Springdales School, Pusa Road

Computer Science

COMMUNICATION AND OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS 8 Marks

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Evolution of Networking: ARPANET, Internet, Interspace
Different ways of sending data across the network with reference to switching
techniques (Circuit, Message and Packet switching)
Data Communication terminologies: Concept of Channel, Baud, Bandwidth (Hz, KHz,
MHz) and Data transfer rate (bps, kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps)
Transmission media: Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, infrared, radio
link, microwave link and satellite link
Network devices: Modem, RJ45 connector, Ethernet Card, Hub, Switch, Gateway
Network Topologies and types: Bus, Star, Tree; PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN
Network Protocol: TCP/IP, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), PPP, Remote Login (Telnet),
Internet Wireless/Mobile Communication protocol such as GSM, CDMA, GPRS, WLL,
1G, 2G and 3G, Electronic mail protocols such as SMTP, POP3
Protocols for Chat and Video Conferencing
VoIP protocols such as Wi-Fi and WiMax

Network Security Concepts:

Threats and prevention from Viruses, Worms, Trojan horse, Spams
Use of Cookies, Protection using Firewall;
India IT Act, Cyber Law, Cyber Crimes, IPR issues, Hacking.
Web Services:
WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), eXtensible Markup Language (XML); Hyper
Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Domain Names; URL; Protocol Address; Website, Web
browser, Web Servers; Web Hosting, Web Scripting - Client side (VB Script, Java Script,
PHP) and Server side (ASP, JSP, PHP), Web 2.0 (for social networking)
Open Source Concepts
Open SourceSoftware, Freeware, Shareware, Proprietary Software, FLOSS/FOSS,
GNU, FSF, OSI
Networking in computers is to enable its users to share resources and to access these
resources regardless of their physical locations, which may be a few feet or even thousands
of miles apart. Thus we can say that computer network creates a global environment
between its users and computers. It also provides communication links for distant places.

Computer network is defined as a set of interconnected autonomous systems that

permits distributed processing of information.
Need for networking:
Resource sharing (Processing, Peripherals, Information and software)
Personal or national or worldwide communication
Information discovery and retrieval.
Evolution of Networking: The first computer network was jointly designed by The Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and Department of Defence (DoD) of United States in 1969
and was called ARPANET. It was an experimental project, which connected
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a few computers from some of the reputed universities of USA and DoD. ARPANET
allowed access to computer resource sharing projects. This ARPANET was handed
over to Defence Communication Agency (DCA) for further development. As a result
Defence Data Network (DDN) was born in 1983.
Internet: A network of computer networks that share a common communication protocol
(Transfer Control Protocol - TCP/IP) that allows computers of different types to exchange
information. Since each computer often has more than a single user, it has been
estimated that more than 45 million people have Internet access. It is an interconnected
system of networks that connects computers around the world via the Internet Protocol.

Interspace: The Interspace is a vision of what the Internet will become, where users
cross-correlate information in multiple ways from multiple sources The Interspace
will offer distributed services to transfer concepts across domains, just as Arpanet
used distributed services to transfer files across machines and the Internet uses
distributed services to transfer objects across repositories.
Network switching techniques: It provides communication between two computers.
There are three type of network switching techniques.

1. Circuit switching: This provides end-to-end connection between two computers. First,
physical connection between two computers is established and then data (message)
is directly transmitted from the source computer to the destination computer.
Node 1

Node 2

2. Message switching: The source computer sends data (message as a single file) to
the switching station, which stores data in a buffer. It then looks for a free link to
another switching station and sends data to that station. This process continues
until data is delivered to the destination computer. This type of switching
technique is also known as store and forward switching.
Node 1
Node 2
Switching Station 1

Switching Station 2

Switching Station 3

3. Packet switching: In packet switching, the data (file) is broken down in fixed size
of small data packets and then these data packets are sent through switching
stations to the final destination. All the packets are stored in the main memory
instead of disk. As a result accessing time of packets is reduced.
Node 1
Node 2
Switching Station 1

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Data Communication terminologies

Baud: Baud, also known as Baud rate, is a unit of signaling speed equal to the
number of discrete signal elements transmitted per second. Baud is synonymous
with bits per second (bps), if each signal element represents exactly 1 bit. Baud is
often used in the modem speed.
Data transfer rate: The amount of data transferred in one direction over a link divided
by the time taken to transfer it, usually expressed in bits per second (bps), Kilo bps
(Kbps), Mega bps (Mbps), Giga bps (Gbps), Tera bps (TBps))
Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be passed along a communications channel
in a given period of time (1 Second). The units used for it are Hz, 10 3 Hz=Kilo Hz
(KHz), 103 KHz=Mega Hz (MHz)
Communication/Transmission Medium:
It is a means of communication or access (lines of communication) set up between
the two firms/organizations to exchange data/information.
Wired Technologies
Coaxial Cable
Twisted Pair/Ethernet Cable (CAT-5/CAT-6)
Comparatively Slow, Economic, convenient to lay Comparativelyfast,pronetoelectromagnetic
down, used in Bus topology of networks;
interference, used in star topology of network; Ideally
an Ethernet Cable can carry the data up to a distance
on 100 mtrs.

Optical Fibre
Very fast, expensive, reliable, no interference

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Telephone Wire (uses RJ-11 connector)

Most economic, widely available, slow, good for
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Wireless Technologies

Infrared: Infrared electromagnetic waves have frequencies higher than

microwaves but lower than the visible spectrum. Infrared transmission is used for
wireless LANs, as well as for point-to-point communications with portable
devices. Example: Mobile Phones, Remote controls, etc.

Radio Link: It is a form of wireless communications in which the output of the

transmitter takes the form of dissipating electromagnetic radiation, which spreads
outward from the antenna through free space. It is a Slow means of communication;

Microwave: Very expensive, works on line of sight principles, faster than radio
communication;

The term microwave refers to electromagnetic energy having a frequency higher than
1 gigahertz (billions of cycles per second). They are not refracted or reflected by
ionized regions in the upper atmosphere. Microwave beams do not readily diffract
around barriers such as hills, mountains, and large human-made structures.

Satellite link: It is a link using radio frequencies relayed by satellite. It is very

expensive, fast, and has wide area coverage.
Network Devices
MODEM (Modulator Demodulator): It is a device used to convert the digital signals
into analog signals and vice versa. It is mainly used to connect a telephone to a
computer terminal.
RJ11 Connector:
RJ-11 is the standard connector utilized on 2-pair (4-wire)
telephone wiring, and RJ stands for "Registered Jack"- a
physical connector interface most often used for telephone
wire terminals.

RJ Ports

RJ45 Connector:
RJ45 is a standard type of connector for network cables.
RJ45 connectors are most commonly seen with Ethernet
cables and networks. It is an 8-pin connector usually used
with Ethernet cables.

Ethernet Card
A network interface controller (also known as a network interface card, network
adapter, LAN adapter and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that
connects a computer to a computer network. Most of the new computers, Ethernet
port is built into the computer, whereas in the earlier computers it was available on
an expansion cards that used to be plugged into the motherboards.
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Hub
It is multi-port and unintelligent network device,
which simply collects the data from one part of
the network and delivers to other part of network.

Switch
It is also a multi-port (similar to a hub), but
with some intelligence and so the data
packets received from one part of network
are refreshed and delivered to the other part
of the network as if the switch is the original
point (source) of delivery of data.
Repeater
It is a two-port network device that
strengthens the signal intensity and
connects two identical networks.
Repeaters are also used extensively in
broadcasting, where they are known as
translators or boosters.
Gateway
It is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network, such as the server
through which people on a company's local area network access the internet. Often a
gateway conceals the IP address of the specific user sending out information, and
outsiders can only see the IP address of the gateway itself. Examples: VSNL, MIT, etc.

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Network topologies: It is the physical make up of a network, i.e., end points or user station
attached to the network.
1. Bus: It is characterised by common transmission medium shared by all the connected
hosts, managed by dedicated nodes. It offers simultaneous flow of data and control.

2. Tree: A tree topology may be defined as a group of bus or star topologies

put together.
3. Star: It is characterised by central switching mode (communication controller)
unique path (point to point link) for each host. It is easy to add and remove
additional hosts by upgrading the centralised node.

Bus

Tree
Advantages
Bus Topology
Economic
as compared

other topologies of network

Simple Architecture

to

Disadvantages
Bus Topology
Slower as compared to tree
and star topologies of network
Breakage of wire at any point

disturbs the entire network

Star

Tree Topology
Faster as compared to Bus
Topology
Easier to set-up for multi-floor
plans of network

Star Topology
Faster
communication as
compared to Bus topology
Independent line of connection
allows freedom of removing or
adding nodes from the network

Tree Topology
Slower as compared to Star
Topology
Expensive as compared to
Bus Topology

Star Topology
Expensive as compared to
Bus topology
Long wire length

Types of Network
Networks are classified in accordance with the amount of physical territory they
encompass.
1. PAN (Personal Area Network):
A personal area network - PAN - is a computer network organized around an
individual person. Personal area networks typically involve a cell phone and palm
devices/handheld computing devices. You can use these networks to transfer
files including email and calendar appointments, digital photos and music. PAN
may be constructed with cables or wirelessly (usually Blue tooth).
2. LAN (Local Area Network):
LAN interconnects a high number of access or node points or stations within a
confined physical area within a kilometer. An example is the territory covered in a
single office building those houses various departments/offices. All these areas
are interconnected using a LAN.

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3.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

It is used to connect systems confined within a city/limited geographical area (2030 Kilometers). Localised systems such as teller machines within a single
citywide area are interconnected using a MAN. A small bank with offices
restricted to a city or a single state might also be interconnected through a MAN.
4.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

Transmission
Satellite A

Satellite B

Terminal 2
Terminal 1
VSNL
MIT

It

is

Used to connect systems with no limitation of geographical area. It is used to

serve many locations distributed over a large geographical area. A system of
overnight teller machines used by a banking organisation covering the North of
India is an example of a WAN. Internet is also an example of the same.
Protocols: It is the set of rules for governing communication between two communication
devices. It also infers documentation, negotiations and establishment of rules.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol): A protocol for

communication between computers used as a standard for transmitting data over
networks and is the basis for standard Internet protocols.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): It is a primary method to transfer files over the Internet.
FTP transfers files to and from a remote network site. It is a common method of
moving files between two computers.
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) originally emerged
as an encapsulation protocol for transporting IP traffic over point-to-point links. PPP
also established a standard for assigning and managing IP addresses, network
protocol multiplexing, etc. for added networking capabilities.
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Level-Remote Login (Telnet) or an Application Level-Remote Login - Telnet is a

program that allows user to establish a virtual terminal connection between two
machines using TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
Wireless/Mobile Communication is the communication using devices, which are not
physically connected with each other by cable.
GSM
(Global System For Mobile
Communication)
Global system for mobile communication
(GSM) is a wide area wireless
communications system that uses digital
radio transmission to provide voice,
data, and multimedia communication
services. A GSM system coordinates the
communication
between
mobile
telephones (mobile stations), base
stations (cell sites), and switching
systems. Each GSM radio channel is 200
kHz wide that is further divided into
frames each of which hold 8 time slots.
GSM was originally named Groupe
Special Mobile. The GSM system

includes mobile telephones (mobile stations), radio towers (base stations), and
interconnecting switching systems. In India this technology is adapted by Airtel and
Vodaphone.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - It is a digital wireless telephony
transmission technique, which allows multiple frequencies to be used
simultaneously - Spread Spectrum. It is patented by QUALCOMM. In India this
technology is used by Reliance, Tata and MTNL
WLL (Wireless Local Loop) - Sometimes called as Radio In The Loop (RITL) or FixedRadio Access (FRA), WLL is a system that connects subscribers to the Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) using radio signals as a substitute for cable for
all or part of the connection between the subscriber and the switch. This includes
cordless access systems; proprietary fixed radio access, and fixed cellular systems.

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General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on
the 2G and 3G mobile systems of GSM. The service is available to users in over 200
countries worldwide.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail)
transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. While electronic mail servers use
SMTP to send and receive mail messages, user-level client mail applications typically
only use SMTP for sending messages to a mail server for relaying. For receiving
messages, client applications usually use either the Post Office Protocol (POP) or the
Internet Message Access Protocol (iMAP) or a proprietary system (such as Microsoft
Exchange or Lotus Notes/Domino) to access their mail box accounts on a mail server.

Post Office Protocol (POP) is Internet standard protocol used by local e-mail clients
to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. POP and IMAP
(Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most prevalent Internet standard
protocols for e-mail retrieval. The POP protocol has been developed through several
versions, with version 3 (POP3) being the current standard. POP3 is used for most
webmail services such as Gmail and Yahoo! Mail.
Internet Message Access Protocol (iMAP) is one of the two most prevalent Internet
standard protocols for e-mail retrieval, the other being the Post Office Protocol
(POP). In a way, all modern e-mail clients and mail servers support both protocols as
a means of transferring e-mail messages from a server.
SMS (Short Message Service)
Using SMS, a short alphanumeric message (160 alphanumeric characters) can be
sent to a mobile phone to be displayed there, much like in an alphanumeric pager
system. The network buffers the message until the phone becomes active.
E-Mail: Electronic mail. This is the most widely used service facilitating users to send
and receive messages electronically in a store and forward manner. Messages and
letters that sent over the computer network to other people with the help of
individuals unique email addresses (email ids) e.g. abcd@gmail.com
Chat: It is an application to communicate with a person, a group, or a site on the
Internet in real time by typing text. The text appears on the screen(s) of all the other
participants in the "chat".
Video Conferencing
It is a conference between two or more participants at different locations over the
Internet or a private network. Each user has a video camera, microphone, and
speakers mounted on his or her computer. As the participants speak to one another,
they hear each other's voices and see a video image of the other participant(s).
Voice over Internet Protocol (Voice over IP, VoIP) is communication protocols and
transmission technologies for delivery of voice communications and multimedia
sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Also, we can say,
VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony and broadband telephony.

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Worldwide
Interoperability
for
Microwave
Access
(WiMAX)
is
a telecommunications protocol, which provides fixed and fully mobile Internet
access. The current WiMAX revision provides up to 40 mbps and with the IEEE
802.16m update expected to offer up to 1 gbps fixed speeds.

Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. It is not a technical term. However,

the Alliance has generally enforced its use to describe only a narrow range of
connectivity technologies including wireless local area network (WLAN) based on the
IEEE 802.11standards
Network Security Concepts
Threats and Prevention
Computer Virus: A computer virus can spread from one computer to another (in
some form of executable code) when its host is taken to another computer; for
instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a
removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive. Viruses can
increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a
network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer.

Computer Worm: A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program. It uses

a network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network) and it
may do so without any user intervention. Unlike a virus, it does not need to attach
itself to an existing program.
TROJAN HORSE: "Malware" computer programs presented as useful or harmless
in order to induce the user to install and run them.
SPYWARE: Spyware is a type of malware that is installed on computers and collects
information about users without their knowledge. The presence of spyware is typically
hidden from the user. Typically, spyware is secretly installed on the user's personal
computer. Sometimes, however, the owner of a shared, corporate, or public computer
installs spy wares such as key loggers on purpose in order to secretly monitor other users.

SPAM: Spam is the abuse of electronic messaging systems (including most

broadcast media, digital delivery systems) to send unsolicited bulk messages
indiscriminately. While the most widely recognized form of spam is e-mail spam, the
term is applied to similar abuses in other media: instant messaging spam, Usenet
newsgroup spam, Web search engine spam, spam in blogs, wiki spam, online
classified ads spam, mobile phone messaging spam, Internet forum spam, junk fax
transmissions, social networking spam, and file sharing network spam.
Cookies: A small piece of information that a server sends to a client. When you visit
a Web site with cookie capabilities, its server sends certain information about you to
your browser, which is stored on your hard drive as a text file. At some later time
(such as returning to the site the next day), the server retrieves the cookie. It's a way
for the server to remember things about you.
Firewall: Any of a number of security schemes (hardware/software) that prevent
unauthorized users from gaining access to a computer network or that monitor
transfers of information to and from the network.
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THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 (No. 21 of 2000) [9th June, 2000]
An Act to provide legal recognition for transactions carried out by means of electronic
data interchange and other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as
"electronic commerce", which involve the use of alternatives to paper-based methods of
communication and storage of information, to facilitate electronic filing of documents
with the Government agencies and further to amend the Indian Penal Code, the Indian
Evidence Act, 1872, the Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891 and the Reserve Bank of
India Act, 1934 and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Cyber law encompasses a wide variety of political and legal issues related to the
Internet and other communications technology, including intellectual property,
privacy, freedom of expression, and jurisdiction.
Cyber crime refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network, where the
computers may or may not have played an instrumental part in the commission of
a crime. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high profile, particularly
those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement, etc. There are also problems
of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise.

