products they transact / type of
delivery (Macrio, 2007). Furthermore, the definition of these profiles will be done taking as the overall
background, its contribution for the urban sustainability, as seen from the 3 Ps perspective - people,
planet, and profit.
Compare the different business concepts and models identified in the different case
studies, taking also into account the different organisational and institutional settings
behind it, and
Contribute to the definition and establishment of logistic profiles taking into account the
three key variables that frame those logistic profiles (agent needs, characteristics of the
urban area and characteristics of the products/type of delivery).
10
To accomplish the objectives presented in chapter 1.1.1, the adopted methodological approach of WP2 is
illustrated in the figure below (see 1.1.2).
Regarding the definition of the business models, a theoretical framework was adapted and the business
model canvas was applied to the case studies on good practices taken from Deliverable D3 (available at
www.turblog.eu), defining the scope and each case study business model.
For the logistic profile definition, a classification scale was determined and five logistic profiles were
established. An excel based tool for the logistic profile identification was designed and applied to all
selected case studies from Deliverable D3.
The application of these two tools for enhancement, together with the cross comparison of the main
impact of the selected measures, enabled us to draw conclusions and identify the following:
11
12
14
As Deliverable D3 has already been mentioned, it is important to note that there might be better
practices known in other cities or countries in the world. However, the cities mentioned above have
been selected for a number of reasons. First, in order to present a broad variety of urban logistics
practices around the world, both in developed countries as well as in less developed countries. Each
city is also different with regard to its characteristics (for instance size, important economic sectors,
transport infrastructure and traditions). Each case study also presents one or more types of good
practices, which vary from the practices presented in the other case studies. Some of the cases were
also consciously chosen due to the specialty of country. For example, Mumbai is well-known for its
lunchbox delivery system and Tokyo for its co-operative distribution systems.
The next chapters describe the work developed in work package 2 and the findings from the results
achieved.
15
The objective is to identify which business models are best targeted for urban logistics through the
analysis of the business models of the case studies from Deliverable D3 (available at www.turblog.eu).
To accomplish this objective, the case study business models had to be described according to a
common framework business model canvas from Osterwalder. This methodological framework is
based on 9 building blocks (see chapter 2.2.3), related to a set of parameters that include:
the products and/or services to be provided,
the means by which such products/services will be provided,
the mechanisms by which opportunities could be exploited,
the different actors / agents, roles and relationships,
the financial flows, investments and incentives.
After the description of the business model of each case study, a comparison of the business model
characteristics has been performed in order to compare the different business models from the case
studies, finding similarities and differences among them (see chapter 2.4).
The next chapters present the methodological approach that has been used, adopted definition of the
business model, the rationale of why applying business models to urban logistics, the theoretical
framework for describing the business model of a case study and characteristics that could be
evaluated to compare business models.
16
As no consensus exists for the definition and components of a business model, in TURBLOG the
definition from Osterwalder & Yves Pigneur (2010) was adopted where a business model describes the
rationale of how an organisation creates, delivers, and captures value.
17
to achieving both the goals of urban transport and some of the broader goals of urban policy and
planning.
If we consider that a business model describes the rationale of how an organisation creates, delivers,
and captures value, there is a huge similarity with the urban freight delivery process. In the urban
freight delivery process there is an organisation (private or public or both businesses) creating,
delivering and capturing value through a product or a service.
To a greater degree, the study of urban freight tasks is enormously complex and heterogeneous,
involving an interdisciplinary engagement as a consequence of the difficulty to identify the common
features between the requirements of different users and vehicle operators. Furthermore, urban
freight is strongly interrelated with many other aspects of the urban system: urban passenger system,
land use, regional development, socio-economic environment, employment, etc. Thus, it is necessary,
when considering urban freight planning, to devote some effort towards understanding its integration
within urban mobility planning. As pointed out by Macrio and Caiado (2005), acting on urban logistics
domains implies intervening in different aspects of urban mobility management, particularly
institutional, regulatory, social, infrastructural and technological, therefore requiring the joint and
coordinated action of the different stakeholders in the urban logistics arena.
The scheme below illustrates the relationships between the agents related to urban freight, together
with the layers that correspond to the components of transportation and land use systems.
Understanding the relationships between the agents of the logistics activities and the major elements
that influence the urban logistics is very important to know the functioning of the urban system and
define the most feasible logistic business.
18
The following chapter presents the business model theoretical framework that was applied to the case
studies to describe the business models.
19
20
According to this framework, on the right side we have the customer and the communication channels
and relationships that are needed for a product/service to reach the customer.
On the left side, we have the organisation/partnerships and the activities and resources needed to
make a product/provide a service.
In the middle we have the most important piece, which is the customers needs/whishes and therefore,
what the producer/supplier have to offer the product/service that are of value to the customer.
21
What type of relationship is established between the organisation and the customer?
Besides the channels, the other building block that makes the bridge between the value proposition
and the customer is designated by customer relationship and describes the type of relationships that
exists. In TURBLOG three types of relationships are considered: personal assistance, selfservice/automated services and collaborative.
For the description of the framework, whenever we would like to mention the producer/supplier of the urban
22
23
24
Reduce pollution;
Reduce noise;
Social impacts
o
Reduce accidents;
Reduce congestion;
These impacts were considered externalities and so the BM was adapted to include a 10th building
block to cover these issues (see the business model adapted to urban logistics in the figure below).
25
After the definition and application of the canvas to each good practice case study, all business models
were classified according to the categories presented in the table below. This classification enabled
the identification of the main characteristics and allowed the comparison of the business models of
each case study (see Table 11).
26
27
28
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Considering the Key Partners, from all case studies analysed, the Dabbawalas and all the logistic
improvement measures analysed in the Paris and Utrecht case studies were successful because they
were implemented through strategic alliances between the companies and the Municipality. In order to
optimise their services, Beijing Tobacco Centre, Abertis Logistic Park in Santiago and the Joint Delivery
Centres in Tokyo rely on partnerships between competitors. The Mumbai Dabbawalas and the Belo
Horizonte businesses consider sale and delivery of organic products from the producer to the final
consumer and have typical buyer-supplier relationships.
TURBLOG D2: Business Concepts and Models for Urban Logistics
29
Key Activities were divided into Production, Distribution and Supporting Activities. All logistic
practices analysed consider distributions as a key activity, with the exception of Abertis Logistic Park
which only involves warehousing and other supporting activities. Besides the distribution activity, the
Belo Horizonte logistic business also considers production. The Monoprix rail project in Paris and Beijing
Tobacco Centres also comprise more than one activity, adding to the distribution supporting activities,
mainly related to warehousing operations.
Key Resources are mostly physical resources but also human and know-how (Dabbawalas in Mumbai
have their own code system; Abertis Logistics Park in Santiago takes advantage of the most up-to-date
construction standards).
The Cost Structure is very similar in most of these businesses; they all have fixed costs (salaries,
renting and so on.) and variable costs (for example some operating costs such as combustibles).
Logistic measures considering last mile solutions (Paris and Utrecht and Tokyo case studies) also have
sunk costs related with the internalisation of the externalities, as will be further described.
In regards to the Customer Relationship, there are no logistic practices with self-service or automated
services. So, the business models studied have a customer relationship divided into personal assistance
(Chronopost and La Petite Reine in Paris, Mumbai Dabbawalas, Joint Delivery Centres in Tokyo, Belo
Horizonte sale and distribution of organic products) and collaborative (Monoprix in Paris, Beijing
Tobacco Centre, Cargohopper and Beer Boat in Utrecht, and Abertis Logistic Park in Santiago).
Concerning the Customer Segments, most of the logistic practices presented have their businesses
directed towards the mass market. La Petite Reine in Paris and Belo Horizonte analysed and divided
their customers into different segments. As the Cargohopper and the Beer Boat (Utrecht) serve two or
more interdependent Customer Segments, it was considered a multi-faceted market.
The most referenced Value Propositions of these businesses is performance/efficiency. However, in
urban logistics solutions cost reductions and accessibility increases are also major targets, especially
concerning logistic Parks such as the Tobacco Centre in Beijing and Abertis Logistic Park in Santiago.
Cost reduction was also a value proposition induced from the Chronopost Case Study business model
(Paris). For the Mumbai Dabbawala customers, the most added value of this service is customisation,
reliability and price of the product.
From the Case Studies presented in Deliverable 3, is not possible to conclude the Channels used in the
Utrecht business models. Monoprix rail project (Paris) and Belo Horizonte organic food sale and
TURBLOG D2: Business Concepts and Models for Urban Logistics
30
delivery have their own stores. The last practice also sells its products through web force and
wholesalers. The company La Petite Reine in Paris uses its own direct channels and indirect partners
(partner stores/wholesaler), while Chronopost Concord only refers to its own direct channels. Mumbai
Dabbawalas is the only service that relies solely on informal communication with the customer.
