Abstract:

Now a days we are using machines in every field of our life. The main
requirement of these is power.This power is normally generated at thermal power stations
and at hydraulic power stations and it is transmitted to various to parts of the world for
domestic and industrial usage. While transmitting power through wires 26% to 30% is
losted.Wear and tear of wires may result in interrupted power supply. Wireless power
transmission will overcome these problems .Dr. Tesla first started research on the
Wireless power transmission in the mid 1890's. Proposed system for the wireless
transmission of electrical power. According his theory the power transmission
depending upon the “non- Hertzian waves". The theory presented in lectures of Tesla
proposed that the Earth could be considered as a conducting sphere and that it could
support a large electrical charge. He proposed to disturb the charge distribution on the
surface of the Earth and record the period of the resulting oscillations as the charge
returned to its state of equilibrium Energy propagation proposed by Dr. Tesla was that of
the propagation of electrical energy through electrified gases. He experimented with the
use of high frequency RF currents to examine the properties of gases over a wide range of
pressures. It was determined by him that air under a partial vacuum could conduct high
frequency electrical currents as well or better than copper wires.
INTRODUCTION:
According Tesla the Power transmission without wires can be
possible making the space as conductor or the earth as a conducting line(G-line)
which is based on the Hertzian-waves.
What is meaning of Hertzian-waves?
A new type of electric wave Tesla repeatedly stated non-Hertzian that is”Electro
magnetic wave which is followed by a two coupled waves.Therefore, a normal
transverse EM vector wave simply be two coupled hertz waves”
A Tesla (hertazian waves) wave i.e., a mass less wave in pure the stress of the
space time medium which have very strange characteristics indeed.i.e Hertz wave would
only be possible transmit waves in a solid ether.
Electromagnetic Propagation
A number of theories to explain the propagation of electromagnetic energy through the
ether. There were three popular theories
They were:
1. Transmission through or along the Earth,
2. Propagation as a result of terrestrial resonance’s,
3. Coupling to the ionosphere using propagation through electrified gases.

1. Transmission through or along the Earth

The theory presented in those lectures proposed that the Earth could be considered as
a conducting sphere and that it could support a large electrical charge. Dr. Tesla
proposed to disturb the charge distribution on the surface of the Earth and record the
period of the resulting oscillations as the charge returned to its state of equilibrium.

2. Propagation through electrified gases.

The method of energy propagation proposed by Dr. Tesla was that of the propagation of
electrical energy through electrified gases. He experimented with the use of high
frequency RF currents to examine the properties of gases over a wide range of pressures.
It was determined by Dr. Tesla that air under a partial vacuum could conduct high
frequency electrical currents as well or better than copper wires. If a transmitter could be
elevated to a level where the air pressure was on the order of 75 to 130 millimeters in
pressure and an excitation of mega volts was applied, it was theorized that;

"...the air will serve as a conductor for the current produced, and the latter will be
transmitted through the air with, it may be, even less resistance than through an ordinary
copper wire”. Resonating Planet Earth

Propagation as a result of terrestrial resonance,

1. The Hertzian effect has gradually been reduced through the lowering of frequency.
2. The energy received does not diminish with the square of the distance, as it should,
since the Hertzian radiation propagates in a hemisphere."
3. The projection of the wavelengths (measured along the surface) on the earth's diameter
or axis of symmetry...are all equal
4. " conducting globe surrounded by a thin layer of insulating air, above which is a
rarefied and conducting atmosphere...The Hertz waves represent energy which is radiated
and unrecoverable. The current energy, on the other hand, is preserved and can be
recovered, theoretically at least, in its entirety."

Various methods of wireless power transmission depending upon the electro magnetic
propagation`
1. ` Transmission through or along the earth

A typical Tesla coil

If we wrap a single-layer coil of wire upon a very long plastic tube, we have a Tesla
resonator as in Fig 1. In essence, this is an electrical transmission line. We can inject AC
into one end using a little primary coil wrapped around. Now examine Fig 2 below.
We've placed a SECOND "primary coil" at the far end of the long coil. This second coil
acts as a "receive coil," and will collect the energy we had injected into the "transmit
coil" at the other end. Since our long thin coil is actually a single piece of wire, we've
managed to send electrical energy along a single wire. There is no electric circuit
involved! This only can work because the long, thin coil will support slowly-moving
electromagnetic waves, and the electron-sea within the metal of this coil behaves as if it's
become compressible.
Now we put a metal sphere on either end to prevent corona from spewing out of the
dangling wire tips, and we've built a simple electrical power system. Inject some high-
freq AC power into the first "primary coil", and the same AC power comes out of the
second "primary coil" at the far end. If we choose the correct value of load resistor for the
"receive" coil, then all of the electromagnetic energy flowing along the long thin
secondary will be absorbed by the receive coil without reflecting.