Intellectual property (IP) - Under intellectual property law, owners are granted
certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary,
and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and
designs. Common types of intellectual property include copyrights, trademarks,
patents, industrial design rights and trade secrets in some jurisdictions.
Hacking: The process in which people break and enter a computer/network without
having authorised access and with no malicious intent is known as hacking. It is the
duty of an ethical hacker to inform the system administrator of the security flaw as
soon as he/she identifies it.
Web Services
Web page: It is a single document written in HTML having extension as .htm or .html.
It is viewable in any Internet Browser. It can be edited in any text editor.
HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language): The coding language used to create Hypertext
documents for use on the World Wide Web.
XML (eXtensible Markup Language): XML is a programming language that enables
designers to create their own tags to indicate specific information.
HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - The protocol that allows use of HTML on the
World Wide Web.
Domain Name: It is the unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names
always have 2 or more parts, separated by dots (or periods). The part on the left is
the most specific, and the part on the right is the most general. A given machine may
have more than one Domain Name but a given Domain Name points to only one
machine. Example: w3schools.com, microsoft.co.in , cbse.nic.in

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URL (Uniform Resource Locator): It is the global address of documents and other
resources on the World Wide Web. The first part of the address indicates what
protocol to use, and the second part specifies the IP address or the domain name
where the resource is located. In other words, it is a specific character string that
constitutes a reference to an Internet resource.
For example, in the URL http://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp, the
domain name is w3schools.com
IP Address: It is a unique, numeric identifier used to specify hosts and networks.
Internet Protocol (IP) numbers are part of a global, standardized scheme for
identifying machines that are connected to the Internet. Technically speaking, IP
numbers are 32 bit addresses that consist of four octets, and they are expressed as
four numbers between 0 and 255, separated by periods, for example: 198.41.0.52
Website: It is a group of Web Pages that collectively represent a company, or
individual on the World Wide Web. A group of web pages that have been developed
together to present information on specific subjects is also a Web Site
Web Browser
It is a Client software program that is used to access various kinds of Internet
resources using HTTP. Examples: Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Netscape
Navigator, Opera, Safari etc.

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Web Server: It is a computer that stores Web documents and makes them available
to the rest of the world. A server may be dedicated, meaning its sole purpose is to be
a Web server, or non-dedicated, meaning it can be used for basic computing in
addition to acting as a server.
Web Hosting: It is a service that allows you to upload and store a site's HTML
documents and related files on a Web server. This makes the files available on the
World Wide Web for viewing by the public. Also called site hosting.
Web Scripting CLIENT and SERVER Side
VB Script or Java Script codes are embedded in Web pages to be executed on the
clients computer, where as ASP, JSP and PHP codes are embedded in the Web
Pages to be executed on the Server.
Web 2.0 for Social Networking
Web 2.0 terms is commonly associated with web applications that facilitate interactive
systemic biases, interoperability, user-centered design, and administrating the World
Wide Web. A Web 2.0 site allows users to interact and collaborate with each
other in a social media dialogue as consumers of user-generated content in a virtual
community, in contrast to websites where users are limited to the active viewing
of content that they created and controlled. Examples of Web 2.0 include Social
networking sites, Blogs, Wikis, Video-sharing sites etc,
Open Source Terminologies
Open Source Software
Free and open source software (F/OSS, FOSS) or Free/ Libre/ Open Source Software
(FLOSS) is software that is liberally licensed to grant the right of users to use, study,
change, and improve its design through the availability of its source code. This
approach has gained both momentum and acceptance as the potential benefits have
been increasingly recognized by both individuals and corporate players.
Freeware - Freeware (from "free" and "software") is computer software that is available
for use at no cost or for an optional fee. The opposite of Freeware is Payware.
Shareware - The term shareware refers to proprietary software that is provided to users
on a trial basis with no payment and is often limited by any combination
of functionality, availability or convenience. Shareware is commonly offered as
a download from an Internet website or provided in a CD/DVD with a newspaper or a
magazine. The aim behind providing shareware software is to give users/buyers an
opportunity to try the program and find its usefulness before buying the full version
of the software.
Proprietary Software - Proprietary Software is often used to mean computer software,
which is neither free nor open source. A literal meaning of "proprietary" in relation to
software, which has a copyright owner, who can restrict the users control over the
software, its modification, or restrictions publishing of modified or unmodified versions.
These restrictions are placed on it by one of its proprietors. In this sense it is also known
as "non-free software" and is the opposite of free software, generally speaking.
We can also refer it as "closed-source software" which usually describes software