The main Revenue Streams are service fees, in some cases supplemented with advertising (Chronopost
Concord and La Petite Reine in Paris, Cargohopper in Utrecht). The exceptions are the warehousing
services with asset sales (Beijing Tobacco Centre and Abertis Logistic Park) and the Beer Boat in
Utrecht.
All of the business models studied present concerns related to the Internalisation of Externalities,
especially concerning congestion and decrease of truck-km.
case of the La Petite Reine company, which specifically developed the tricycle needed for its business
with a local manufacturer, and the Beer Boat that is operating in the City of Utrecht. The need to
optimise resources and to also obtain other supporting services and infrastructures, leads to
partnerships among competitors, such as in the case study of Japan, where the key partners are
exclusively private. In these cases, the relationship with the costumer (business-business) is called
collaborative, meaning, they share infrastructures and services expecting to exchange knowledge and
problem solving, which are common to other logistic companies.
In these business model comparisons three key activities in urban logistics were considered: Production
(which basically consists in the design and processing of goods subject to a certain service),
Distribution and Supporting Activities such as warehouse renting. With the exception of the Abertis
Logistic Park located in Santiago (Chile), all the businesses considered are mainly focused in the
distribution section of the logistics chain.
Key resources are therefore physical resources but also human and know-how (Dabbawalas in Mumbai
have their own code system, Abertis Logistics Park in Santiago takes advantage of the most up-to-date
construction standards). Some business models combine more than one activity such as the Beijing case
study regarding the Tobacco Logistics Centre, which performs a uniform storage, centralised sorting
and graded distribution of tobacco for the whole city.
This distribution service can be an undifferentiated service, serving a large group of customers with
broadly similar needs and problems (no costumer segments mass market), by providing differences in
the service considering groups of costumers with similar needs (for example La petite Reine has
containers designed to carry refrigerated goods), or by serving two or more interdependent Customer
Segments, and in this case the customer segment is defined as a multi-faceted market (for example the
Beer Boat in Utrecht serves different Companies according to the day of the week).
Considering the cost structure of the businesses studied, besides fixed and variable costs, in addition,
costs related to the internalisation of externalities, such as environmental and social costs are key
issues. This especially in last mile services, due to the strict municipality restrictions concerning
environmental regulations in cities, such as Utrecht and Paris within the city centre. These investments
are sunk costs. The revenues are mainly obtained through service fees, but some cases have advertising
as a second revenue, namely the Cargohopper (Utrecht case study) and the companies Chronopost and
La Petite Reine (Paris case study).
32
As was already explained, several of the logistics improvement measures had to make investments in
non-pollutant vehicles and noise reduction equipment that represent an increase of their transport
costs but dont increase their profit, due to environmental regulations and/or circulation restrictions of
the city policies. Therefore, another block was added to the business model named Internalisation of
externalities. These externalities represent not only a cost, but also a value proposition for these
businesses once they win a competitive advantage for being environmentally friendly: The
Cargohopper is a delivery solution that is allowed to enter into the environmental zone at any time in
the City of Utrecht and the Chronopost Concorde and La Petite Reine have the possibility to rent Urban
Logistic Spaces at low prices because they use green vehicles. These environmental investments are
also used as publicity and as a communication channel with customers and represent revenues to
society in general, once they contribute to the overall environment.
33
34
35
1.2.
1.3.
Commercial density
Homogeneity
Logistic acessibility
Classification
Low
Medium
High
Low
Medium
High
Bad
Reasonable
Good
Yes
No
1.4.
Restriction applied
36
Classification
Difficult
Reasonable
2.1.1. Size
Medium (> 1 person to carry one unit) Small (>1 unit per person to
carry)
2.1.2. Weight
Medium (> 1 person to carry one unit) Light (>1 unit per person to
carry)
Difficult
Reasonable
Easy
No special needs
2.1.
Easiness of handling
Special needs
2.2.1. Fragility
Fragile
2.2.2. Perishability
Perishable
Not perishable
2.2.
Special conditions
Easy
No special needs
Classification
3.1.
Urgency of deliveries
Irrelevant
Relevant
Urgent
3.2.
Frequency of deliveries
Low
Medium
High
Daily
Few
Several
Many
One shop
Several shops
3.3.
3.4.
Amounts to be delivered
Planned deliveries
No defined routine
Defined routine
e.g. after hours deliveries, 8-10 a.m.,
...
37
38
Profile A
Profile B
Profile C
Profile D
Profile E
1.1.
Commercial density
High
Low/Medium/High
High
High
Low/Medium
1.2.
Homogeneity
High
Low/Medium/High
Low
Low
Low/Medium
1.3.
Logistic acessibility
Good/Reasonable
Bad/Reasonable/Good
Reasonable/Bad
Good
Reasonable/Bad
1.4.
Restriction applied
Yes/no
Yes/No
Yes
No
Yes
Profile A
Profile B
Profile C
Profile D
Profile E
2. Product Characteristics
2.1.
Easiness of handling
Easy/Reasonable/Difficult
Easy/Reasonable/Difficult Easy
Easy/reasonable/Difficult Easy/reasonable/Difficult
2.2.
Special conditions
Special needs
No special needs
2.2.1. Fragility
No special needs
Fragile
No special needs
No special needs
No special needs
2.2.2. Perishability
Not perishable
Perishable
Not perishable
Not perishable
Not perishable
39
3. Agent Profile/Deliveries
Profile
Profile A
Profile B
3.1.
Urgency of deliveries
Irrelevant/Relevant/Urgent
Urgent
Relevant/Urgent
Relevant
Irrelevant/Relevant/Urgent
3.2.
Frequency of deliveries
Low/Medium/High
High
High
Medium/High
Low/Medium
3.3.
Several
Few/Several
Many
Few/Several/Many
3.4.
Planned deliveries
Defined routine
Profile C
Profile D
Profile E
No defined routine
Grey Areas - Features that are not considered relevant for de definition of the Logistics Profile
40
Profile A
Commercial density
High
Homogeneity
High
Logistic acessibility
Reasonable/Bad
Measures considering
logistic needs
Level of Congestion
Restriction applied
Yes/no
below.
Product Characteristics
Easiness of handling
Easy/Reasonable/Difficult
Special conditions
Irrelevant/Relevant/Urgent
41
Profile B
City Area Features
Commercial density
Low/Medium/High
Homogeneity
Low/Medium/High
Logistic acessibility
Bad/Reasonable/Good
Restriction applied
Yes/No
Product Characteristics
Easiness of handling
Easy/Reasonable/Difficult
Special conditions
Special needs
Fragility
Fragile
Perishability
Perishable
Urgent
Defined routine
Source: www.fito.com.br
42
Profile C
Commercial density
High
Homogeneity
Low
Logistic acessibility
Reasonable/Bad
Restriction applied
Yes
Product Characteristics
Easiness of handling
Easy
Special conditions
No special needs
Relevant/Urgent
43
Profile D
City Area Features
Commercial density
High
Homogeneity
Low
Logistic acessibility
Good
Restriction applied
No
Product Characteristics
Easiness of handling
Easy/reasonable/Difficult
Special conditions
Relevant
Defined routine
Source: http://www.lagoaspark.pt/
44
Profile E
Alvalade,
Low/Medium
Homogeneity
Low/Medium
Logistic acessibility
Reasonable/Bad
Restriction applied
Yes
neighbourhood
located
in
residential
area
with
commercial
Product Characteristics
Easiness of handling
Easy/reasonable/Difficult
Special conditions
Irrelevant/Relevant/Urgent
45
46
Profile B: Hotels,
restaurants, small grocery
stores, neighborhood
markets
Product Characteristics:
Fragility, Perishability,
Amounts to be delivered
Product Characteristics:
Fragility, Perishability,
special conditions
Deliveries Profile: Amounts
to be delivered
47
Chronopost Concorde;
La Petite Reine;
Mumbai Dabbawalas
Sale and delivery of organic products directly from the producer to the customer;
48
concerns a set of regulations such as the Vehicle Verification Programme, that are not directly
associated with one type of product or service, as well as a homogeneous area and the city.