A single-wire transmission line

This is the infamous SINGLE WIRE transmission line. It apparantly uses
LONGITUDINAL WAVES! However, there is nothing crackpot about it, since it obeys
conventional physics, all the propagating electric fields and magnetic fields which
surround any part of the long coil are always at 90 degrees to each other. Successive
globs of positive and negative charge-imbalance are moving along the coil, and these
globs/waves are linked to each other via the surrounding EM fields. The EM fields are
transverse. And the only thing which acts like a "longitudinal" wave or compression
wave is the density of free electrons in the wire.
In conventional cables there are two conductors, and the voltage between them forms the
"E" part of the EM wave. In the above one-wire coil device, the voltage between the
traveling lumps of net-charge distributed along the long thin coil forms the "E" part of the
wave. The single wire acts as its own "circuit." The motion of the net-charge is an electric
current, and this creates the "M" part of the EM wave.
A single wire transmission line! It doesn't violate the rule forbidding longitudinal EM
waves. However, it violates the fundamental rule regarding electric circuits in that there
is no circuit here. The two ends of the system are connected by a single wire. The charges
within the coil flow back and forth, while the electrical energy flows along the coil from
source to load.

An AC generator lights a bulb

It turns out that you can send microwave or UHF signals along a *single* wire as long as
that wire is coated with a dielectric. To do this, you start out with a normal coaxial cable.
You strip the shield from a central section, then solder on a pair of large, cone-shaped
copper horns which attach to the coax shield at either end of the coax cable. The
dielectric-coated single wire extends between the ends of the coax. Sort of like this:

The Goubou or "G"-line

In the above diagram, the single-wire section between the two hollow cones can be as
long as desired, but it must be fairly straight. Those cone-shaped parts must be about one
wavelength across (or was it 1/2 wavelength? I don't remember exactly.) The metal cones
act as "wave launchers" or "wave catchers". As the EM waves come out of the coax
cable, the cones allow the waves to spread out and attach to the "G-line" part. There must
be a plastic coating on the "G-line" wire, otherwise the waves will not lock onto it, and
they will tend to wander away into space. The article noted that you COULD put a bend
in the G-line, as long as it was a long, smooth bend of large radius. Because of the plastic
coating, the waves would follow the bend. If there was no plastic coating, the waves
would miss the bend and go straight out into space, missing the "catcher cone" entirely.

Because there is only one conductor in the G-line, the "E" part of the EM wave
must extend between successive lumps of net-charge which propagate along the wire.
The "voltage" on the transmission line extends outwards as radial e-field flux, but rather
than connecting with a coaxial shield as it does in a normal cable, it curves around and
connects with the opposite flux-lines which extend from another place on the wire. The
"M" component of the wave acts like the magnetic field around any normal wire: the
magnetic flux lines act like circles which surround the wire. The energy flows lengthwise
along the wire as is commonly shown by Poynting's vector (E x B).

__ | _____ | ___
\ | / \ | /
\ | / \ | /
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Wire ============ --------- =========== +++++++++ ===========
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
/ | \ / | \
___/ | \_____/ | \___
The e-field of the "G-Line", extending between regions of moving charge

