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Complex Numbers
Definitions
Complex Arithmetic
Cartesian and Polar Forms
Complex Numbers
Definition: A complex number z consists of an
ordered pair of real (ordinary) numbers (a, b) that
obeys particular algebraic rules
c z = c (a, b) = (c a, c b), c a scalar
z1 z2 = (a1 a2
b1 b2 , a1 b2 + a2 b1 )
1
=
z
b
a2 + b2
a
,
a2 + b2
(a, b)
Re[z]
a
a = Re[z] b = Im[z]
c z = c (a + jb) = c a + jc b
b
j 2
a + b2
Eulers Formula
(cx)
(cx)
(cx)
e = 1 + cx +
+
+
+ ...
2!
3!
4!
Let c = j
2
3
4
(jx)
(jx)
(jx)
jx
e = 1 + jx +
+
+
+ ...
2!
3!
4!
4
3
2
x
x
x
=1
+
+ + j x
...
2!
4!
3!
2
cx
= cos x + j sin x
j
So re
= r cos + jr sin
Polar form!!!
More Geometry
Im[z]
b
(a, b)
a = r cos
Re[z]
a
b = r sin
a + jb = r cos + jr sin = re
1 b
2
2
r = a +b
= tan
a
z = a + jb
Cartesian form
z = re
Polar form
r2 e
= r1 r2 e
= r1 r2 cos( 1 + 2 ) + jr1 r2 sin( 1 + 2 )
= (r1 cos 1 r2 cos 2 r1 sin 1 r2 sin 2 )
+ j (r1 cos 1 r2 sin 2 + r1 sin 1 r2 cos
= (a1 a2 b1 b2 ) + j(a1 b2 + a2 b1 )
j(
1
1
= j =
z
re
cos
=
r
a
= 2
a + b2
1+ 2)
1 j
e
r
sin
j
r
b
j 2
a + b2
2)
A Special Operation
The complex conjugate of z, denoted by z*, flips the sign of
the imaginary part
z =a
So
z z = re
re
jb = re
=r
|z| = z z
2
or |z| = r
z+z
The real part of z, denoted by Re[z], equals
2
z
The imaginary part of z, denoted by Im[z], equals
z
2j
2j)
j
5
2
=
5
2
5
Complex Numbers
Simplifies calculations
Very important for signal and system theory