49
City Area
Features
Characteristics
Low
Low
Bad
Bad
Reasonable
Reasonable
Reasonable
Some specific
Some specific
Some specific
Some specific
Some specific
Some specific
measures
measures
measures
measures
measures
measures
Reasonable
High
High
Not determined
Low
Low
Low
Reasonable
Reasonable
Reasonable
Low
Logistic acessibility
Reasonable
Measures considering
Some specific
Level of Congestion
Reasonable
Not determined
Not determined
Bad
Bad
Bad
Bad
Reasonable
Restriction applied
Yes
Not determined
Not determined
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Easiness of handling
Easy
Not determined
Easy
Easy
Easy
Easy
Easy
Reasonable
Easy
person to carry)
person to carry)
person to carry)
person to carry)
Easy
Reasonable
Easy
Size
Holding Conditions
Urgency of deliveries
Logistic Profile
Low
High
Homogeneity
Perishability
Profile
High
Low
High
Not determined
Fragility
Deliveries
Medium
High
Special conditions
Agent Profile /
Brasil
High
Tokyo, Japan
Commercial density
measures
Belo Horizonte,
Netherlands
Mumbai , India
France
logistic needs
Utrecht , The
Beijing, China
Paris, France
Weight
Product
France
Not determined
Not determined
Not determined
No special needs
person to carry)
to carry)
person to carry)
person to carry)
Easy
Easy
Reasonable
Special needs
No special needs
Special needs
Not determined
No special needs
No special needs
Fragile
No special needs
No special needs
Not perishable
Not determined
Not perishable
Perishable
Not perishable
Not perishable
Not determined
Perishable
Urgent
needs
Fragile
Not determined
Relevant
Relevant
Relevant
Urgent
Urgent
Relevant
Relevant
Frequency of deliveries
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Amounts to be delivered
Several
Many
Few
Several
Several
Several
Several
Several
Several
Several shops
Several shops
Several shops
Several shops
Several shops
Several shops
Several shops
Number of shops
Van/small truck
Planned deliveries
Defined routine
Defined routine
Defined routine
Defined routine
PROFILE C
PROFILE D
PROFILE C
PROFILE C
smaller vehicles
Van/small truck
Van/small truck
Defined routine
Defined routine
PROFILE B
PROFILE C
Several shops
Light goods vehicle
Not determined
Van/small truck
Defined routine
Defined routine
No defined routine
PROFILE C
PROFILE E
PROFILE B
or smaller vehicles
50
Most of the urban logistic practices that were presented in the case studies (Deliverable D3) refer to
urban city centres (Profile C) that usually face problems, such as bad logistic accessibility and high levels
of congestion. Also major urban city centres have to deal with the impacts from goods vehicles on the
urban environment, such as noise, congestion and air pollution. Therefore, the logistic measures
identified in Paris, New York City, Beijing and Tokyo concern restrictions towards the circulation of goods
vehicles, such as time windows or vehicle dimensions. In addition, some innovative measures are being
tested as last mile solutions, such as low-emission transport modes introduced by Chronopost and La
Petite Reine in Paris.
Concerning Profile B, the key issue of this profile is the special conditions that the distribution of
perishable goods require, as well as the distribution concerns that are common in most urban centres,
such as congestion during rush hours. The special needs from perishable products may imply temperature
conditions (chilled, frozen, ambient temperature) or conditioning needs such as, for example, open
packages. Therefore, the urgency of deliveries is very relevant and the frequency of deliveries is normally
high (on a daily basis). In the Mumbai case study some time and access restrictions to the freight
circulation are considered in local transport policies and therefore, the Mumbai Dabbawalas Operation
System is presented as a successful logistics model that cut-crosses these restrictions, because it is based
on door-to-door food delivery services that uses public transport and non-pollutant vehicles (bicycles) for
their daily deliveries. Moreover, the solution presented in the case study Belo Horizonte (Brazil) includes
innovations on Business-to-Consumer approaches, namely the distribution directly from the producer to
the final consumer.
Profile D regards greater amounts of goods to supply large retail shops, such as supermarkets. The
Monoprix rail train was designed to supply all Monoprixs supermarkets within Paris. This profile is also
applied to big warehouses and distribution centres, as presented in the Santiago do Chile case study. The
Abertis Logistics Park is a modern logistics park located in the Metropolitan Region and has good access to
the main highways of the city and routes to two major ports in the country, with no restrictions applied.
For areas that are predominantly residential (Profile E), the geometry of the streets is, in most of the
cases, not prepared for commercial supply, such as loading bays exclusive for commercial establishments,
especially in historical city centres. In Utrecht, the solutions for urban logistics include private-public
partnerships, programmes between municipalities/groups of municipalities, and municipality regulations
(vehicle restrictions/time windows/city distribution centres/logistic routes). Cargohopper is an example
of a solution for the constraints caused by the geometry of the streets. This train like vehicle produces
zero emissions and is allowed to circulate in the inner city at any time and any place.
There are some logistic measures that are transversal to all logistic profiles, such as the off-hour delivery
programme presented in the New-York case study. These logistic measures can be loading/unloading
regulations or urban master plans which have a wide application within the city. These wide scope
51
logistic measures can sometimes neutralise other measures that are specific for one determined area,
product or delivery type. In other cases urban regulations can foresee and encourage innovative urban
logistic actions, as for example, the Paris Freight Oriented Master plan, on which the preservation of land
is foreseen, in order to develop logistic facilities with railway or waterway access and the identification
of areas to tranship goods from a boat/ship to a delivery vehicle during certain times of the day.
52
The major outputs that come from this comparison is that last mile solutions are generally a concern of
densely built areas, namely residential areas, offices and commercial activities (Profiles C and E). The
innovative approaches considering Profile B also consider last mile solutions, but in these cases logistic
measures incorporate the entire logistic chain, from the producer to the final consumer. Due to the large
amounts of products that are subjected to the type of businesses considered in Profile D, warehousing
53
and supporting activities are major concerns and therefore in both cases studies, optimisation solutions,
such as logistic centres with several supporting facilities and good accessibilities, including intermodal
distribution, as the Monoprix rail project in Paris, France are considered.
The analysis of the case studies allows conclusions to be drawn about what the the best solutions are for
each type of logistic profile, as shown in the figure below.
A classification was made to evaluate the suitability of each type of business model considering the
identified logistic profiles (see Table 14). Although there are no examples regarding Profile A, a
classification was also made for this type of Profile. According to its description, it is possible to describe
some Profile A cases as being equivalent to Profile D, but in a less mature stage of development,
considering the solutions for transportation and distribution logistics. Therefore, the logistic improvement
solutions that are most suitable to Profile D, are also adjustable to Profile A. However, in the last case
additional measures will have to be taken into account together with regulation and freight policies.
Table 14 - Combination of Logistic Profiles with the most suitable business models
TURBLOG D2: Business Concepts and Models for Urban Logistics
54
From the table above it is possible to conclude that for logistic profiles that involve a great amount of
goods deliveries (profile A and D), the best business models are the ones that aim to optimise the
distributions, such as intermodal distribution and the concentration of related services in specialised
areas, such as logistic parks/centres, as the successful logistic practices of Monoprix and Abertis Logistic
Park showed.
The case studies that fit into Profile B are the Dabbawalas in Mumbai, and the organic products sale and
delivery in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. These examples present good solutions to deliver perishable products
using alternative modes of transport and to deliver products straight from the producer to the final
consumer. Therefore, business models involving optimisation and intermodal distribution were considered
as the most adequate for this profile.
Profiles C and E usually correspond to areas that face problems related to congestion and accessibility,
and therefore business models regarding last mile solutions are the ones considered with more potential
to be implemented within areas with these features.
55
5 IDENTIFICATION
OF
DYNAMIC
MECHANISMS
FOR
BM
This chapter describes the process undertaken to identify the dynamic mechanism (or the potential
engine) for business models implementation and transferability. From a certain perspective this task can
be understood as a tool for the evaluation of trade-offs and synergies between urban freight transport,
the urban environment and the urban economy.
From the analysis of the case studies, it was possible to analyse the relationship between the types of
business models, the types of logistic profiles and the impact evaluations of the measures from the
selected case studies. From this relationship, it was possible to identify the measures with positive
impacts and the associated business models, logistic profiles and policies that allowed the identification
of better targeted policies towards urban logistics.
Figure 10 Relationship between business models, logistic profiles and impacts from the measures
The following table summarises the policies adopted, the logistic profile identified, the business model
main characteristics and the impact evaluations per good practice case study.
56
The green symbols represent the positive impacts that the selected good practices had. The red symbols
represent negative impacts caused by the implementation of the measures and the grey symbols
represent measures with limited or almost no impacts shown. If the symbols have a pattern, this means
that no quantitative and/or qualitative data was available in the case studies and that an assumption has
been made regarding the impact. The purpose of this comparison is to give a broad overview of the
expected main impacts of the different measures and to show the type of impacts that can be expected
with the application of those measures, with the adoption of that type of policy, according to that
logistic profile and most suitable business model.
As the impact of measures shows, in general, all measures contribute towards making the city more
attractive and the environment more sustainable.
57
Table 15 Comparison of the policies adopted, logistic profile identified, the business model main characteristics and the impacts evaluation per good practice case study.
Economic impacts
Case
Policies
Studies
Logistic Profile
main characteristics
Transport
City attractiveness
costs
Transport impacts
Reduction of
Efficiency /
congestion
Productivity
reductions
Decrease of
Volume of
transport
goods
fleet
transported
Accessibility
of vehicles
Pollution
(Truck)
-km
Social impacts
Noise
Quality of life
Reduction of
Working
accidents
conditions
(+)
(+)
(~)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(-)
(~)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(~)
(~)
(~)
(+)
(+)
(~)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(~)
(~)
area.
Partnership with M unicipality; Clean delivery
vehicles; Delivery centre close to operational
area
La Petite Reine specifically developed the
tricycle needed for its business with a local
manufacturer.
PROFILE D
PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
PROFILE C
D
Program (2004-2020)
PROFILE B
Legend:
Positive impacts
Limited or almost no impacts shown
Negative impacts
58
Economic impacts
Case
Policies
Studies
Logistic Profile
main characteristics
Transport
City attractiveness
costs
reductions
Transport impacts
Reduction of
Efficiency /
congestion
Productivity
Decrease of
Volume of
transport
goods
fleet
transported
Accessibility
of vehicles
Pollution
(Truck)
-km
Social impacts
Noise
Quality of life
Reduction of
Working
accidents
conditions
City area features: high commercial business) is called collaborative, meaning, they
application of restrictions
(+)
(~)
(~)
(+)
(+)
(~)
(~)
(~)
(+)
(~)
(~)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(~)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(~)
(+)
(~)
(+)
(~)
(~)
(~)
(+)
(~)
ACCESS CONDITIONS
PROFILE E
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
to reasonable; application of
restrictions
PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
infrastructure
ACCESS CONDITIONS
J
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
PROFILE B
PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Legend:
Positive impacts
Limited or almost no impacts shown
Negative impacts
59
From the case study comparisons, it should be mentioned that the type of policies land use management
and traffic management adopted by business models based in last mile solutions/micrologistics centres
(logistic profiles C and E), present positive environmental impacts. These positive impacts are amongst
others, reduction of pollution, less km travelled by truck, positive social impacts and positive economic
impacts such as city attractiveness, reduction of congestion and efficiency/productivity. All these good
practices combine distribution centres and clean vehicles/ deliveries for the last mile distribution in
residential areas densely built, with commerce and services.
The type of policies adopted in Profile B and D show that land use management and public infrastructure
have a positive impact especially in the environmental impacts and city attractiveness.
The Cargohopper and Beer boat are clean electric vehicles adapted to the city area features (narrow
streets, water channels and restrictions applied (size, type of vehicle and time windows)) and operate
mainly in residential areas, with commercial activities. This logistic profile (Profile E) combines the four
types of policies and presents positive impacts in the city attractiveness, congestion reduction, the
environment and social impacts.
Only two case studies present positive transport costs reduction, namely the case studies from Mumbai
and the Tobacco Logistcs centre and both adopted policies related to land use management (in the case
of the Logistic centre, it also involved public infrastructure).
The following table illustrates which type of policies should be recommended for the combination of
logistic profiles with the most suitable business models, according to the findings from the good practices
that were assessed.
60
Table 16 Policies according to the combination of logistics profiles with the most suitable business
models
Combination of Logistic Profiles with the most suitable business model
Profiles PROFILE A
Business models
Policies
PROFILE D
PROFILE B
PROFILE C
Optimization/
Intermodal distribution
Optimization/
Intermodal distribution
Optimization/
Intermodal
distribution
Logistic Parks/
Centres
PROFILE E
Last mile
solutions/
Micrologistics
centre
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
ACCESS CONDITIONS
LAND USE MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
From the table above it can be observed that all combinations of logistic profile + business model have
the common policy land use management. It is a policy that is strongly related with the city planning e.g.
master plan (in some cases, already freight oriented, as the case of the land use public policies for
logistics considering zoning for logistic activities e.g. Utrecht, land use subsidies e.g. Chronopost
Concorde, Monoprix and La Petite Reine, etc.
Last mile solutions/micrologistics centres have a common policy, which is traffic management. This
policy is related to the deliveries to and from micrologistic centres, as usually they are in the city centre
or in residential areas with commerce and services. These areas usually have (or need) vehicle size and
type restrictions, fuel taxes, subsidies for low emission vehicles and so on.
The land use management and public infrastructure policies are usually applied together, as a package of
needed policies. If the type of business is last mile solutions/micrologistics centre, besides these two
policies, then traffic management is also recommended for this package.
For optimisation/intermodal distribution, besides the land use management and the public infrastructure,
it is also recommended that access condition policies; as in the intermodal distribution, loading and
unloading is one of the activities that is repeated in the logistic chain, be considered.
Despite no evidence, we assume that Profile A needs the same type of policies that profile D, but
due to high commercial density, it would be good to have also access condition policies to ensure
that the loading and unloading is improved.
61
In general, these findings enable us to draft the following recommendations for the successful
implementation of the measures:
For the implementation of logistic parks/centres and micrologistics centres, it is recommended to
adopt land use management policies, to define zoning for logistic activities and land use pricing
and/or subsidies. For logistic parks/centres, it is also recommended to adopt public
infrastructure policies, such as new infrastructure for freight, new transport network
infrastructure, etc;
For the optimisation/Intermodal distribution, the key activities are production and distribution
and the main characteristic of the business model is related to the product characteristics,
therefore the policies related to access conditions and traffic management, together with the
land use management and public infrastructure, have presented a successful implementation of
the measures assessed in this project as good practices;
62
6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
This deliverable has provided a methodology to identify the dynamic mechanisms for business concepts,
implementation and transferability, based on the case studies addressed in Deliverable D3.
One of the outputs that came from the business model analysis is that the building blocks of
Osterwalders approach are not sufficient enough to fully understand the motives as to why a logistics
company invests in such innovative solutions. Several of the logistics improvement measures that needed
to be made were investments in non-pollutant vehicles and noise reduction equipment that represent an
increase on their transport costs but dont increase their profit, due to environmental regulations and/or
circulation restrictions of the city policies. Urban Policies are therefore a major player in the urban
logistics business. Therefore, another block was added to the business model named Internalisation of
externalities. These externalities represent not only a cost, but also a value proposition for these
businesses once they win a competitive advantage for being environmentally friendly: The Cargohopper
is a delivery solution that is allowed to enter into the environmental zone at any time in the City of
Utrecht, and the Chronopost Concorde and La Petite Reine have the possibility to rent Urban Logistic
Spaces at low prices because they use green vehicles. These environmental investments are also used as
publicity and as a communication channel with customers, and represent revenues to society in general
once they contribute to the overall environment.
From the analysis of the different examples of successful urban logistic measures, is possible to conclude
that most of the innovative business concepts presented rely on partnerships other than the typical
buyer-supplier relationship, with the expectation to improve performance (efficiency) and accessibility of
their services as core value propositions. Moreover, some business concepts were only effectively
implemented because they were sustained by public administration policies, which provided availability
of warehouse spaces or accessibilities and, in some cases, financial incentives, resulting in partnerships
with the municipality or other government administrations (e.g. Monoprix, Chronopost, La Petite Reine).
In order to meet the municipal environmental requirements and restrictions and also looking towards
improving service performance, some companies developed joint ventures to develop these new services
(e.g. La Petite Reine, that developed the tricycle needed for its business with a local manufacturer, and
the Beer Boat that is operating in the City of Utrecht). The need to optimise resources and also to obtain
other supporting services and infrastructures, leads to partnerships among competitors, such as in the
case study of Japan, where the key partners are exclusively private. In these cases, the relationship with
the customer (business-business) is called collaborative, meaning, they share infrastructures and services
expecting to exchange knowledge and problem solving, which are common to other logistic companies.
63
In the business model comparisons there were three key activities considered in urban logistics:
production, distribution and supporting activities, such as warehouse renting (which basically consisted of
the design and processing of goods subject to a certain service), With the exception of the Abertis
Logistic Park located in Santiago (Chile), all the businesses considered are mainly located in the
distribution section of the logistics chain.
A methodology for the identification of logistic profiles was also developed in this report and five
different logistic profiles were established. Most of the features that were considered relevant for the
definition of a logistic profile are related to the city area characteristics, such as commercial density and
homogeneity, logistic accessibility and restrictions applied to the circulation of goods vehicles. However,
there is one profile that differs from the others, due to the particularities of perishable products such as
grocery articles (greens, fruits and other foodstuffs). The five logistic profiles defined are as follows:
Profile A: Cluster of shops specialised in one specific type of service/product;
Profile B: Hotels, restaurants, small grocery stores, small neighbourhood markets;
Profile C: Business Centre;
Profile D: Large commercial stores;
Profile E: Residential areas with local trade;
An analysis was made to all case studies presented in D3, and to each case study the following logistic
profile was assigned:
Most of the urban logistic practices that were presented in case studies (Deliverable D3) and that were
used to test our methodologies refer to urban city centres (Profile C), which usually face problems such
as bad logistic accesses and high levels of congestion. At the end of this report the logistic profiles were
crossed referenced with the business models, which were grouped into three different types of urban
logistics solutions:
Optimisation/Intermodal distribution
Logistic Parks/Centres
TURBLOG D2: Business Concepts and Models for Urban Logistics
64
The main outcome from the relationships of these policies with the urban solutions and logistic profiles
can enable us to draft the following recommendations for the successful implementation of the measures:
For the implementation of logistic parks/centres and micrologistics centres, it is recommended to
adopt land use management policies, to define zoning for logistic activities, land use pricing
and/or subsidies. For logistic parks/centres, it is also recommended to adopt public
infrastructure policy, such as new infrastructure for freight, new transport network infrastructure
and so on;
For the optimisation/Intermodal distribution, the key activities are production and distribution
and the main characteristic of the business model is related to the product characteristics. Due
to this, the policies related to access conditions and traffic management, together with the land
use management and public infrastructure, have presented a successful implementation of the
measures assessed in this project as good practices.