So, here we have a one-wire transmission line based on transverse EM wave in space,
and electron density waves within the wire. Inside the metal of that single wire, the
electrons wiggle back and forth while the EM wave propagates outside at about the speed
of light. It's almost like sound waves moving on the string of a tin-can telephone, but
electrons take the place of those cellulose fibers, and the sound waves are replaced by
transverse EM waves. But in the case of the "G-line," the energy is stored in the EM
fields connected to the electrons, rather than being stored in the kinetic energy and
potential energy of the string.
Well, once we have the ability to send energy along a single wire, we should also have
the ability to send energy along any conductor at all, as long as that conductor has a
dielectric coating. Like this:
Any large, metallic hunk could be stuck in series with the "G-line". Yes, there might be
wave-reflections where the thin wire connects to the big metal hunk. But that's beside the
point. With the above setup, we can send waves along the surface of a conductive object,
while within the object itself the "electron sea" vibrates longitudinally.
.
Tesla was convinced that his devices did NOT use the same physics as Hertzian
waves. When radio- frequency energy propagates through empty space, the E and the M
components are transverse, and the waves propagate at 90 degrees to both of them.
However, when EM energy is sent along a cable, we also have electrons involved: the
electron-sea within the metal wires. The electrons slosh back and forth in the cable while
the EM waves flow along outside of the metal surfaces. Why is this important? Because
the physics of a transmission line is the physics of the "near field" of a coil or capacitor,
not the physics of freely-propagating "Hertzian" waves. When Tesla sent energy around
the Earth, he was treating the Earth as an electrical cable. His waves were coupled to the
charges within the surface of the Earth. He was not transmitting pure radio waves, even
though the frequency of the wave-energy might be the same as any normal radio wave.
Instead he was using a one-wire transmission system where the conductive Earth served
as the wire. Tesla's technology used "near field" effects of coils, capacitors, and
transmission lines, not the dipole antennas that Hertzian waves use, and in that sense his
waves were "non-Hertzian."
 The ground acts as the transmission line

Charges vibrate, while energy flows sideways

This stuff can only work if there is a dielectric substance coating the Earth. Without that
coating, the waves will not follow the curve of the Earth, they will just fly out into space.
The atmosphere supplies this coating. And even better, there is a conductive ionosphere
which will act a lot like the "shield" of a coaxial cable and force the waves to go around
the Earth.
Tesla was using the ground as a transmission line. He was correct when he insisted that
he was producing longitudinal waves in the "natural medium." He was correct in saying
that the ground was not just a voltage reference. In this case the "natural medium" is the
population of mobile ions in the dirt and oceans which cause the Earth act as a conductor.
He was converting the Earth's surface into a "G-line" conductor. Any electrical device
could intercept a portion of that energy, as long as that device was connected to the
ground and to an elevated metal object.

2.The Wireless Transmission of Electrical Energy Using Schumann Resonance

It has been proven that electrical energy can be propagated around the world between
the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere at extreme low frequencies in what is
known as the Schumann Cavity. The Schumann cavity surrounds the Earth between
ground level and extends upward to a maximum 80 kilometers. Experiments to date
have shown that electromagnetic waves of extreme low frequencies in the range of 8
Hz, the fundamental Schumann Resonance frequency, propagate with little
attenuation around the planet within the Schumann Cavity.
Knowing that a resonant cavity can be excited and that power should be possible to
resonate and deliver power via the Schumann Cavity to any point on Earth. This will
result in practical wireless transmission of electrical power.
The process of resonance wireless transmission
The main component of resonance wireless transmission ,an air core electrical step-up
transformer -- an assembly of two concentric wire coils positioned in fairly close
proximity to each other. When an alternating current passes through the first coil or
primary winding a time varying magnetic field is established which allows the transfer of
energy by electromagnetic induction to the second coil or secondary winding.
The transformer's primary is excited by the rapid discharge of a high voltage capacitor
through a high speed switching device known as a break or circuit controller. The
potential, which appears at the secondary high voltage terminal, is developed through a
process known as resonant rise.
It can greatly exceed the voltage that would be expected from a conventional iron core
transformer, using a simple calculation based upon the ratio of primary to secondary
turns, that is to say, ratio of transformation. While in operation, the oscillator's primary
capacitor is continuously recharged by a regular high voltage transformer, allowing for an
uninterrupted flow of radio frequency current in the primary and secondary circuits.
The magnifying transmitter, which was the focus of Tesla's investigations in Colorado, is
an advanced form of radio frequency oscillator specifically designed for wireless
transmission. In addition to the primary and secondary inductors which made up the
classic Tesla coil, Tesla added a third inductor, actually a helical resonator, known as the
extra coil.
Power from the grounded primary / secondary combination, now known as the master
oscillator, was fed to the lower end of the extra coil helical resonator through a heavy
electrical conductor. This centrally located extra coil was separated by a wide space from
the other two coils, which comprised the master oscillator section. Such spacing
minimizes inductive coupling between the extra coil and the master oscillator,
preventing, for the most part, a portion of the energy that is continuously flowing into the
resonator from passing backward through the system and becoming lost. In addition to
maximizing the efficiency of the system, allowing development of the highest possible
power output for power consumed, the extra coil also served as the device's main
transmitting element.