whose source code is not published, in contrast with "open source". While most
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proprietary software is closed-source, source-available proprietary software also exists.
Some kinds of software (such as shared source and "public source")are neither "closedsource" nor "open source" according to narrow definitions of those terms.
GNU - GNU is an Operating System composed entirely of free software. Its name is a

recursive acronym for GNU's not Unix! This name was chosen because GNU's design
is Unix-like, but differs from Unix by being free software and containing no Unix code.
Development of GNU was initiated by Richard Stallman and was the original focus of the
Free Software Foundation (FSF).
FSF - The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit organization founded by Richard
Stallman in 1985 to support the free software movement, a copyleft-based (opposite of copyright) movement, which aims to promote the universal freedom to distribute and modify
computer software. The FSF is incorporated in Massachusetts, USA.

OSI - Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model (or OSI Model) is an
abstract description for layered communications and computer network protocol
design. It was developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) initiative.

Sample Case study based solved question

Q

Granuda Consultants are setting up a secured network for their office campus at Faridabad 4
for their day to day office and web based activities. They are planning to have
connectivity between 3 building and the head office situated in Kolkata. Answer the
questions (i) to (iv) after going through the building positions in the campus and other
details, which are given below.

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(i)

Suggest the most suitable place (i.e. block) to house the server of this organization. Also
give a reason to justify your suggested location.

Ans Building Jamuna, since it contains maximum number of computers

OR
Building Ganga, since it is closest to the other two buildings Jamuna and Ravi
( Mark for writing any correct place)
( Mark for correct justification)
(iii)
Suggest a cable layout of connections between the building inside the campus.
Ans

(iii)
Ans

(iv)

Ans
(f)
Ans

(1 Mark for drawing /writing any valid connectivity or topology or diagram connecting various
buildings inside the campus)
NOTE: Ignore placement/order of buildings in the diagrammatic representation
Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification
(i) Switch
(ii) Repeater
(i) Switch:
In each of the buildings, since a network switch is a networking device that joins
multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN).
(ii) Repeater:
Between buildings Jamuna and Ravi, since distance between these two
buildings is greater than 70 m which will otherwise lead to loss of signal intensity
for data to be transferred .
( Mark for writing correct placement and justification of Switch)
( Mark for writing correct placement and justification of Repeater, according to layout drawn for e2)
The organization is planning to provide a high speed link with its head office situated in
the KOLKATA using a wired connection. Which of the following cable will be most
suitable for this job?
(i) Optical Fibre
(ii) Co-axial Cable
(iii)Ethernet Cable
(i) Optical Fibre
( 1 Mark for writing correct option)
Give one suitable example of each- URL and Domain Name
URL Example:
http://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp
OR
www.youtube.com
Domain Name Example:
w3schools.com
OR
Any other correct URL and Domain Name Examples
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NOTE: Domain names in both the examples may/may not be same
( Mark for writing any correct URL Example)
( Mark for writing any correct Domain Name Example)
(g)
Ans

Name two Open Source software alongwith its application

GNU: It is an Operating System composed entirely of free software
OR
Open Office: It is an open-source office productivity software suite whose main
components are for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, and databases
OR
GIMP(GNU Image Manipulation Program): It is a free and open source software raster
graphics editor
OR
Blender: It is a free and open-source 3D computer graphics software
OR
Any other correct Open Source Software with its application
( mark each for any 2 of the above mentioned or any other Open Source software with/or without
their application areas)

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