From the analysis it is possible to induce that entrepreneurship is a key factor for the
enhancement of urban freight solutions but it requires also the intervention of public policies to
encourage that entrepreneurship.
65
7 REFERENCES
LINDER, J. and CANTRELL, S. (2000), Changing Business Models: Surveying the Landscape;
Accenture, Institute for Strategic Change. Accenture; Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2000.
OSTERWALDER, Alexander (2004), The Business Model Ontology - A proposition in a Design
Science Approach, These pour lobtention du grade de Docteur en Informatique de Gestion.
Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales de lUniversit de Lausanne. 2004.
OSTERWALDER A, PIGNEUR Y. (2010), Business Model Generation - A Handbook for Visionaries,
Game Changers, and Challengers. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken. New Jersey.
2010.
OSTERWALDER A, PIGNEUR Y. and TUCCI C.L. (2005), Clarifying Business Models: Origins,
Present, and Future of the Concept. Communications of the Association for Information Systems
(AIS) Las Vegas, USA. 2005.
MAGRETTA, Joan (2002), Why Business Models Matter, Harvard Business Review. 2002.
Sthler, P. (2002) Business Models as an Unit of Analysis for Strategizing. International Workshop
on Business Models. Lausanne, Switzerland.2002.
Morris, M.; Schindehutte, M., Allen, J (2003). The entrepreneurs business model: toward a
unified perspective. Elsevier, Journal of Business Research. 2003.
MACRIO R. et al. (2007), Logurb - Optimizao de Sistemas Logsticos de Distribuio de
Mercadorias em Meio Urbano - state of the art da logistica urbana, Fundao de Cincia e
Tecnologia, Lisboa, Portugal.2007.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Delivering the Goods (2003),
21st Century Challenges to Urban Goods Transport. 2003.
HENSHER, D.A. E PUCKETT, S. M. (2005), Refocusing the modelling of freight distribution:
Development of an economic-based framework to evaluate supply chain behaviour in response to
congestion charging. 2005.
Rodrigue, J. (2006), Freight and the City: An Overview of Urban Freight Distribution and City
Logistics, Maritime Infrastructure Engineering and Management Program, Rutgers University,
April 2006.
66
8 ANNEXES
8.1 ANNEX A
Definitions of the characteristics of the business models
8.2 ANNEX B
Urban business model canvas of each case study
8.3 ANNEX C
Logistic profile identification of each case study
67
8.1 ANNEX A
Definitions of the characteristics of the business models
Key partners
Key activities
Categories
Distribution
Supporting activities
Key resources
Physical
This category includes physical assets such as manufacturing facilities, buildings, vehicles,
machines, systems, point-of-sales systems, and distribution networks. (Osterwalder, 2010)
Know-how
Know-how is practical knowledge of how to get something done. In the context of industrial
property, know-how is a component in the transfer of technology in national and
international environments, co-existing with or separate from other IP rights such as patents,
trademarks and copyright. (in wikipedia)
financial
Some business models call for financial resources and/or financial guarantees, such as cash,
lines of credit, or a stock option pool for hiring key employees. (Osterwalder, 2010)
fixed costs
variable costs
Cost structure
Customer relationships
Customer segments
Types of relationships
Sunk costs
Externalities
personal assistance
The customer can communicate with a real customer representative to get help during the
sales process or after the purchase is complete. (Osterwalder, 2010)
self service provides all the necessary means for customers to help themselves. Automated
services can recognize individual customers and their characteristics, and oer information
related to orders or transactions. (Osterwalder, 2010)
colloborative
Costumers share infrastructures and services expecting to exchange knowledge and solve
its'problems, which are common to other logistic companies. (Osterwalder, 2010)
Mass market
Large group of customers with broadly similar needs and problems (Osterwalder, 2010)
performance
customisation
Reliability
price
Elements that can contribute to
customer value creation
Costs that remain the same despite the volume of goods or services produced. (Osterwalder,
2010)
Costs that vary proportionally with the volume of goods or services produced. (Osterwalder,
2010)
In economics and business decision-making, sunk costs are retrospective (past) costs that
have already been incurred and cannot be recovered. Sunk costs are sometimes contrasted
with prospective costs, which are future costs that may be incurred or changed if an action is
taken. Both retrospective and prospective costs may be either fixed (that is, they are not
dependent on the volume of economic activity, however measured) or variable (dependent
on volume). (in wikipedia)
Value proposition
These activities relate to designing, making, and delivering a product in substantial quantities
and/or of superior quality. Production activity dominates the business models of
manufacturing firms. (Osterwalder, 2010)
Distribution is also a very important component of Logistics & Supply chain management.
Distribution in supply chain management refers to the distribution of a good from one
business to another. (in wikipedia)
This supporting activities can include warehousing facilities, offices or placing - network
design services. (Osterwalder, 2010)
Some business models distinguish between market segments with slightly different needs
and problems. (Osterwalder, 2010)
Organizations serve two or more interdependent Customer Segments (Osterwalder, 2010)
Improving product or service performance has traditionally been a common way to create
value (Osterwalder, 2010)
Tailoring products and services to the specific needs of individual customers or Customer
Segments creates value. (Osterwalder, 2010)
Customers trust and therefore find value in using and displaying a specific brand.
(Osterwalder, 2010)
low-price Value propositions have important implications for the rest of a business model.
(Osterwalder, 2010)
cost reduction
Helping customers reduce costs is an important way to create value. (Osterwalder, 2010)
risk reduction
Customers value reducing the risks they incur when purchasing products or services.
(Osterwalder, 2010)
acessibility
Making products and services available to customers who previously lacked access to them is
another way to create value. This can result from business model innovation, new
technologies, or a combination of both. Making things more convenient or easier to use can
create substantial value. (Osterwalder, 2010)
Channels
Type of channels
asset sale
Revenue Streams
service
advertising
Owned Channels and particularly direct ones have higher margins, but can be costly to put in
place and to operate. (Osterwalder, 2010)
Partner Channels lead to lower margins, but they allow an organization to expand its reach
and benefit from partner strengths. (Osterwalder, 2010)
On the other hand, informal approaches recognize that a variety of needs, including social
ones, underlie communication in organizations and that, as a result, the actual
communication relationships in an organization may be less rational than formal systems
(Johnson, 1993).
The most widely understood Revenue Stream derives from selling ownership rights to a
physical product. (Osterwalder, 2010)
This Revenue Stream is generated by the use of a particular service. The more a service is
used, the more the customer pays. (Osterwalder, 2010)
This Revenue Stream results from fees for advertising a particular product, service, or brand.
(Osterwalder, 2010)
8.2 ANNEX B
Urban business model canvas of each case study
Product manufactures,
service providers,
retailers
Co-operative movement
whose basic entity is the
Dabbawala.
n.a.
The main cost items are wages, rail passes and rail
freight charges.
Beijing Tobacco
Logistics Centre
The original districtlevel distribution
centres
Cigarette factories,
enterprises and
retailers.
52,700m2 of production
area, goods yard, parking
place, living area and other
Environmental storehouse
functional areas.
The complexity of
internal management of
business departments
has reduced. Customer
managers time and
energy are saved.
Customers have better
marketing services.
Direct distribution to
70% cigarette retailers
within 45km of city (65%
of sales volume of
whole city) and relaybased distribution to
other retailers in
districts and counties
beyond 45km (30% of
cigarette retailers of
whole city and 35% of
sales volume of whole
city)
n.a.
COMAM, traders of
supermarkets and
Hypermarkets, shopping
centre retailers,
industrial and freight
transport enterprises,
landfills and recycling
solid wastes plants,
racetracks, race courses
and sports stadiums,
graveyards, slaughter
houses, prisons,
headquarters, bus
stations, rail and airline
transportation, industrial
areas, Belo Horizonte
Municipality, BHTRANS.
Individual Customer,
families and supermarkets
receive healthy and good
quality products at home
and in time scheduled.