While Tesla's wireless transmitter and present day radio transmitters are fundamentally
the same, the method in which Tesla preferred to use his apparatus was radically different
from that which is employed in present day radio systems. Conventional radio
transmitters are set up so as to maximize the amount of power radiated from the antenna.
When used for long-range transmission, such equipment must process tremendous
amounts of power in order to counteract the reduction in field strength (P = 1/R2)
encountered as the signal radiates outward from its point of origin. In contrast, Tesla's
magnifying transmitter was configured so as to minimize the power, which was radiated
out into space. Instead of being directed into an elevated antenna, the electrical energy
flowing through Tesla's transmitter was sent instead into the extra coil.
Rather than acting as a radiator, the large metallic spheroid, now known as an isotropic
capacitance. Another important component of Tesla's Long Island apparatus was an
underground array of iron pipes, which extended outward from the bottom of a deep shaft
beneath the transmitter tower. When coupled with the transmitter these pipes provided a
connection to the earth through which a powerful oscillating electrical current would
flow. Unlike a conventional radio transmitter with an antenna that radiates dissipating
electromagnetic waves out into space, the magnifying transmitter's extra coil excites a
low-frequency ground wave called the Zeneca surface wave. In this case the propagating
energy does not radiate into space but is concentrated near the earth's surface. Tesla
asserted that it is possible to periodically disturb the equilibrium of the earth's electrical
charge and cause it to oscillate with his apparatus. This would be accomplished by
superposing an extra low frequency base band signal on the somewhat higher frequency
signal coursing through the resonator -- the low frequency current in the presence of an
enveloping corona-induced plasma of free charge carriers produced by the oscillator in
effect "pumping" the earth's charge.

2. power transmission based on the microwave transmission

The leading authority on wireless power transmission technology, has loaned this
demonstration unit to the Texas Space Grant Consortium to show how power can be
transferred through free space by microwaves. A block diagram of the demonstration
components is shown below. The primary components include a microwave source, a
transmitting antenna, and a receiving rectenna.

The microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to

control the output power. The output microwave power ranges from 50 W to 200 W at
2.45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to a coax-to-
waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a wave-guide ferrite circulator, which
protects the microwave source from reflected power. The circulator is connected to a
tuning waveguide section to match the wave-guide impedance to the antenna input
impedance.
The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 waveguide sections with 8 slots on each
section. These 64 slots radiate the power uniformly through free space to the rectenna.
The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power transmission because of its high
aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high power handling capability.
A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted power and converts the
microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This demonstration rectenna consists of
6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Each row is connected to
a rectifying circuit, which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Gas
Schottky barrier diode that is impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The
6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the power is received.
The light bulbs also dissipated the received power. This rectenna has a 25% collection
and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with greater than 90%
efficiency at 2.45 GHz

Advantages of Wireless System of Energy Transmission

 A great concern has been voiced in recent years over the extensive use of
energy, the limited supply of resources, and the pollution of the environment
from the use of present energy conversion systems.

 Electrical power accounts for much of the energy consumed. Much of this
power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to the
consumer. The resistance of the wire used in the electrical grid distribution
system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated. This loss implies that
our present system of electrical distribution is only 70-74% efficient.

 A system of power distribution with little or no loss would conserve energy. It

would reduce pollution and expenses resulting from the need to generate
power to overcome and compensate for losses in the present grid system.

 The proposed project would demonstrate a method of energy distribution

calculated to be 90-94% efficient. An electrical distribution system, based on
this method would eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital
intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the
cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires,
cables, and transmission towers.
 There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power exists, yet
there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in need of power to run
pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sahara Desert. Rural
areas, such as those in China, require the electrical power necessary to bring
them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations.