Exam Electronic Power Conversion 4 February 2000 (selection)

(80) PROBLEM 1
Given is a simple circuit with a generic switch as shown in the figure 1a.
Bundle of exams Electronic Power Conversion (ET4119)
February 2000 January 2007

Remarks:
In front of every question the maximum rating that can be obtained is indicated.
First solve the problems for your self on draft paper and make a neat version subsequently.
Start each problem on a separate piece of paper.
Always show the formulas that you used to make the calculations.
You can give your answers in Dutch or in English.
It is allowed to use a (self-made) piece of paper (1xA4) with formulas and figures from the
textbook.

Note:
- The answers in this bundle are in short from. A more elaborate answer, showing methods
and applied formulas, is expected from you at the exam.
- Please inform me about (typing) errors in this bundle: s.w.h.dehaan@tudelft.nl

1/46

Fig. 1
The data sheet of the switch specifies the following switching times corresponding to the linear
switching characteristics as shown in the figure.
t ri = 80 ns ;
t fv = 80 ns ;
t rv = 120 ns ;
t fi = 200 ns
Further:
V d =300V ;
I 0 = 4A.
(10) 1.1 Sketch the instantaneous switching loss as a function of time
(40) 1.2 Calculate the switching power loss as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz, assuming V d =300V and I 0 = 4A.
(30) 1.3 Calculate and plot the total losses as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz in the switch when the on-state voltage is V on =1.5V at 4A and
the duty ratio of the switch is D = 0.4 (assume t don =t doff ).
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 4 February 2000
1.2

E loss,sw = 1/2 I o V d ( t ri +t fv ) + 1/2 I o V d ( t rv +t fi ) =

= 1/2 4.300(t ri +t fv + t rv +t fi ) = 288 J
P loss,sw = f s . E loss,sw = 288 f s W

1.3

P loss,on = V on . I on t on /T s = V on . I on D = 2,4 W
P loss,tot = 2,4 + 288. 10 -6 f s W

2/46

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 7 April 2000

(190)
PROBLEM 1
Given converter shown Fig. 2, consists of a forward converter that is connected to the grid
(230V, 50Hz) via a diode rectifier.
The following is given:
=
80 kHz
(switching frequency of the forward converter)
fs
=
25 H
L0
=
4
Ro
230:115:10
W 1 :W 2 :W 3 =
Both C 1 en C o are sufficiently large to justify the assumption of u 1 and u o being constant.
The forward converter is lossless and can operate in both continuous and discontinuous
conduction mode.

(15)
(15)
(30)
(30)
(30)

L=2 mH
V d =300V
V 0 =120 V (Desired output voltage)
C is sufficiently large to assume the output voltage to be constant.
2.1 Express the output voltage in V d and vcontrol / vtri .
2.2 Define the duty ratio D and calculate the required duty ratio to get an output
voltage of 120V.
2.3 Sketch the v 1 (t) , i L (t) and the source current i d .
2.4 Indicate in the sketch what switches are conducting at what time.
2.5 Express the ripple in the output voltage V 0 in L, C, D and T s .

(50) PROBLEM 3
(20) 3.1 Define the switch utilisation ratio.
(30) 3.2 Calculate the switch utilisation ratio for a step-up and a step-down converter as a
function of the duty ratio D were inductors and capacitors are sufficiently large to
assume that inductor currents are constant and capacitor voltages are constant.
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 7 April 2000
1.1 U 1 = 230 2 = 325 V (peak rectification)
1.2 Function of w2: to reset the core and to avoid that the magnetisation energy is
dissipated into the switch at turn off. Function of D2: avoid that an increasing dc-current
will start to flow through w2.
1.3

Fig. 2
(10)
(20)
(30)
(30)

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Calculate the voltage u 1 across C 1 .

Describe the function of winding w 2 and diode D 3 .
Calculate the allowable control range of the duty ratio D.
What values can the output voltage take when the duty ratio is varied over the
allowable control range. Consider both continuous and discontinuous conduction
mode.
Calculate D for an output voltage of 5V.
Sketch the course of i 1 , i 2 , i 3 , i L , u ce and u 1 as a function of time. Mark the graph
with values.
Calculate the critical inductance L c as a function of the duty ratio D.
Sketch the current i s through the ac supply and calculate the input power.

(30) 1.5
(30) 1.6
(30) 1.7
(30) 1.8

(120)
PROBLEM 2
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with RLC-load as shown. For control of the
switches so called bipolar voltage switching is applied, were the control signals are obtained
by comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri.
S1

D1

S3

Io
+

Vd

C
_

S2

D2

S4

1.4

1.5

3/46

U1 D Ts=

1
w2 A

U 1 (1 - D) T s

10
325 with 0<D<0.667
230
10
10
Discontinuous: D
. 325 < U 0 <
. 325 with 0<D<0.667
230
230
Continuous: U 0 = D

Continuous conduction mode:

D=

U0= D

w3
U1
w1

5
w1 U 0 230
=
.
= 0.35
w3 U 1 10 325

1.6

See book

1.7

Lc = (1 - D)

1.8

P in =P out ; Pout =

2.1

Vo=

2.2

V 0 = (2 D1 - 1) V d (=

R
2 fs
2

D4

The following is given:

T s = 1 ms (T s is the period of triangular waveform)
R=5 Ohm

w1 A

So: 0< U o < 14,2

Vo
_

so: 0 < D < 2/3

D3

>B up = B down = ;

vcontrol
Vd
vtri

v control
= 0.4 ;
vtri
2.3
2.4

U o 25
= = 6.25 W
R0 4

vcontrol
Vd )
vtri

D 1 = 0.7

Like Mohan fig 7-28

(D1+D4), (S1+S4), (D2+D3), (S2+S3), (D1+D4), .....,
4/46

D (1 - D)
Vd
8 L C f 2s

2.5

V 0 =

3.1
3.2

See Mohan par. 7.8 and 8.3.4

See Mohan par. 7.8 and 8.3.4

Exam Electronic Power Conversion (ET 4-119) dd 21 March 2001 (selection)

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 27 January 2001 (selection)

(120)
PROBLEM 1
The converter shown in Fig. 3 consists of a forward converter that is connected to the grid
(230V, 50Hz) via a diode rectifier.
The following is given
=
80 kHz
(switching frequency of the forward converter)
fs
=
25 H
L0
=
4
Ro
230:115:10
W 1 :W 2 :W 3 =
Both C 1 en C o are sufficiently large to justify the assumption of u 1 and u o being constant.
The forward converter is lossless and can operate in both continuous and discontinuous
conduction mode.

(60) PROBLEM 1
For applications such as motors and servo control it is often required to control the motor
current. There are various ways to obtain switching signals for the switches to control the
inverter output current.
In Fig. 4a phase leg of a voltage source inverter is shown.

Fig. 4
(40) 1.1
(20) 1.2
Fig. 3
(10)
(20)
(20)
(20)
(30)

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
with
(20) 1.6

Calculate the voltage u 1 across C 1 .

Describe the function of winding w 2 and diode D 3 .
Calculate the allowable control range of the duty ratio D.
Calculate D for an output voltage of 5V.
Sketch the course of i 1 , i 2 , i 3 , i L , u ce and u 1 as a function of time. Mark the graph
values.
Sketch the current i s through the ac supply and calculate the average input power.

(70) PROBLEM 3
Given is a flyback converter as shown in Fig. 5b. The input voltage V d may vary and the output
voltage V 0 should be kept constant by adapting the duty ratio D.

id

1.3

1
w1 A

U1 D Ts=

1
w2 A

U 1 (1 - D) T s

Given is:

so: 0 < D < 2/3

1.5

Continuous conduction mode:

D=
1.6

U0= D

w3
U1
w1
(10) 3.1

5
w1 U 0 230
=
.
= 0.35
w3 U 1 10 325

+
vs

U 1 = 230 2 = 325 V (peak rectification because the capacitor C 1 is large).