Restaurants,
supermarkets and
individual customers.
Delivery according to
customer purchase order;
Fresh products, 2 types of
distribution
Rent of warehouses
equipped with services
keys in hand- Designing
storage centres tailored to
the client particular needs,
with the same construction
standards.
Rent of offices.
Higher standards of
urbanisation compared to
other storage services.
International operators
Higher standards of
urbanisation compared to
other storage services.
Municipal department of
public works (SW), which
includes the port
authority and is
responsible for waste
collection.
Beer companies
Transport capacity;
The new electric Beer Boat
uses green energy and can be
used 8-9 hours on one
charge.
n.a.
Service fee
The Cargohopper can also be used as a public
announcer, because there is space on the sides
of the vehicle for advertisement.
Chronopost
Municipality of Paris
Other stakeholders
involved:
Provides transhipment
facilities within the city
walls, the Urban
Logistics Spaces (ULS).
It has a hub outside of
Paris and it uses a fleet
of electric vehicles for
the final deliveries.
Electricity distribution
company of France
Ademe (French
Environment and Energy
Management Agency)
1,90 m
No wasted time in
congestion; decrease of
emissions by 16.6 tonnes;
Over one year of activity,
local emissions of NOx had
decreased; The use of
electrical vehicles have an
impact on noise emissions
in the city.
Subcontractor to major
express delivery companies,
the communication channel
was those delivery
companies.
Generated savings of 89
TOE in engine
consumption; Avoied
emissions of 203 tonnes of
CO2 and 84 kg of
particles; Reduced noise
pollution.
Monoprix
The City of Paris Direction
Rgionale de l'Equipement
financed the initial
projects feasibility study;
SNCF, the French national
rail operator: owner of the
Bercy logistics facility and
whose subsidiary, VFLI,
operates the train.
Monoprix supermarkets:
300 urban supermarkets in
France.
Customer: mass market
n.a.
8.3 ANNEX C
Logistic profile identification of each case study
Commercial density
1.2.
Homogeneity
Not determined
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Not determined
1.3.
Logistic acessibility
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Reasonable
In 2004-2005, the Direction Regionale de l'Equipement (States regional agency for transport and land use
matters) and the City of Paris were studying how to promote railway for freight transport in the Paris
Region. They decided to finance a feasibility study in order to experiment the possibility to use railway for
goods for the supply of supermarkets. Monoprix accepted to participate in the project.
1.4.
Restriction applied
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Loading operations must be finished by 6:00pm, when the assemblage of the train must start.
2. Product Characteristics
2.1.
Easiness of handling
2.1.1. Size
2.1.2. Weight
Yes
Special conditions
2.2.1. Fragility
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
All the stores non-alcoholic beverages and general goods (textiles, cosmetics and household and leisure
items) are shipped by train
2.2.2. Perishability
No special needs
No special needs
Not determined
3.1.
Urgency of deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Relevant
3.2.
Frequency of deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
High
3.3.
Amounts to be delivered
Products are prepared and palletized for each supermarket following each supermarkets daily order.
3.4.
Planned deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Monoprix is a French retail group (50% subsidiary of Casino and Groupe Galeries Lafayette, two large French
retail groups), with more than 300 urban supermarkets in France.
Monoprix is famous in City Logistics because its Paris stores are now partly supplied by rail. In November
2007, the first Monoprix train ran from Monoprix's suburban warehouses to Paris Bercy rail station, located
in the 12th borough of Paris, within the Citys limits. This represents a 30 km rail link. The Monoprix train
uses passenger trains tracks at off-peak hours. From the Paris Bercy terminal, CNG (compressed natural gas)
trucks deliver pallets to the 65 Paris supermarkets. Recently, stores located in the close suburban
municipalities around Paris have been added to the scheme, and more than 90 stores are now supplied by
the combination of rail and CNG trucks.
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Many
Retail center/big shops
Heavy goods vehicles
Defined routine
() it was important that the final delivery points, the supermarkets, be not impacted by the new process
and receives the same quality of service: same schedules and same frequencies of deliveries.
Profile D
1.1.
Commercial density
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
The inner city of Utrecht has a centre with canals, many historical buildings and narrow streets. This setting
provides several problems for freight deliveries, such as congestion. On the other hand the canals also
provide an opportunity, such as transport by water. In 2008 Utrecht counted 750 shops and 370 catering
companies (restaurants, cafs, hotels etc.). To deliver goods to these shops 3,700 trips were made each
week to provide 7,500 deliveries. The volume was about 14,700 m3 of goods to the city centre.
1.2.
Homogeneity
Logistic acessibility
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Over the years the city of Utrecht has introduced different measures to decrease the problem of congestion,
improve air quality and improve the quality of life of its inhabitants and visitors. This has been incorporated
in the urban policy of Utrecht. Until around 2000 there was relatively little coherence in the policy measures
of Utrecht in the area of urban distribution. Since 2003 Utrecht has structured its policy and there is a
continuous effort on Utrechts behalf to improve the situation of urban distribution.
The biggest problem that urban transport in Utrecht faces is congestion during rush hours on the highways
around Utrecht and the roads in the inner city and the air quality problems that this congestion causes.
1.4.
Restriction applied
2.1.
Easiness of handling
2.1.1. Size
Reasonable
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
2.2.1. Fragility
2.2.2. Perishability
Yes
Reasonable
2.1.2. Weight
2.2.
Low
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
See below
2. Product Characteristics
Medium
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
See above.
1.3.
Not determined
3.1.
Urgency of deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Relevant
3.2.
Frequency of deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
High
See above
3.3.
Amounts to be delivered
3.3.1. Number of shops
3.3.2. Vehicles weight and size
3.4.
Planned deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
See above
See below
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Given the physical characteristics of Utrecht, on some routes in the inner city vehicle restrictions have been
introduced. This involves both length (9 meters) and axis load restrictions in order to avoid (more) damage
to historical cellars and bridges. In addition, time windows have been implemented. These are periods of
time during the day that freight transport in trucks is allowed to take place in a restricted area.
Several
Several shops
Light goods vehicle or smaller vehicles
Defined routine
Profile E
1.1.
Commercial density
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Beijing's most traditional business districts are Xidan Street and Wangfujing Street. With time, many new
business districts have been formed around Beijng's circular urban structure. New business districts continue
to appear, market competitiveness becomes increasingly fierce and "multi-center" characteristics become
more and more apparent. Business districts include: Qianmen Business District, Fuchengmen Business
District, Chaoyangmen Business District, Dongzhimen Business District, Dongdan Business District, Anzheng
Business District, Madian Business District, etc.; Major business districts include: China World Shopping Mall,
Yansha Business District, Wangfujing Business District, Xidan Business District, Zhongguancun Business
District, Ya'ou Business District, etc. Beijing's major business districts centralize in the city center within the
4th Ring Road, resulting in urban logistics traffic bringing great pressure to the urban traffic.
1.2.
Homogeneity
1.3.
Logistic acessibility
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
In June 2005, Beijing municipality promulgated the Beijing Transport Development Program (2004-2020)
which brings forward the target of building up a "new transport system of Beijing", and draws out strategic
approaches, major transport policies and action measures for the achievement of the objectives. It is
regarded as a programmatic document for guiding the formulation of transport policies, transport planning
and implementation plan in the future period.
Increasingly serious traffic jams have greatly reduced the efficiency of logistics and transport.
Restriction applied
2. Product Characteristics
2.1.
Easiness of handling
A range of transport control measures are stipulated for freight vehicles' access to the city center in Beijing
Yes
Easy
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
2.2.1. Fragility
3.1.
Urgency of deliveries
No special needs
No special needs
2.2.2. Perishability
Easy
Small (>1 unit per person to carry)
2.1.2. Weight
Special conditions
Low
Reasonable
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
2.1.1. Size
2.2.
High
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
See above
1.4.
Not perishable
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Relevant
see above
3.2.
Frequency of deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
High
see above
3.3.
Amounts to be delivered
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Several
see above
Several shops
see above
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Defined routine
3.4.
Planned deliveries
see above
Profile C
1.1.
Commercial density
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Belo Horizonte has several regions with an intense concentration of residences and services
1.2.
1.3.
Homogeneity
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Logistic acessibility
Belo Horizonte concentrates high level of business services and administration services. Retail has also an
important share
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Restriction applied
2.1.
Easiness of handling
2.1.1. Size
2.1.2. Weight
2.1.3. Holding conditions
2.2.
Special conditions
2.2.1. Fragility
2.2.2. Perishability
3.1.
Urgency of deliveries
High
Low
Reasonable
There are exclusive loading bays, some distribution center for the big players
The traffic has a high level on peak hours specially in the city centre
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
There is a restriction police in the city centre to above five tons trucks
2. Product Characteristics
Yes
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Easy
Special needs
Fragile
Perishable
Urgent
Frequency of deliveries
3.3.
Amounts to be delivered
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
High
Planned deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Fito has three shops and distributes to several restaurants
The distribution is done by small vehicles and motorcycles
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Several
Several shops
Light goods vehicle or smaller vehicles
No defined routine
The route is planned according the number and location of the deliveries
Profile B
Mumbai, India
1.1.
1.2.
Commercial density
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Homogeneity
The territorial constraints of Mumbai as an island city have created unusually high urban densities.Within
the city limits the average density surpasses the mark of 27,000 people per km2 which can take above
50,000 km2 if built up area is taken into account.
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
De-centralization of commercial areas has been visible in Mumbai but took some years for businesses and
population to relocate. Office relocations in Mumbai have shown some typical trends.
1.3.
Logistic acessibility
1.4.
Restriction applied
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
2. Product Characteristics
Easiness of handling
2.1.1. Size
Low
Bad
Measures used in Mumbai for alleviation of traffic congestion have been a mix of landuse policy
measures, development of new public transport infrastructure and expansion of the existing public
transport infrastructure network .
Over a period of time, a large workforce was travelling to south Mumbai creating increasing levels of road
and rail congestion.
Road traffic density during peak hours in some areas of the city is so high that the average speeds climb
down to as low as 6 km/hr especially in the areas of Sion, Bandra and Dadar.
The
last mile i.e. from railway station to the customer in the CBD area is transported by using handcarts.
Mixed traffic in Mumbai roads to a large extent aggravate congestion problems in the CBD areas during
peak hours. As common road space is utilised by the dabbawalas during morning peak hours for the
movement of the dabbas. This induces congestion especially near the railway station, which marginally
increases average travel times on those arterial roads during their period of operation.
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Time and route restrictions on freight vehicles have been the preferred policy measures to relieve
congestion on city roads in India. In the case of Mumbai city, restrictions on hourly and weekly periods of
vehicle movements are regulated by the Mumbai traffic police.
2.1.
High
Yes
The Tiffin box in which the food is kept is made of aluminium in which there are 4 compartment for in
order to keeping different kinds of food separated. The outer container is typically of particular size
although the food box inside the main container can be arranged differently within the main container.
This simplifieds the transport and handling of dabbas with relative ease even in tough metropolitan
conditions like busy road traffic and congested urban rail systems experienced typically in Mumbai.
2.1.2. Weight
The work hours are between 8.30 am to 5.00 pm with an appropriate rest period of 2.5 hours. They travel
in the train along with lunchboxes every day.
This is physically demanding and strenuous job as each member should be able to carry 30 tiffin boxes
(which could weigh upto 100 kgs) on their head and walk 2-3 km effortlessly.
Reasonable
When the Dabbawala knocks the door, the Tiffin box should be ready.
Adverse weather conditions like extreme heat or heavy rainfall may delay the delivery and to a certain
extent there might be special problems like vehicles/rail accidents
Special needs
2.2.
Special conditions
2.2.1. Fragility
The dabbas used by the dabbawalas are made of aluminium casing and therefore the food within is
compactly arranged within a compartmentalised lunch box. Even so, it needs to be ensured that the
dabbas are not dropped or overturned as all the food content may get mixed.
2.2.2. Perishability
Home cooked food needs to be supplied within a short period of time (typically 2-3 hours) and on time so
that there is no compromise in food condition at the time of delivery
3.1.
Urgency of deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Fragile
Perishable
Urgent
The delivery collection of the filled lunch boxes at the homes or canteens have to be ready at the
prescribed time for collection by the assigned by the dabbawalas.
3.2.
Frequency of deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
High
The tiffin suppliers (dabbawalas) deliver daily home-cooked lunches to thousands of workers and
employees in Mumbai. These services are available six days a week i.e. on 25 working days in a month.
There is no disruption to work as long as the Mumbai suburban rail network is functional.
3.3.
Amounts to be delivered
Planned deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
A total number of 2,00,000 lunch boxes i.e. 4,00,000 transactions are carried out per day on all working
days throughout the year. The range of customers includes students (both college and school),
entrepreneurs of small businesses, managers, especially bank staff, and mill workers.
Each dabbawala visits his customers for tiffin box collection using a fixed route by bicycle or walking.
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Several
Several shops
The services include collection, transportation and delivery of lunch boxes from home to office location in
the morning. In the evening the lunch boxes are moved in the reverse direction.
The Suburban Railway services are employed for the main haulage of the tiffins. Every dabbawala buys a
railway pass which allows them to make unlimited trips on designated routes for a period of time.
There are around 5,000 dabbawalas in the system at any moment of time. Each dabbawala is assigned
upto 30 customers in a specific geographical area. The household is expected to keep the lunchbox ready
when the dabbawala reports for collection which is usually between 7.00 am and 9.00 am (Ravichandran
2005). If the lunch is not ready the dabbawala would leave for the next destination. After collecting
approximately 30 such lunch boxes they are brought to the nearest suburban railway station for sorting
and onward transportation.
PROFILE B
1.1.
1.2.
Commercial density
The borough of Manhattan: The New York City is the focus of this case study. The dense concentration of
population and business activity has lead to significant problems for urban freight. Two of the predominant
issues in Manhattan are the level of congestion and the lack of available curb space. (Executive Summary
Pag 1)
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
High
Homogeneity
Downtown Manhattan is the home to the nations financial center, New York City Hall, the State and Federal
court systems, and offices for many state and city governmental agencies. Manhattan, is an island with a
total land area of 59.52 sq km and 1,537,195 people (25,850 people/sq km.) The fact that it is an island has
resulted in the situation in which the majority of freight in New York City is transported by truck. (2.2. Page
3)
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Location of Central Business Districts (CBD), industrial areas, and neighborhood retail corridors. The two
CBDs in Manhattan are the largest (Midtown) and third largest (Lower Manhattan) CBDs in the country. (2.2
pages 2 and 3)
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Low
Logistic acessibility
1.3.1. Measures considering logistic
needs
1.3.
1.4.
Restriction applied
Reasonable
Most specific problem is connected with effort on curbside (parking) management. ..."with the net effect of
increasing the availability of (priced) parking to commercial vehicles" "time and miles associated with
searching for on-street parking by decreasing occupancy and increasing turnover" ... "time required to find a
parking spot translates into fewer vehicles driving on the street contributing to congestion"...
"predominantly residential and Commercial areas, paid commercial parking. (Paragraph 4.2. page 13 . )..
loading and unloading of goods by commercial vehicles more difficult as, like the case in Midtown, most of
the activity takes place at the curb due to a lack of loading docks. Compounding the problem is the layout of
the street network in Downtown Manhattan. (2.2. page 5)
In addition to the sheer number of vehicles on the roads, the lack of available curb space significantly
contributes to the level of congestion. During the late morning, the mean service time reaches 1.8 hours. This
is drastically higher than the mean service times that reach as low as 0.5 hours during the off-peak hours
where there are less parking restrictions as well as less vehicles.
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Yes
2. Product Characteristics
2.1.
Easiness of handling
2.1.1. Size
2.1.2. Weight
Unassisted deliveries are deliveries that do not require the assistance or presence of staff from the receiving
establishment. (5.6.. Page 17)
Special conditions
Unassisted deliveries can take multiple forms such as the use of double doors in a secure area which allows
the carrier to deliver to the secure area without being able to access the establishment, (5.6.. Page 17)
2.2.
2.2.1. Fragility
2.2.2. Perishability
Urgency of deliveries
Regardless of the assumption made, the economic savings are substantial. The savings are even greater
when considering that carriers indicated that the service times were reduced even though the deliveries
tended to be larger during the off-hours. (6.3.1. page 20)
Easy
No special needs
No special needs
Not perishable
Many of the receivers in the pilot test indicated that receiving deliveries during the off-hours helped them to
be more efficient due to the reliability of the delivery times and the reduced number or order errors. This was
particularly evidenced by receivers that decided to utilize unassisted deliveries. These receivers indicated that
unassisted deliveries enabled them to be more productive and efficient in their operations. This is evidenced
by the fact that the majority of receivers utilizing off-hour deliveries continued to do so upon completion of
the pilot test even without the financial incentive. With that said, this was possible due to the trust that the
receivers had for the participating carrier. In a full implementation, security and liability issues will have to
be addressed (6.3.2 Page 23)
3.2.
Frequency of deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
High
see above
Amounts to be delivered
3.3.1. Number of shops
3.3.
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
A large traffic generator (LTG) is considered to either be a single business that receives a large number of
deliveries (e.g. universities, large hospitals) or a building that houses a large number of individual businesses
that receive deliveries. (6.4.6. page 28).... In Manhattan there are 89 buildings with their own postal code
and these 89 buildings account for 4 percent of the freight deliveries to Manhattan. It should be noted that
there are numerous other buildings that house a large number of individual establishments that were not
identified as LTGs in the study (e.g., Grand Central Terminal, Javits Center) because they did not have a
unique postal code. All total, LTGs could account for as much as 8 percent of the daily freight deliveries in
Manhattan... (6.4.6. page 2
see above
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Several
Several shops
Not determined
Not determined
The program discussed in this report was pilot tested in Manhattan, which is one of the five boroughs that
make up New York City (New York, New York) in the United States of America. Manhattan was chosen for the
program due to its significant level of congestion and the difficulties incurred by the freight industry in
delivering goods in Manhattan. The pilot test was conducted during the end of 2009 and work continues on
developing a larger implementation of the program. The program is a measure designed to reduce
congestion and increase curb availability[1] by encouraging off-hour deliveries. (1.2. Page 2)
Profile C
1.1.
Commercial density
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Tokyo (Tokyo Metropolis) consists of 23 wards (called KU in Japanese) special areas, the tama area and
some small islands. Along with Saitama, Kanagawa and Chiba prefectures, it forms the Tokyo Megalopolis
Region or Greater Tokyo Area.Tokyo's economy is mainly based on tertiary industries (services, wholesale
and retail trade, transport and communication, financial institutes, etc.), with a contribution of about 84.4%.
Similarly, these industries account for about 80% of the total number of establishments and labour force.
More than 80% of the manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in the 23 ward special area. However, the
tama area contains very high valued products and contributes more than 50% of the total shipment value of
Tokyo.
1.2.
1.3.
Homogeneity
Logistic acessibility
See above
Low
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Bad
Although the problems have shown a downward trend in recent years, the TMG sees them as future urban
transport problems. They are committed to working towards better control over these problems.
Congestion is a major urban transport problem in Tokyo. Furthermore congestion losses are significantly
higher in the 23 ward special area, which is also the centre of the business activities. On street (on road)
parking of vehicles, including delivery vehicles, is one of the causes of high congestion levels. Due to many
efforts of the TMG, the situation has become slightly better but still the problem of illegal parking continues
to exist in both the freight and passenger transport sectors.
Restriction applied
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) issued its logistics policy document named "Vision of
Comprehensive Logistics" (VCL) in 2006. Consistent with the national policy, the VCL also aims at efficient
logistics. To achieve these aims five key initiatives were proposed along with many supporting measure.
2. Product Characteristics
2.1.
Easiness of handling
2.1.1. Size
2.1.2. Weight
Special conditions
3.2.
Easy
Small (>1 unit per person to carry)
No special needs
No special needs
2.2.2. Perishability
3.1.
Easy
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
2.2.1. Fragility
Yes
High
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
1.4.
Not perishable
Urgency of deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Frequency of deliveries
Some goods require speedy delivery. It used to take 20 to 30 minutes to deliver one package of goods to the
office in the high building in the area. Carriers wanted to save delivery time. In response to the needs,
Shinjuku Matenro Staff offers a service called "Morning 10" that ensures goods are delivered by 10 am if the
goods are brought to their distribution centre by 8 am.
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Urgent
High
See above
3.3.
Amounts to be delivered
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Shinjuku area is one of the busiest areas in Japan. The area has more than 20 highrise buildings (over 100 m
high) and more than 130 thousand workers in the offices.
Planned deliveries
Several
Several shops
Van /small truck
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Defined routine
Profile C
Commercial density
"The Abertis Logistics Park is located in the north-western sector of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago
(Pudahuel municipality), inside the ENEA business complex, just 2.2 km from Santiagos, Arturo Merino
Bentez, International Airport" (5.1 p57)
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
1.2.
Homogeneity
"The Abertis Logistics Park in Santiago.... encompasses a total area of 632,810 m2, and will house 327,798
m2 of warehouse space for rent and 13,056 m2 for services." ( 5.1 p57). "The project is embedded in the
industrial park ENEA; integrating industries, offices, housing projects, public recreation areas, service
areas, areas for special projects and road zones." (6.3.1 p72)
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
1.3.
Logistic acessibility
1.1.
Low
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Good
"One of the keys to Abertis centre is its connectivity, which would not have been possible without the
recent construction of concessioned highways in Santiago and the inter-urban roadways that connect the
Abertis Logistics Park with ports and the main cities in the central region of the country. In fact, the urban
highways (Costanera Norte, Vespucio Express, Vespucio Norte and Autopista Central), as well as the interurban roadways (Route 5, Route 68, Route 78 and Route 57) that connect the park were raised to the
standard of highway and taken into use during the past decade." (5.5.2 p65) "The company has had to
develop accesses and roads for the integration of the project with the ENEA Park and the community of
Pudahuel, as well as accesses to the Vespucio Express and Costanera Norte highways; which connect with
the city, the V region and Santiagos International Airport." (6.3.1 p72-73)
"As a result of a study concerning Urban Transport System Impact (EISTU), it was possible to estimate the
traffic flow to support this project for the time horizon considered necessary to finalise the completion of
construction of the logistical park.... From the flow analysis, the EISTU concluded from a traffic point of
view, that the execution of Abertis Logistical Park was feasible. Even more so considering the privileged
location between highways. Therefore, the logistics centre does not create a negative impact on the
transportation system of the city. " (6.2.1 p67)
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Restriction applied
No restrictions
2. Product Characteristics
2.1.
Easiness of handling
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
2.1.1. Size
Not determined
Not determined
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
2.2.1. Fragility
2.2.2. Perishability
Not determined
No
Not determined
2.1.2. Weight
2.2.
High
1.4.
Not determined
3.1.
Urgency of deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Not determined
3.2.
Frequency of deliveries
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Not determined
3.3.
Amounts to be delivered
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Planned deliveries
Many
Retail center/big shops
"The user/client objectives correspond to all those enterprises that require logistics services for their
operations, especially when it comes to warehousing and transport." (5.2 p59).
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Profile D
Commercial density
Paris City Centre La Petite Reine needs to operate from the city centre. In Paris, La Petite Reine is located in
two Urban Logistic Spaces: one in an underground parking close to the Louvre museum (parking Saint
Germain l'Auxerrois) since 2003 and another in an underground parking (parking Saint Germain des Pres) on
the left bank since 2010.
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
1.2.
Homogeneity
La Petite Reine is a company which developed a new delivery service for densely populated urban
environments ()
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
1.3.
Logistic acessibility
When delivering local shops, La Petite Reine assigns a delivery person (always the same) to the customers
premises.
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
1.1.
High
Low
Reasonable
From 2003 to 2006, the City of Paris supported the experiment by applying a very low price on the rental of
the Urban Logistics Space.
1.4.
Restriction applied
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
Not determined
2. Product Characteristics
etc.).
Besides this activity of goods pick-up and delivery, La Petite Reine also offers advertising on the side and rear
panels of the cargocycle. It also manufactures its own cargocycles (through a subsidiary see below) and sells
or rents them.
2.1.
Easiness of handling
2.1.1. Size
2.1.2. Weight
(Please identify the text paragraphs that contain information about this feature)
La Petite Reine was founded on the basis that while 80% of its market concern parcels less than 30kg, a little
van weighting more than a tonne is oversized regarding the real needs of the company.
La Petite Reine was founded on the basis that while 80% of its market concern parcels less than 30kg, a little
van weighting more than a tonne is oversized regarding the real needs of the company.
Special conditions
2.2.1. Fragility
2.2.2. Perishability
3.1.
Urgency of deliveries
Easy
Easy
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A refrigerated model has been introduced in 2010, which allows for fresh product deliveries as well as medical
products.
For fresh product deliveries, La Petite Reine stores the products in the ULS and manages inventory and orders.
When delivering local shops, La Petite Reine assigns a delivery person (always the same) to the customers
premises.
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Relevant
For fresh product deliveries, La Petite Reine stores the products in the ULS and manages inventory and orders.
3.2.
3.3.
Frequency of deliveries
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Amounts to be delivered
Each day, 3000 business or home locations are being served by the 40 drivers of La Petite Reine. For parcels
deliveries, everyday La Petite Reine receives all the goods to be delivered from its customers in the Saint
Germain LAuxerois ULS.
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3.4.
Planned deliveries
It now makes some 2,500 deliveries every day for clients including DHL, ColiPoste, Monoprix, Dannon and
more. () Each day, 3000 business or home locations are being served by the 40 drivers of La Petite Reine.
La Petite Reine also maintains a fleet of about 75 cargocycles for hire on demand by businesses that need to
make small to medium-sized urban deliveries over a distance up to 30 km. Weighing only 80 kg (as opposed to
a tonne or more for most delivery vans), each cargocycle can carry about 180 kg of merchandise in its 1,400
litre cargo space.
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High
Few
Several shops
Defined routine
La Petite Reines business model is based on the following two key elements:
consolidates the parcels by routes and destinations;
different routes for the final deliveries.
Profile C