Image transformation

Image Transformation
Image transformations typically involve the
manipulation of multiple bands of data, whether from a
single multispectral image or from two or more images
of the same area acquired at different times (i.e.
multitemporal image data).

Either way, image transformations generate "new"

images from two or more sources which highlight
particular features or properties of interest, better than
the original input images

Image Division
The most common transforms applied to
image data.
On a pixel-by-pixel basis carry out the
following operation
Band1/Band2 = New band
resultant data are then rescaled to fill the range of
display device

Very popular technique, commonly called

Band Ratio

Mathematically
BVi,j,r = BVi,j,k / BVi,j,l
Where
BVi,j,k Brightness value at the location line
pixel j in k band of imagery
BVi,j,l Brightness value at the same
location in band l
BVi,j,r Ratio value at the same location

i,

(Note: If Denominator is 0 (zero) then Denominator BV is made 1)

Reasons / Application of Ratios

Undesirable effects on recorded radiances (e.g. variable
illumination) caused by variations in topography.
Sometimes differences in BVs from identical surface material
are caused by topographic slope and aspect, shadows or
seasonal changes
These conditions hamper the ability of an interpreter to correctly
identify surface material or land use in a remotely sensed image.

Ratio transformations can be used to reduce the effects

of such environmental conditions

Ratios for Elimination of Topographic Effect

Landcover/
Illumination

Digital Number
Band A

Ratio

Band B

Decidous
Sunlit

48

50

.96

Shadow

18

19

.95

Sunlit

31

45

.69

Shadow

11

16

.69

Coniferous

Same cover type

Radiance at shodow is only 50% of radiance at sunlit
Ratio nearly identical

Which bands to Ratio

1 2 3

Which bands to Ratio-example

Healthy vegetation reflects strongly in the near-infrared portion of the

spectrum while absorbing strongly in the visible red.
Other surface types, such as soil and water, show near equal
reflectances in both the near-infrared and red portions.
Thus, a ratio image of Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 m) divided by Red
(0.6 to 0.7 m) would result in ratios much greater than 1.0 for
vegetation, and ratios around 1.0 for soil and water.
Thus the discrimination of vegetation from other surface cover types is
significantly enhanced.
Also, we may be better able to identify areas of unhealthy or stressed
vegetation, which show low near-infrared reflectance, as the ratios
would be lower than for healthy green vegetation.

InfraRed

Red

RATIO IR/R

Commonly used Vegetation Indices

Vegetation Index or Ratio Vegetation
Index (RVI) = IR / R
Normalized Differential Vegetation Index
(NDVI) = (IR - R)/(IR + R)
Transformed Vegetation Index (TVI)
= {(IR - R)/(IR + R) + 0.5}1/2 x 100

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Different bands of multispectral data are
often highly correlated and thus contain
similar information.
We need to Transforms the original
satellite bands into new bands that
express the greatest amount of variance
(information) from the feature space of
the original bands

PCA Cont..
The objective of this transformation is to reduce
the dimensionality (i.e. the number of bands) in
the data, and compress as much of the
information in the original bands into fewer
bands.
The "new" bands that result from this statistical
procedure are called components.
This process attempts to maximize (statistically)
the amount of information (or variance) from the
original data into the least number of new
components.

Graphical Conceptualization
PCA is accomplished by a linear
transformation of variables that
corresponds to a rotation and translation
of the original coordinate system

PCA- Graphical Conceptualization

Consider the two-dimensional distribution of pixel
values obtained in two bands, which are labeled
simply Band 1 and Band 2.
A scatterplot of all the brightness values
associated with each pixel in each band is plotted,
along with the location of the respective means.
The spread or variance of the distribution of points
is an indication of the correlation and quality of
information associated with both bands.
If all the data points clustered in an extremely tight
zone in the two-dimensional space, these data
would probably provide very little information as
they are highly correlated.

Data 2

Data 2

Correlation Scatterplot

Data 1

Data 1
Positive Correlation
Data 2

Negative Correlation

Data 1
No Correlation

PCA- Graphical
Conceptualization
Translate and/or
route the original
axes so that the
original brightness
values on axes
Band 1 and Band 2
are redistributed
(reprojected) onto a
new set of axes or
dimensions, Band 1'
and Band 2'.

PCA- Graphical
Conceptualization

The Band 1' coordinate system is

then be rotated about its new origin
(Mean1, Mean2) in the new
coordinate system some degree
so that the axis Band 1' is
associated with the maximum
amount of variance in the scatter of
points . This new axis is called the
first principal component (PC1 = 1).
The second principal component
(PC2 = 2) is perpendicular
(Orthogonal) to PC1. Thus, the
major and minor axes of the
ellipsoid of points in bands 1 and 2
are called the principal
components.
The second principal component
describes the variance that is not
already described by the first

PCA- Graphical
Conceptualization

Principal Component 1
The first principal
component,
broadly simulates
standard black and
white photography
and it contain most
of the pertinent
information
inherent to a
scene.

Principal Component 2
Thus as is the
convention
the second
PC has a
smaller
variance than
the first PC

Principal Component 3
Some of the gray
patterns can be
broadly correlated
with two
combined classes
of vegetation: The
brighter tones
come from the
agricultural fields.
Moderately darker
tones coincide
with some of the
grasslands, forest
or tree areas.

Principal Component 4
Very Little
Information
Content

Composite PC Image
Forest appears
green, river bed
in blue, water in
Red orange ,
vegetation
appears in
varying shades
of green and
fallow
agriculture field
as pink to
magenta
Color Composite PC1,PC2,PC3