Function of w2: to reset the core and to avoid that the magetisation energy is dissipated
into the switch at turn off. Function of D2: avoid that an increasing dc-current will start
to flow through w2.
>B up = B down = ;

i2
+
v

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 26 January 2001

1.1
1.2

Describe a system to control the output current i A of the inverter leg in Fig. 4. Give
a block diagram of the system and sketch the voltage v AN , i A and the on/off signals
for the switches.
What parameters in the control system determine the magnitude of the current
ripple and how can a small current ripple be obtained.

Fig. 5
Vd = 12 14 V
V0= 48 V
N2/N1 = 6
fs = 200 kHz
R0=10 Ohm
Derive the voltage transfer function V0 / Vd in continuous conduction mode
(incomplete demagnetisation mode) as a function of the duty ratio D and calculate
the duty ratio for V d =12V.

See Mohan fig. 10-11

5/46

6/46

(20) 3.2

Calculate the minimum value of the transformer inductance Lm that is required to

obtain continuous conduction mode for all values of V d in the range 12 14V.
Hint: Be aware that at the boundary of the continuous/discontinuous conduction
mode the following holds: D id / 2 = I d and I d V d = P.

(20) 3.3
(20) 3.4

Calculate the maximum voltage across the switch.

Sketch i d , i 2 , v x and v s as a function of time for V d = 12V.

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 21 March 2001

1.1 See book of Mohan par 8.6.3 fig 8-35 or 8-36
1.2 Fig 8-35: the tolerance band
Fig 8-36: the frequency of v tri
(Other factors outside the control system: the supply voltage, the back EMF and load
inductance).
3.1
3.2

Assume all components to be ideal except for the presence of the transformer magnetization
inductance. The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetization of the magnetization inductance
of the core.
The converter operates in continuous conduction mode for all given supply and load conditions
(5)
3.1
Calculate N2/N1 if the turns ratio is desired to be as small as possible(10)
3.2
Calculate the minimum value of the output filter inductance L to guarantee
continuous conduction mode for all specified load and supply conditions.
(15)
3.3 Sketch the waveforms of v x , i L , i 2 , i 3 , i d for V d = 43,2V and P load =15W and L=L min
(25) PROBLEM 4
Given is a bi-directional single-phase dc/ac converter that is connected to a grid with voltage
e 0 , as shown in Fig. 7.

N2 D
; D= 0.4; (At V d =14 V the duty ratio is D=0.36)
N1 1 D

V0 = V d

The boundary is reached at the highest input voltage V d =14V with D=0.36
At the boundary of continuous conduction: D id / 2 = I d with I d = P o /V d = 230.4 /14

=16.5 A
Also: id =

Vd
DTs or
Lm

Lm

2I
Vd
2 16.5
Ds T3 with id = d =
= 91.7 A
0.36
i1
D

Vd
14
D Ts =
0.36 5 10 6 = 0.275 H
i1
91.7
N
48
v s = Vd + v x1 = Vd + 1 V0 = 14 +
= 22 V
N2
6
So Lm

3.3
3.4

Fig. 7
The output voltage v 0 of the inverter, that contains a full-bridge voltage source converter, is
obtained by bipolar voltage switching as shown inFig. 8. Only linear modulation is applied (no
overmodulation).

See Mohan fig 10-8

Exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 25 January 2002 (selection)

(30)

PROBLEM 3

A forward converter with demagnetisation winding (with N3=N1) as shown in Fig. 6 is to be designed with
the following specifications:
V d = 48V 10%
V 0 = 5V (regulated)
f s = 100 kHz
P load = 15-50W
N1 = N3
Id

I3

I2

Fig. 8
Given is further: V d = 350V

e0 = E 0 2 sin 1t

with

E 0 = 230V

and 1 =250

L = 15 mH
The inverter is fed from a photovoltaic array and the objective is to supply power to the grid at unity
power factor. In the following questions the ripple that is caused by the switching can be neglected.
(5) 4.1 Define the modulation ratio m a and give the relation between V o , m a and V d , where
V o is the rms fundamental of the output voltage.
(10) 4.2 Sketch a phasor diagram with the phasors of e0, v0 and i0 . Calculate the modulation ratio ma
such that 1 kW is supplied to the grid at unity power factor (pf=1) in e0.
(10) 4.3 What is the lowest value of Vd where we can still supply 1 kW to the grid with linear
sinusoidal modulation?

+
vx
--

Fig. 6

7/46

8/46

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 25 January 2002

3.1

3.2

(10)

2 . The highest D will be used at the lowest value

See problem 10.5 in Mohans book. V = V
0
d N D
1

of Vd or Vd=43.2V. To guarantee continuous conduction for all load and supply conditions:
N2/N1>0.23.
(Note: when N2/N1=0.23 and Vd=52.8V, the duty ratio can be reduced to 0.408 to obtain 5V)
For a given L discontinuous mode will first occur at light load (Pload= 15W) and D=0.5, which is
also the maximum allowable value of D.
N
(V d 2 V0 )
N1
1
At boundary (see eq. 7.5 in Mohan):
t on = I load ,min with Iload,min=3A. The ripple
L
2

1.3
Give a formula for Vd and Pd as a function of Id, where Vd is the average of v d
and P d is the average of the output power p d.

(30) PROBLEM 2
In a step-down converter, consider all components to be ideal.

min

increases with ton, but also with Vd, so check both combinations:
Lmin,1=4.17H
Vd=43.2V and D=0.5:
Vd=52.8V and D=0.408 Lmin,2=4.93H, so use L=4.93H
4.1
4.2

v
ma = control ; V0 2 = ma Vd
vtri

(15)
2.1
continuous

I 0 = 1000/230 = 4.35A
V L = j LI 0 = j 20.5 V
V 0 =E 0 +j LI 0

(15)

V0 = 230 2 + 20.5 2 = 230.9 V

V0 2 230.9 2
=
= 0.933
Vd
350
V
20.5
= arctan( L ) = arctan(
) = 5.09 deg (v c leading to e a )
Ea
230
ma =

4.3

Vd ,min =

The output voltage v 0 V 0 is held at 5V by controlling the switch duty ratio D.

2.2

Calculate the minimum inductance L to keep the converter operating in a

conduction mode under all conditions V d = 10 40V, P 0 5W and f s = 50 kHz .
Calculate the peak-to-peak ripple V 0 if V d =12.6 V and I 0 =200 mA, where
f s =20 kHz, L=1 mH and C=470 F.

(40) PROBLEM 3
In Fig. 10a a single-line diagram of a three-phase grid is shown with a utility source (dashed
block) and a power electronic load. The power electronic load represents a large industrial
three-phase diode rectifier as shown in Fig. 10b.

V0 2 230.9 2
=
= 326.5 V
ma ,max
1

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 20 March 2002

(30) PROBLEM 1
Given is a single-phase rectifier as shown in Fig. 9 with L s =2 mH
The supply voltage v s is sinusoidal with amplitude 230 2 V and frequency 50Hz.
Fig. 10
The utility source (dashed block) is three phase grid with sinusoidal voltage sources v s in
series with inductances L s . The nominal rms value of the phase voltage is V s =230V (per
phase) and its frequency is f s =60 Hz.
The load of the rectifier is represented by a constant DC current source I d .

Fig. 9
(10)
(10)

1.1
1.2

Sketch v s , v d and i s as a function of time for I d =10A.

Calculate the commutation angle u as a function of I d.

9/46

(10)

3.1

(10)

3.2

(10)

3.3

Sketch i a and calculate the harmonics of the input current ia as a function of I d ,

where L s =0. Assume Ls=0 for this question only.
Calculate the average rectifier output voltage V d as a function of V s , L s and I d.
For the next questions L s =3mH.
Describe qualitatively the effect of L s 0 instead of L s =0 on the input current
harmonics. Consider both high-order harmonics and low-order harmonics.

According to local regulations of the utility company, the maximum allowable fifth harmonic
voltage at PCC caused by any load should be less than 3% of the nominal voltage (Ls =3 mH).
10/46

You may assume for this case that the rms value of the fifth harmonic of the rectifier current
is equal to I s5 = 0.15 I d
(10)
3.4
Calculate the maximum allowable value of I d .
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 20 March 2002
1.1 See book fig 5.14
1.2 See book eq. 5-30 to 5-32
1.3 See book eq. 5-9, 5-10 and 5-31 to 5-33
2.2

The boundary is first reached at the highest input voltage (lowest D). At Vd=40V: D=0.125.
See book fig. 7-6, eq. 7-5, 7-18 and 7-19;

2.2
3.1
3.2
3.3

3.4

R s =0

L=

D (Vd V0 )
= 43.75 H
2 fs I0

D(1 D )Vd
See book 7-22 to 7-25 ; V0 =
= 2.0 mV
8 LCf s2
See book fig. 5-33, eq. 5-60 to 5-71
See book eq. 5-86. Note that the phase voltage VS is given and that VLL= 3 VS ; Vd=538-1,8 Id
All harmonics are more or less reduced, including the fundamental. Higher harmonics are
attenuated more than the lower harmonics, because steep edges on currents are removed . Lower
harmonics are only slightly affected.
See book eq. 18-2;
5Ls 0.15 I d < 0.03 Vs or I d < 8.13 A

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 10 January 2003

(25) PROBLEM 1
Consider the resistive switching circuit shown in Fig. 11 with V d =300 V, f s =100kHz and R=75
Ohm. The switch turn-on time is t on =150 ns and the switch turn-off time is t off =300 ns.
Assume linear voltage and current switching characteristics.

(b)

Fig. 12

(10)
(10)

2.1
Sketch the waveforms of i d , i s , |v S | and v L .
2.2
Calculate by approximation the time instants where relevant voltage
intersections occur in the sketch.
(10)
2.3
Calculate the average of current i d . (difficult if f is unknown)
The voltage source V d is replaced by a large capacitor in parallel with a resistor as shown in
Fig. 12b. The capacitor is so large that the voltage v d is constant (R load C d >> 10 ms). The value
of the load resistor should be chosen such that V d =150V again. Assume R s =0.
(5)
2.4
Calculate the value of R load .
(5)
2.5
To what limit will V d rise if R load is gradually increased.
(35) PROBLEM 3
For a certain application a dc voltage has to be stepped up from a source voltage V s to a
higher load voltage V 0 . The voltage across the load should be fairly constant. The circuit as
shown in Fig. 13 is available, however the circuit is not complete yet and at least an inductor L
has to be added. The indicated terminals are not necessarily the terminals that have to be
used as input and output.

id
+
Source

(10)
(10)
(5)

Fig. 11
1.1 Sketch the waveforms of v T and i T and the power p T that is dissipated in the
switch as a function of time.
1.2 Calculate and plot the average switching power loss as a function of frequency in the
frequency range 25 kHz-100 kHz.
1.3 Calculate the efficiency of the power transfer from the source Vd to the load R at 100
kHz and a duty ratio D=0.5.

(40) PROBLEM 2
The single-phase rectifier circuit as shown in Fig. 12a is connected to a sinusoidal supply
voltage with V s =120V at 60 Hz. Further L s =1 mH and V d =150 V.

11/46

iA

Vs
_

V0

Load

Fig. 13
The following is specified:
V s =150V, V 0 =240V, f s =20 kHz and C + =C_= 4700 F and P 0 =500W. Inductor L=600 H.
(10)
3.1 Show by means of a circuit diagram how the desired conversion can be obtained
by using the circuit from Fig. 13. Show where the inductor L should be added and
include the connections to source and load. Describe shortly how the circuit is
operated.
(5)
3.2 Express V o in the duty ratio D and V s . Define and calculate the duty ratio D.
(10)
3.3 Calculate the average inductor current. Sketch for L=4 H the terminal current i A
the diode current i D+ and the voltage v AN or v A0
(10)
3.4 Can i A have zero crossings? Calculate the minimum value of the inductor that
will assure that i A does not have zero crossings for the given conditions.

12/46

id

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 10 January 2003

1.1 Note that the waveforms for the switching of resistive loads are quite different from the waveforms
for clamped inductive loads (Mohan Fig 2-6). With the circuit from the exam vT and iT are always
related by: VT = Vd IT R . During turn on: iT=Id t/ton and vT=Vd(1-t/ton) ; pT(t)=vT iT = Vd Id t/ton

T+

+
vo
_

+
_

(1-t/ton).
Similar during turn off.

vs

T_

D_

N
on

PT
vT

D+

iA

T_

off

9W

iT

iA

3.33 A

id

Eon

PT

100 kHz

1.2 Dissipated energy during turn on: ET ,on

t2
t3
= iT vT dt = Vd I d 12
13 2

t on
0
t on
ton

Vd I d
=
t on =300*4*1/6*150

ns (J)
Similar for turn off.

P PT DVd I d PT 600 9
P
1.3 = R = d
=
= 0.985
=
600
Pd
Pd
DVd I d

mode with up-converters (see Mohan eq. 7-28). Lmin =

DTS
IA

Vs =

DTS
V s = 422H
2I A

(Vd 2 Vs sin t )dt = 0 cos f + 0.884 f = 1.426 f =2.53 rad

2.3 i d =

L s

t
b ( 2 V s sin t Vd ) dt =

L s

(169.7 cos t 150t )

I d = 1 0 id dt =2.64A

2.4 Id=2.64A ; R = Vd/Id=56.8 Ohm

2.5 Vd,max=1202=169.7 V
3.1

IA can have zero crossings if L is small. In that case T+ conducts during the negative part of IA.
The condition for not having zero crossing is similar to the condition for continuous conduction

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 11 June 2003

(20) PROBLEM 1
At the terminals of a converter the voltage and current are as shown in Fig. 14.

Vd
=1.083 rad ; p = b = 2.057 rad
2V
s

2.2 b = arcsin
f

3.3

1
V s with D=Ton/Ts where Ton is the on-time of T_ and Ts=1/fs ; D=0.375
1 D
DTS
IA=500/150=3.33A ; Id=500/240=2.08A ; R=500/2.08=115 Ohm ; i A, pp =
V s = 4.72 A
L
V0 =

Note that RC>>Ts, so that Vd is indeed constant.

2.1 See Mohan Fig 5-16

3.2

3.4

V I
Average power: PT = d d (ton + toff ) / Ts =200 * (150+300) * 10-9 * fs.
6

Vo

vAN

10 A

The circuit should be configured such that a boost converter is obtained (Mohan section 7-4 and
Fig 7-33). T_ and D+ are the active components. Note that the terminal pair {A ,O} cannot be
used as input as the node 0 cannot absorb a DC current. The capacitors C+ , C- are in parallel to
the load as is required in a boost converter. When T_ is ON the current through L increases and
when T_ is OFF the inductor current is pushed in the output circuit via D+.

T+ T
-10 A

Fig. 14
The amplitude of the voltage is 230 2 V.
(5) 1.1 Calculate the power at the terminals.
(5) 1.2 Calculate the rms value of the current i.
(5) 1.3 Define and calculate the power factor PF.
(5) 1.4 Define and calculate the Distortion Power Factor DPF.
(40) PROBLEM 2
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with dc motor load as shown (Fig. 15). The
motor is modelled by the series connection of R a , L a and e a . For control of the switches so

13/46

14/46

called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the control signals are obtained by
comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri .

(10)

3.2 Show by means of a circuit diagram how the desired conversion can be obtained
by using the circuit from Fig. 16. Show where the inductor L should be added and
include the connections to source and load. Describe shortly how the circuit is
operated.
3.3 Express V o in the duty ratio D and V s . Define and calculate the duty ratio D.
3.4 Calculate the average inductor current. Sketch for L=600 H the terminal current
i A , the diode current i D+ and the voltage v AN or v A0
3.5 Can i A have zero crossings? Calculate the minimum value of the inductor L that
will assure that i A does not have zero crossings for the given conditions.

(5)
(10)
(10)

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 11 June 2003

Fig. 15
The following is given:
Ts
= 1 ms (T s is the period of triangular waveform)
= 0.1 Ohm
Ra
= 2 mH
La
= 300V
Vd
= 120 V
ea
For the calculation of the current waveform, the resistance R a can be neglected.
2.1

Express the average value of v o in V d and

(5)

2.2

(5)

2.3

Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 =+10A at e a = +120 V.
Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 = -10A at e a = +120 V.
Sketch the v 0 (t) , i 0 (t) and the source current i d for I 0 = +10A at e a = +120 V.
Indicate in this sketch which switches are conducting at what time.

(15) 2.4
(10) 2.5

P=

1.2

I rms =

vcontrol / vtri .

id

DPF =

2.1

V0 = V d

I rms

10 2 2
= 0. 9
10

(Note that for a sinusoidal voltage: PF=DPF. cos)

vcontrol
vtri
vo (t ) + v R (t ) + v L (t ) ea (t ) = 0

2.2

After averaging: V 0 + I 0 R - e a = 0
Or:

300

vcontrol
+ 10 R 120 = 0
vtri

^
Vtri

T s /2
t1

t1

V0

Vd
_

Fig. 16
The following is specified:
V s =150V, V 0 =240V, f s =20 kHz and C + =C_= 4700 F and P 0 =500W.
Inductor L=600 H.
(5)
3.1 What type of converter would you preferably use for this conversion?
15/46

(D 1 =0.702)

Load

io

io

(T A _ ,TB+ )
(DA _ , D B+ )

(Vd e0 ) D1Ts 300 120

=
0.702 10 3 = 6
La
2 10 3

Vd

positive peak current: 10 + 63/2 = 41.6 A

negative peak current: 10 - 63/2 = -21.6 A

Io

0
_

I 0 =10A

I 0 =
Vo

iA

vcontrol 121
=
= 0.403
vtri
300

vcontrol

t= 0

Vs

so:

v control 119
=
= 0.397
300
vtri

vo (= vAN -vBN )

+
Source

I 1,rms

1.4

2.3
(40) PROBLEM 3
For a certain application a dc voltage has to be stepped up from a source voltage V s to a
higher load voltage V 0 . The voltage across the load should be fairly constant. The circuit as
shown in Fig. 16 is available, however the circuit is not complete yet and at least an inductor L
has to be added. The indicated terminals are not necessarily the terminals that have to be
used as input and output.

1 T 2
i dt = 10 A
T 0
P
2 2
PF =
=
cos 2 = 0.9 cos 2
U rms I rms

1.3

(5)

1T
2 230 2 10
cos 2 = 2070 cos
u i dt =
T0

1.1

(T A + ,TB _ )

(DA+ , D B_ )

id
t

16/46

2.4

Like Mohan fig. 7-29e

3.1
3.2

Boost converter (Mohan section 7-4 and Fig 7-33).

The circuit should be configured such that a boost converter is obtained (Mohan section 7-4 and
Fig 7-33). T_ and D+ are the active components. Note that the terminal pair {A ,O} cannot be
used as input as the node 0 cannot absorb a DC current. The capacitors C+ , C- are in parallel to
the load as is required in a boost converter. When T_ is ON the current through L increases and
when T_ is OFF the inductor current is pushed in the output circuit via D+.
id
T+

D+

iA
L

+
vo
_

+
vs

T_

D_

Fig. 17 a: double E-core; b: normal BH-loop; c: flat BH-loop.

For diagrams a and b: B-scale: 0.1 T per division; H-scale: 5 A/m per division
The E-cores have the following data:
Core cross section of central leg
A c = 1 cm2
Equivalent length of magnetic path of field lines
l e = 4 cm
Other relevant material properties (B s , B r , H c ) can be read from the figure.
For the forward converter the following is given:
= 75 kHz
(switching frequency)
fs
= 300 V
(supply voltage)
Vd
(10) 1.1

on

T_

off

iA

3.33 A

(10) 1.2

id

vAN

(10) 1.3

Vo

1.4
3.3

1
V0 =
V s with D=Ton/Ts where Ton is the on-time of T_ and Ts=1/fs ; D=0.375
1 D

3.4

IA=500/150=3.33A ; Id=500/240=2.08A ; R=500/2.08=115 Ohm ; peak-to-peak value of the

current: i A, pp

3.5

DTS
V s = 4.72 A
=
L

IA can have zero crossings if L is small. In that case T+ conducts during the negative part of IA.
The condition for not having zero crossing is similar to the condition for continuous conduction
mode with up-converters (see Mohan eq. 7-28). Lmin =

DTS
DTS
Vs =
Vs = 422H
2I A
IA

What type of material (normal loop or flat loop) is most suited for the application
and why.
What do you choose as the operating range in the loop (more answers are
possible)?
Calculate the minimum number of turns N 1,min for the selected type of material to
avoid saturation. Read relevant data from Fig. 17. Sketch the flux density B as a
function of time for D=0.5 and indicate minimum and maximum values.
Estimate the magnetizing inductance L m for N 1 =N 1,min (20% accuracy is sufficient
here).
Calculate the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding.

(40) PROBLEM 3
Given is a single-phase H bridge dc/ac voltage source converter that is connected to a single
phase induction motor with counter emf e 0 , as shown in Fig. 18.

i1

id

Note that RC>>Ts, so that Vd is indeed constant.

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 9 January 2004 (selection)
(30) PROBLEM 1
For a forward converter a transformer is needed. For the transformer two pairs of so-called Ecores with identical shape are available (Fig. 17a), but they are made from different
materials. The basic BH-loop of the respective materials are shown in Fig. 17b and c for the
case of maximum excitation of the material. Only a part of the BH-loop will be used. Both the
primary, the secondary and the auxiliary demagnetising winding of the forward converter are
wound around the central leg. The turns ratio between primary and demagnetisation winding
is 1.

17/46

Fig. 18
The output voltage v 0 of the inverter is obtained by bipolar voltage switching similar to Fig. 19.
To obtain a low distortion linear modulation is applied (no overmodulation; m a <1).

18/46

1.3

Lm =

N 2 Ac

(this follows from eq. 3-60 and 3-80) where is obtained from the BH-loop: =

le

B/H 0.5/20=0.025;
1.4

Lm =

0.025 672 104

= 280 mH
0.04

Because N1=N3, the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding is equal to the peak value of
the magnetising current.

1
i m =
Lc

300 0.5
= 7.1 mA
3
280 103

DTs

V dt = 75 10
d

Another way:

H l 12.5 0.04
or i m =
=
= 7.4mA
N
67

H l = N i m
Fig. 19 (actual switching frequency is much higher than shown here)
Given is further:
V d = 350V
(DC link voltage)
1
(fundamental frequency of v o and e 0 )
1,nom =2 60 rad/s
(nominal value of 1 )
V 01,nom =230 V
(nominal rms value of fundamental of v 0 )
(counter emf which is sinusoidal)
e0
L = 30 mH
(inductance of machine)
f s =7.5 kHz
(frequency of triangular carrier v tri )
(capacitance of input filter)
C d =1 mF
At nominal speed and nominal voltage the input power of the loaded drive is 1 kW at cos
1 =0.8
(10) 3.1 Sketch equivalent circuit models to calculate the fundamental component of the current i0
and the ripple component of the current i0. Calculate an upper limit for the peak-to-peak
current ripple in io that is caused by the switching.
(10) 3.2 Calculate the rms value of the fundamental of i0 when the machine runs at rated speed and
rated power. Sketch a phasor diagram with the phasors of e0, v0 and i0.
(5) 3.3 Define the modulation ratio m a and give the relation between V o1 , m a and V d , where
V o1 is the rms value of the fundamental of the output voltage. Calculate the
modulation ratio m a such that the machine runs at nominal speed and nominal
voltage.
(10) 3.4 Sketch the instantaneous power p0(t) that is transmitted by the fundamental current i0 and
voltage v0
(Note: 2 sin t sin( t ) = cos cos(2 t ) )
(5)
3.5 Calculate the low-frequency (<1 kHz) peak-to-peak voltage ripple Vd , assuming that the
current i1 is constant.
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 9 January 2004
1.1 For a given core the ideal loop would be very steep with a large difference between Bs and Br. On
one hand a steep loop results in a small magnetising current resulting in less losses, although in
general the losses caused by the magnetising current is small in comparison to the transformed load
current (N1/N2 i2). On the other hand the number of turns depends on the available flux swing. For
a forward converter the flux swing is Bs-Br because of the unipolar excitation. The answer is that the
flat core is preferred because of the much larger flux swing, resulting is less turns and less losses.
Select Bmax=+0.4 to have some margin to saturation. Br=+0.1
1.2

B N 1 Ac =

DTs

v dt
1

or N 1 =

DVd
0.5 300
=
= 67
f s Ac ( Bs Br ) 75 10 3 10 4 (0.4 0.1)

3.1

See Mohan fig. 8-18 b and c. Because the circuit is linear, the fundamental and ripple component
can be treated separately: v1 = v01 + v ripple and i1 = i01 + iripple . The (sinusoidal) fundamental
component follows from the phasor equation: V 01 = E 0 + V L1 = E0 + j LI 01 . The ripple follows
t

from: i0,ripple (t ) =

1
v0,ripple ( )d .
L 0

The largest ripple occurs during the zero crossing of v01(t) (see fig 8-19b). Then the amplitude of
the ripple voltage is Vd/2 and the duration of the pulse is Ts/2. The maximum amplitude of the
current equals:

Vd / 2
350 / 2
=
= 0.38 A
2 f s Ls 2 7.5 103 30 103
P0 = V0 I 0 cos 1 or I0=5.43 A . (so Ls I0=61.4V). Note that is the angle between Vo and
i0 =

3.2

Io. The phasor diagram is like fig 8-18d.

Vo1

Io1

3.3
3.4
3.5

ma =

vcontrol
;
vtri

VL1
Eo1

V0 2 = ma Vd

p0 (t ) = 2 V0 sin 1t 2 I 0 sin(1t ) = V0 I 0 cos V0 I 0 cos( 21t ) .

For low frequencies: pd (t ) = p0 (t ) with pd (t ) = Vd id

(See Mohan fig 8-13) so

VI
VI
id (t ) = 0 0 cos 0 0 cos(21t ) = 2.85 3.57 cos(1t 36.9 0 )
Vd
Vd
Amplitude of (sinusoidal) low frequency (120 Hz) current ripple:

iripple
VI
230 5.43
3.57
iripple = 0 0 =
= 3.57 A ; Vd ,ripple =
=
= 4.73V ;
21C d 2 120 10 3
Vd
350
Peak-to-peak value: V = 2V
= 9.46V
d

19/46

or ma =0.929.

d ,ripple

20/46

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 9 June 2004

(40) PROBLEM 1
A forward converter with demagnetisation winding as shown in Fig. 20 is to be designed with the
following specifications:
Vd = 150V and 300V
V0 =5V (regulated)
fs = 100 kHz
Pload = 200W
L = 2 F
C0=1000 F
The converter should be able to operate at both input voltages.
The converter should operate in continuous conduction mode for all operational conditions.
The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetization of the magnetization inductance of the core.
The converter should be designed to operate with a maximum duty ratio Dmax of 0.7.
Assume all components to be ideal except for the presence of the magnetising inductance of the
transformer.
Id

I3

I2

Vs
t
60

60
120

Fig. 21a
(10)
(5)
(5)
(10)

120

Fig. b

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

Sketch v L , i d and i s as a function of time.

Calculate the peak value if i d .
Calculate the average current I d and the average output power P d .
What is the range of V d for discontinuous conduction of i s .

(30) PROBLEM 3
Given is a bi-directional single-phase dc/ac converter that is connected to a grid with voltage e0, as
shown in Fig. 22.

+
vx
--

grid

Fig. 20
(10)
(5)
(10)
(5)

1.1
1.2
1.3

(10)

1.5

Calculate the winding ratio N3/N1 such that Dmax < 0.7
Calculate N2/N1 if this turns ratio is desired to be as small as possible.
Sketch vx , iL and vL for Vd=150V. Indicate values in the sketch of vx and iL.
1.4
Calculate the maximum voltage that is applied to the switch for any of the
operational conditions.
Calculate the peak-to-peak value of the ripple in the output voltage for Vd=300V

(30) PROBLEM 2
Given is a single-phase rectifier, as shown in Fig. 21a, that is connected to a block shaped
supply voltage v s (Fig. 21b) and a constant load voltage V d :
Given is:
V d =240V
V s =300V (amplitude of v s as shown in Fig. 21b)
f s = 50Hz (frequency of v s )
L s =2 mH

Fig. 22
The output voltage v 0 of the inverter, that contains a full-bridge voltage source converter, is
obtained by bipolar voltage switching as shown in Fig. 31. Only linear modulation is applied
(no overmodulation).

Fig. 23 (Note: actual switching frequency is much higher than shown here)
Given is further: V d = 350V
21/46

22/46

e0 = E 0 2 sin 1t

with

E 0 = 230V

and 1 =2 50

L = 15 mH
f s = 7.5 kHz
(frequency of triangular carrier v tri )
The inverter is fed from a photovoltaic array and the objective is to supply power to the grid at unity
power factor. In the following questions the ripple that is caused by the switching can be neglected.
(5)
3.1 Sketch equivalent circuit models to calculate the fundamental component of the current i0
and the ripple component of the current i0.
(5)
3.2 Define the modulation ratio ma and give the relation between Vo, ma and Vd, where Vo is the
rms fundamental of the output voltage.
(10) 3.3 Calculate the modulation ratio ma such that 1 kW is supplied to the grid at unity power
factor (pf=1) in e0. Sketch the associated phasor diagram with the phasors of e0, v0 and i0.
(5)
3.4 What is the lowest value of Vd where we can still supply 1 kW to the grid with linear
sinusoidal modulation?
(5)
3.5 Calculate an upper limit for the peak-to-peak current ripple in io that is caused by the
switching.
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 9 June 2004
1.1
1.2

1.3
1.4
1.5

N3 1 D
Vd
V
DTs = d (1 D )Ts so
=
= 0.43
N1
N3
N1
D
Vo
N
5
N
=
= 0.0476
V0 = 2 DVd with Dmax=0.7 for Vd=150V; 2 >
N1 Vd ,min Dmax 150 0.7
N1

upflux=downflux

3.1

See Mohan fig 8-18 b and c.

3.2

ma =

3.3

I 0 = 1000/230 = 4.35A
V L = j LI 0 = j 20.5 V
V 0 =E 0 +j LI 0

vcontrol
; V0 2 = ma Vd
vtri

V0 = 230 2 + 20.5 2 = 230.9 V

V0 2 230.9 2
=
= 0.933
Vd
350
V
20.5
= arctan( L ) = arctan(
) = 5.09 deg (v c leading to e a )
Ea
230
ma =

V0 2 230.9 2
=
= 326.5 V
ma ,max
1

3.4

Vd ,min =

3.5

The ripple follows from:

so

i0,ripple (t ) =

1
v0,ripple ( )d .
L 0

The largest ripple occurs during the zero crossing of v 01 (t) (see fig 8-19b). Then the
amplitude of the ripple voltage is V d /2 and the duration of the pulse is T s /2:

Note: if you combine Dmax with Vdmax, (leading to N2/N1=0.0238) than the converter cannot be
operated at 150V.
See Mohan.

N1
Vd = 300 (1 + 1 0.43) = 998V
N3
Q 1 1 iL Ts
(1 D )Ts V0
with iL =
=
V pp =
C
C2 2 2
L
V pp 1 Ts2 (1 D ) 1010 (1 0.35)
=
=
= 0.0041 ; Vpp = 20 mV
8 2 106 103
V0 8
LC
Vsw = Vd +

i0 =

1
Ls

Ts / 2

Vd / 2
350 / 2
=
= 0.78 A
2 7.5 103 15 103
s Ls

V dt = 2 f
d

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 21 January 2005

(20) PROBLEM 1
Given is a switch-mode DC-power supply, where the output voltage v o should be regulated
close to its nominal value. For that purpose a negative-feedback control system is used to
reduce the effect of variations in the input voltage v d and the load.
(5)

Vs

1.1

(10) 1.2

id

(5)

1.3

Sketch a block diagram of the system, and describe shortly the function of the
blocks. Indicate all relevant variables in the diagram.
Describe shortly the steps that are needed to obtain the small-signal transfer
of the system. Here v 0 is the output voltage and d is the duty
function v0 ( s )
d ( s)
ratio. Note that you are not expected to calculate the transfer function.
Obtain an averaged state-space description of an up-converter (result of step 2).

is

1
Ls

6,67 ms

(40) PROBLEM 2
Given is a flyback converter as shown in Fig. 24b. The load resistance R 0 may vary and the
output voltage V 0 should be kept constant by adapting the duty ratio D. The converter may
operate both in continuous and discontinuous conduction mode.

2.2

I peak =

2.3

Id =

2.4

id,up=id,down ; id should be zero again before t=Ts/2 so (V0 Vd ) 6.67ms < Vd 3.33ms

1
T

id dt =

(Vs Vd ) dt = 200 A

2 150o 200 / 2
= 83.33 A;
360 o

Pd =

1 T
1
T
Vd id dt = Vd 0 id dt = 20 kW
T 0
T
or

Vd > 200 V
23/46

24/46

id

i2

ac motor

+
v

+
vT
-

Fig. 24 Flyback converter

Fig. 25

The following is given:

= 100 kHz
(switching frequency)
fs
= 0.5 ..100 Ohm (range of load resistance)
R0
(magnetizing inductance, seen from secondary side)
L m2 = 2 H
= 300V
(supply voltage)
Vd
= 5V
(required output voltage)
V0
= 100 F
(output filter capacitor)
C0
(turns ratio)
N 1 /N 2 = 80
(10) 2.1 Derive the voltage transfer function V0 / Vd in continuous conduction mode

(10) 2.2

(incomplete demagnetisation mode) as a function of the duty ratio D and other

relevant circuit parameters.
What is the range of the load current I 0 for continuous conduction mode (V 0 =5V)?
(Hint: Consider the course of the current i 2 at the boundary of continuous
conduction mode and calculate

(5)
(5)

2.3
2.4

(Hint:
(10) 2.5
values.

i2 ).

Calculate the required duty ratio D 1 when I 0 = 10A (so R 0 =0.5 Ohm). (V 0 =5V).
Calculate the required duty ratio D 2 when I 0 = 0.5 A . (V 0 =5V).

Fig. 26 (Note: the actual switching frequency is much higher than shown here)

P0 = f s 12 Lm 2 i22 and P0 = f s 12 Lm1i12 )

Sketch i d , i 2 , v x and v T as a function of time for R 0 =0.5 Ohm and indicate relevant

(40) PROBLEM 2
Given is a full-bridge dc-ac converter (H-bridge) with a single phase ac motor as shown (Fig.
25). The motor is modelled by the series connection of an inductance L a and the counter emf
e a . For control of the switches so-called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the
ON/OFF signals for the switches are obtained by comparing a sinusoidal control signal v control
with a triangular waveform v tri (Fig. 26).
Linear modulation is applied to obtain a low distortion (no overmodulation; ma <1).

Given is further:
(DC link voltage)
V d = 350V
1
(fundamental frequency of the motor voltage v o and of the counter emf e 0 )
1,nom =2 60 rad/s
(nominal value of the fundamental frequency of the motor)
V 01,nom =230 V (nominal rms value of fundamental of v 0 )
(counter emf which is sinusoidal)
e0
L = 30 mH
(inductance of motor)
(frequency of triangular carrier v tri )
f s =7.5 kHz
At nominal speed and nominal voltage the input power of the loaded drive is 1 kW at cos
1 =0.8
(5)

3.1

(5)

3.2

(5)

3.3

(10) 3.4

25/46

Sketch the equivalent circuit models to calculate the fundamental component of the current
i0 and the ripple component of the current i0.
During what part of the output voltage does the maximum current ripple occur? Calculate an
upper limit for the peak-to-peak current ripple in i0 that is caused by the switching.
Calculate the rms value of the fundamental of i0 when the machine runs at rated speed and
rated power.
Define the modulation ratio m a and give the relation between V o1 , m a and V d , where
V o1 is the rms value of the fundamental of the output voltage. Calculate the

26/46

(5)

3.5

(5)

3.6

(5)

3.7

modulation ratio m a such that the machine runs at nominal speed and nominal
voltage.
Sketch the instantaneous power p0(t) that is transmitted by the fundamental current i0 and
voltage v0
(Note: 2 sin t sin( t ) = cos cos(2 t ) )
Calculate the low-frequency (<1 kHz) peak-to-peak voltage ripple Vd , assuming that the
current i1 is constant.
What will change in the answers to problems 3.1 to 3.6 if unipolar switching is used instead
of bipolar switching?

2.2

At the boundary of continuous and discontinuous conduction mode the answer from 2.1
is valid, so D =

V0
= 0.57
N1
Vd + V0
N2

Note that at the boundary the current i 2 is a triangle that just becomes zero at t=T s .

V0
(1 D )Ts = 10.75 A
Lm 2
i
From course of i 2 at the boundary it follows: I 0, Boundary = (1 D ) 2 = 2.31 A
2

From i 2 when the switch is off : i2,boundary =

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 21 January 2005

1.1 See Mohan section 10-5.
2.3
2.4

So the region for continuous conduction mode is I 0 >2.31A ( or R 0 <2.16 Ohm)

The load current is larger than 2.31 A, so we have continuous conduction mode, so
D 1 =0.57
The load current is smaller than 2.31A , so we have discontinuous conduction
mode P0 = f s

1
2

2 P0
i
2 5 0.5
=
= 5 A and i1 = 2 = 0.0625 A
80
f s Lm 2
105 2 106
i L
0.0625 12.8m
or D2 = 1 m1 =
= 0.266 with
Vd Ts
300 10

or

Lm 2 i22

or similar drawing.
The block on the right side is the power stage with inputs duty ratio d and supply voltage V d.
The PWM block converts the control signal v c to the signal d.
The left block is the control block that compares the measured output voltage with some
reference and generates the control signal v c .
1.2 See Mohan section 10-5-1
Step 1 Obtain state-space equations for subsequent subcycles
Step 2: Averaging; Obtain average description of the circuit by averaging the timeweighted state matrices:
Step 3: Linearization; separate the variables in steady state components and small
perturburations
Step 4 Laplace transformation to s-domain
1.3 State variables are i L and v C

di

L L = Vd

dt

dvC
vc
C
=
dt
R

or

diL

= vc + Vd
or
dt

dvC
vc
C
= iL
dt
R

diL
dt 0

=
dvc 1
dt C

Averaged:
diL
dt 0

=
dvc (1 D )
dt C
2.1

diL
0
1
dt 0
iL

=
1 i + L Vd
dvc 0 RC vc 0

dt

1
1
L iL
+ L Vd
i
1 vc

0
RC

V
i1 = d D2Ts
Lm1
2

N
Lm1 = 1 Lm 2 = 802 2 H = 12.8mH
N2
2
Note: it is more straightforward to calculate i1 directly from P0 = f s 12 Lm1i1 .

2.5

Duration of i 2 :

Di 2 =

for 0 < t < DT s

i2 Lm 2
5 2
=
= 0.2
5 10
V0Ts

for DT s < t < T s

3.1 See Mohan fig 8-18 b and c.

3.2 The largest ripple occurs during the zero crossing of v 01 (t) (see fig 8-19b). Then the

(1 D)

1
L iL
+ L Vd
i
1 vc

0
RC

Continuous conduction mode:

Also

i2 =

amplitude of the ripple voltage is V d and the duration of the pulse is T s /2:

i0 =

V0 N1 D
=
Vd N 2 1 D
27/46

3.3

1
Ls

Ts / 2

Vd
350
=
= 0.78 A
2 7.5 103 30 103
s Ls

V dt = 2 f
d

P = V01 I 0 cos or I 0 =

P
1000
=
= 5.43 A
V01 cos 230 0.8

28/46

vcontrol
;
vtri

V01 2 = ma Vd or ma =

V01 2 230 2
=
= 0.93
350
Vd

3.4

ma =

3.5

p(t ) = v0 (t ) i0 (t ) = V0 2 sin t I 0 2 sin( t ) = V0 I 0 cos V0 I 0 cos(2 t )

= 230 5.43 0.8 230 5.43cos(2 t )
= 1000 1250 cos(2 t )

I 0 = 6A.
(5)

(10) 1.2
(5)

with = arccos 0.8 = 37

The waveform is a sinus with double frequency and average value 1000W, top value
2250V, bottom value 250V and lagging /2 behind the voltage.
3.6 For low frequencies: pd (t ) = p0 (t ) with pd (t ) = Vd id
(See Mohan fig 8-13) so

1.1

1.3

id ( t ) =

Sketch the instantaneous switching loss as a function of time.

Calculate the switching power loss as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz, assuming V d =500V and I 0 = 6A.
Calculate and plot the total losses as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz in the switch when the on-state voltage is V on =1.5V at 6A and
the duty ratio of the switch is D = 0.6 (assume t d(on) =t d(off) ).

(20) PROBLEM 2
At the terminals of a converter the voltage and current are as shown in Fig. 28.

V0 I 0
VI
cos 0 0 cos(21t ) = 2.85 3.57 cos(1t 36.9 0 )
Vd
Vd

Amplitude of (sinusoidal) low frequency (120 Hz) current ripple:

iripple

VI
230 5.43
3.57
= 3.57 A ; Vd ,ripple =
=
= 4.73V ;
iripple = 0 0 =
21C d 2 120 10 3
350
Vd
Peak-to-peak value: V = 2V
= 9.46V
d

(20) PROBLEM 1
Given is a simple circuit with a generic switch as shown in the figure a

T+ T
-10 A

Fig. 28

3.7 Only the answer to 3.2 will change. The ripple will at least be halved because of the

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 15 June 2005

10 A

d ,ripple

doubled hf-frequency in v 0 .

The amplitude of the voltage is 230 2 V.

(5) 2.1 Calculate the power at the terminals.
(5) 2.2 Calculate the rms value of the current i.
(5) 2.3 Define and calculate the power factor PF.
(5) 2.4 Define and calculate the Distortion Power Factor DPF.
(30) PROBLEM 3
Given is a single-phase rectifier that is connected to a supply voltage vs and a battery as
shown in Fig. 29a. The battery is represented by a DC load voltage V d . The voltage v s has a
block-like shape (Fig. 29b) that is produced by some HF inverter (not shown). The rectifier is
intended to charge the battery. Depending on the charging state of the battery the voltage V d
may vary.
Given is:
V d,nom =240V (nominal voltage of V d )
V s =300V (amplitude of v s as shown in Fig. 29b)
T s =30 s (period of voltage v s )
f s = 1/T s =33.3 kHz (frequency of v s )
L s =20 H

Fig. 27
The data sheet of the switch specifies the following switching times corresponding to the linear
switching characteristics as shown in the figure.
t ri = 80 ns ;
t fv = 80 ns ;
t rv = 120 ns ;
t fi = 200 ns
Further:
V d =500V ;
29/46

Fig. 29a
(10) 3.1

Fig. b

Sketch v L and is as a function of time and indicate relevant values for V d =V d,nom .

30/46

(5)

3.2

(10) 3.3
(5) 3.4

Calculate the peak value of is, the average current Id and the average output
power P d for V d =V d,nom .
What is the range of V d for discontinuous conduction of i d in a steady state.
What will happen if V d is decreased below the lower limit of this range?

(30) PROBLEM 4
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with dc motor load as shown (Fig. 30). The
motor is modelled by the series connection of R a , L a and e a . For control of the switches so
called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the control signals are obtained by
comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri .

2 2
P
=
cos 2 = 0.9 cos 2

U rms I rms

2.3

PF =

2.4

DPF =

I1,rms
I rms

10 2 2
= 0. 9
10

3.1

3.2

V Vd
1 10 s
(300 240)
10 s = 30 A
is =
vL dt = s
Ton =
20 s
L 0
Lm
T 2 follows from vL ,av = 0

Fig. 30
The following is given:
= 1 ms (T s is the period of triangular waveform)
Ts
= 0.1 Ohm
Ra
= 2 mH
La
= 300V
Vd
ea
= 120 V
For the calculation of the current waveform, the resistance R a can be neglected.
(5) 4.1 Express the average value of v o in V d and vcontrol / vtri .
(5)

4.2

(5)

4.3

(15) 4.4

1.3

P loss,on = V on . I on t on /T s = V on . I on D =1.5 . 6 . 0.6 = 5.4 W

P loss,tot = 5.4 + 720. 10 -6 f s W

2.1

P=

2.2

I rms =

1T
2 230 2 10
cos 2 = 2070 cos
u i dt =
T0

(Vs Vd )10 s = Vd T2

Vs Vd
10 s = 2.5 s
Vd

i (10 s + T2 ) 30 12.5
1 Ts / 2
id dt = ' s
=
= 12.5 A
2 Ts 2
2 15
Ts 2 0
Because V d is constant we can write: Pd = Vd I d ,av = 240 12.5 = 3000W
3.3

The time T 2 will increase when V d decreases, because in steady state the average
or
inductor voltage is zero: vL ,av = 0 (Vs Vd ) Ton Vd T2 = 0

Vd =

Ton
Vs
T2 + Ton

The boundary for continuous conduction is reached when T 2 =5ms

Vd =

Ton
10 s
Vs =
300 = 200V . Range: V d >200V. Note : for V d >300V there
T2 + Ton
10 s + 5 s

is no current flowing at all.

vcontrol
vtri

4.1

V0 = Vd

4.2

v o (t ) + v R (t ) + v L (t ) ea (t ) = 0
After averaging: V 0 + I 0 R - e a = 0
Or:

4.3

300

v control
+ 10 R 120 = 0
vtri

so:

v control 119
=
= 0.397
300
vtri

1 T 2
i dt = 10 A
T 0
31/46

T2 =

I d ,av =

Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 =+10A at e a = +120 V.
Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 = -10A at e a = +120 V.
Sketch the v 0 (t) , i 0 (t) and the source current i d for I 0 = +10A at e a = +120 V.

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 15 June 2005

1.1 See book of Mohan,
1.2 E loss,sw = 1/2 I o V d ( t ri +t fv ) + 1/2 I o V d ( t rv +t fi ) =
= 1/2 . I o V d (t ri +t fv + t rv +t fi ) = 1/2 . 6 . 500 . (480ns) = 720 J
P loss,sw = f s . E loss,sw = 720 f s W

(Note that for a sinusoidal voltage: PF=DPF. cos)

32/46

v control 121
=
= 0.403
vtri
300

(D 1 =0.702)

(5)

^
Vtri
t= 0

I 0 =10A

T s /2
t1

t1

I 0 =

vo (= vAN -vBN )
Vo

Vd

io

io

Io

(DA _ ,D B+ )

(Vd e0 ) D1Ts 300 120

=
0.702 10 3 = 63
La
2 10 3

(10) 1.3
(5)

1.4

Calculate the minimum number of turns N 1,min for the selected type of material to
avoid saturation. Read relevant data from Fig. 31. Sketch the flux density B as a
function of time for D=0.5 and indicate minimum and maximum values.
Estimate the magnetizing inductance L m for N 1 =N 1,min (20% accuracy is sufficient
here).
Calculate the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding.

