Measurand-designate physical parameter being observed and quantitfied.

Standard-a reference that shows a defined relationship to a unit of measurement of a physical quantity.

Significance of measurement
-provide quantitative information on actual state of physical variable
-provide comparison between what was intended and what was actually achieved

Dimension defining characteristics of a measurand.

Dimensional unit- basis for quantification of entity.

3 stages of subsystems:
-sensing element(significant physical characteristic that change in response to change in measurand)
-signal modification subsystem (change the output of sensing element to make it more suitable)
-recording device(display the output)
mechanical -Bourdon tube: gearing: moving pointer and scale
electrical-piezoelectric crystal : amplifier : computing system to feed readout device

error-difference between the measured value and the true value of the measurand
uncertainty- an estimate with some level of confidence of the limit of error in the measurement
systematic(bias) error- repeatable errors in the measurement that lead to measured value being
consistently too high or too low compared to actual value.
sources: calibration error, loading error
to reduce by : calibration, offsetting data by analytical correction

Random(precision) error- non-repeatable errors and being different for each successive meansurement,
have an average value of zero.
sources: uncontraolled variable, measuring system(insufficient sensitivity), disturbance, fluctuating
environment condition(temperature).
to reduce by: eliminating uncontrolled variable, shielding measuring system, statisfical analysis

range-describes the values of measurand to which that measuring system will respond properly
error= measured-true

random error=reading average of readings

systematic error=avg reading true value

span- difference between the upper and lower values of the range.
accuracy- the degree of closeness between a measured value and the true value
precision- degree of repeatability of the readings when measurement of the same standard is repeated,
characterizing the random error
hysteresis-the difference in output for the same measurand when the measurand is given in increasing
and decreasing value. systematic
sources:friction, mechanical flexure of internal parts and electrical capacitance.
Resolution- the smallest increment of change in the measurand the can be determined by a measuring
system. random
Repeatability- ability of a device to produce the same output reading when same measurand is applied
using same procedure. random
Linearity- linear relationship between the input and output. systematic
Linearity error- maximum deviation between the straight line and the output
Zero- a point in the range of a calibrated measurement system when there is no measurand.
Sensitivity- ratio of the change in magnitude of the output to the change in the magnitude of the
measurand . systematic
sensitivity= d(out)/d(input)
drift- a characteristic in a measuring system of producing deviated output when the same measurand is
being measured under the same condition. random
thermal stability- a characteristic in a measuring system of being sensitive to the environmental
temperature, producing deviated output when the same measurand is being measured. random

calibration- procedure to establish the correct output scale by comparing to known true value.
response- a measure of a systems fidelity to purpose.
time constant-63.2% of the process has been completed.
rise time-time needed for a dynamic response increase(decrease) from 10% to 90% of the completion
settling time is the time required for the system response to remain within some small percentage of its
final value.
slew rate is the maximum rate of change that the system can handle.

bandwidth indicates a range of frequencies that produce a constant ratio of output amplitude to input
amplitude.
phase diff/lag-difference in phase angle between the input and the output signal
zero order system- respond instantly to measurands
first order system-shows capacitance-type energy storage effects, analogous to springs and devices that
store thermal energy(take time to equilibrium, but no mass/involved)
second order system-have inertia effects of inductance or accelerated mass as well as capacitance
energy storage(mass involved) (accelerometer, gyrometer)