Vd
_

(T A _ ,TB+ )

1.2

vcontrol

(T A + ,TB _ )

positive peak current: 10 + 63/2 = 41.6 A

negative peak current: 10 - 63/2 = -21.6 A

(40)
PROBLEM 2
Given is a forward converter as shown in Fig. 32
Id

I3

I2

+
vx

(DA+ , D B_ )

--

id
t

+
v sw
--

4.4

Like Mohan fig. 7-29e

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 20 January 2006

(30)
PROBLEM 1
For a forward converter a transformer is needed. For the transformer two pairs of so-called Ecores with identical shape are available (Fig. 31a), but they are made from different
materials. The basic BH-loop of the respective materials are shown in Fig. 31b and c for the
case of maximum excitation of the material. Only a part of the BH-loop will be used. Both the
primary, the secondary and the auxiliary demagnetising winding of the forward converter are
wound around the central leg. The turns ratio between primary and demagnetisation winding
is 1.

Fig. 31 a: double E-core; b: normal BH-loop; c: flat BH-loop.

For diagrams a and b: B-scale: 0.1 T per division; H-scale: 5 A/m per division
The E-cores have the following data:
(Core cross section of central leg)
A c = 1 cm2
(Equivalent length of magnetic path of field lines)
l e = 4 cm
Other relevant material properties (B s , B r , H c ) can be read from the figure.
For the forward converter the following is given:
fs
= 75 kHz (switching frequency)
= 300 V
(supply voltage)
Vd
(10) 1.1

Fig. 32
Given is:
(nominal input voltage, however the actual voltage is variable)
V d = 300 V
(nominal output voltage)
V0 = 6 V
(switching frequency)
f s = 100 kHz
(turns ratio)
N 1 :N 3 = 1
(magnetising inductance of transformer, seen from primary side)
L m = 15 mH
(output filter inductance)
L 0 = 50 H
The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetisation of the core.
(5) 2.1 When D = 0.4 and V d =300V, calculate the turns ratio N 1 :N 2 to get V 0 =6V
(5) 2.2 Assume N 1 :N 2 has the value that is calculated in 2.1. What is the lowest input
voltage allowed if V 0 is to be kept equal to 6 V?
In the following, D = 0.4, V d =300V, V 0 =6V and I 0 =10A.
(5) 2.3 Calculate the voltage over the transistor during the T off .
(5) 2.4 Calculate the maximum values v sw , i L and the magnetising current of the
transformer i m .
(5) 2.5 Calculate I 0 for the boundary of discontinuous conduction mode.
(15) 2.6 Sketch v d , v sw , i L , i d , i 3 and i m .
(30) PROBLEM 3
Given is a single-phase rectifier that is connected to a supply voltage vs and a battery as
shown in Fig. 33a. The battery is represented by a DC voltage V d . The voltage v s has a blocklike shape as shown in Fig. 33b and that is produced by some HF inverter (not shown). The
circuit is intended to charge the battery. Depending on the state-of-charge of the battery the
voltage V d may vary.
Given is:
V d,nom =240V (nominal battery voltage)
V s =300V (amplitude of v s as shown in(Fig. 33b)
T s =30 s (period of voltage v s )
f s = 1/T s =33.3 kHz (frequency of v s )
L s =20 H

What type of material (normal loop or flat loop) is most suited for the application
and why.
Sketch a typical loop that applies in normal operation of the forward converter.
33/46

34/46

2.4

2.5

DTsVd 0.4 10 106 300

=
= 80mA
i' m =
Lm
15 103

V T,max =600V;

(1 D )TsV0
0.6 10 106 6
0.72
im = I 0 +
= 10 +
= 10 +
= 10.36 A
2 L0
2 50 106
2
(1 D)TsV0
I L
I L , pp =
= 0.72 A .
Load current on the boundary: I 0, B =
= 0.36 A
L0
2
2.6

Fig. 33a
(10) 3.1
(10) 3.2
(10) 3.3

3.1

Fig. b

Sketch v L and i s as a function of time and indicate relevant values for

V d =V d,nom .
Calculate the peak value of i s , the average current I d and the average output power
P d for V d =V d,nom .
What is the range of V d for discontinuous conduction of i d in a steady state.

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 20 January 2006

1.1 For a given core the ideal loop would be very steep with a large difference between Bs and Br. On
one hand a steep loop results in a small magnetising current resulting in less losses, although in
general the losses caused by the magnetising current is small in comparison to the transformed load
current (N1/N2 i2). On the other hand the number of turns depends on the available flux swing. For a
forward converter the flux swing is Bs-Br because of the unipolar excitation. The answer is that the
flat core is preferred because of the much larger flux swing, resulting is less turns and less losses.
Select Bmax=+0.4 to have some margin to saturation. Br=+0.1
1.2

B N 1 Ac =

DTs

v dt
1

or N 1 =

1.3

Lm =

N Ac

DVd
0.5 300
=
= 67
f s Ac ( Bs Br ) 75 10 3 10 4 (0.4 0.1)

3.2

(this follows from eq. 3-60 and 3-80) where (=0r) is obtained from the BH-

le

T 2 follows from vL ,av = 0

loop:

Lm =

= B/H 0.5/20=0.025;
1.4

0.025 67 2 104
= 280 mH
0.04

DTs

300 0.5
= 7.1 mA
3
280 103

V dt = 75 10
d

3.3

Another way:

H l 12.5 0.04
or i m =
=
= 7.4mA
67
N
N
N1 DVd 0.4 300
V0 = D 2 Vd
=
=
= 20
6
N1
N2
V0
V N1 6 20
=
= 240V . (Note:N 1 :N 3 =1 D max =0.5)
Vd ,min = 0
0.5
Dmax N 2
N
vsw = Vd + 1 Vd = 300 + 300 = 600V
N3

2.2
2.3

35/46

T2 =

Vs Vd
10 s = 2.5 s
Vd

Ts / 2

id dt =

The time T 2 will incease when V d decreases, because in steady state the average
or
inductor voltage is zero: vL ,av = 0 (Vs Vd ) Ton Vd T2 = 0

Vd =

H l = N i m

2.1

(Vs Vd )10 s = Vd T2

i' s (10 s + T2 ) 30 12.5

=
= 12.5 A
2 Ts 2
2 15
Ts
Because V d is constant we can write: Pd = Vd I d ,av = 240 12.5 = 3000W
1

I d ,av =

Because N1=N3, the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding is equal to the peak value of
the magnetising current.

1
i m =
Lc

V V
1 10 s
(300 240)
10 s = 30 A
is = vL dt = s d Ton =
20 H
L 0
Lm

Ton
Vs
T2 + Ton

The boundary for continuous conduction is reached when T 2 =5ms

Ts
Vd =

3.4

Ts

2
+ Ton

Vs =

10 s
300 = 200V . Range for discontinuous conduction:
10 s + 5 s

V d >200V. Note: for V d >300V there is no current flowing at all.

When V d <200V the current is continuous. At instants k.T s /2 the current will not be
reduced to zero yet. Just after these instants the current is opposed by the voltage
|V d +V s | until the current has a zero crossing, after which it is opposed by |V s -V d |.

36/46

Exam Electronic Power Conversion 21 June 2006

(20) PROBLEM 1
Consider the resistive switching circuit shown in Fig. 35 with V d =300 V, f s =100kHz and R=75
Ohm. The switch turn-on time is t on =150 ns and the switch turn-off time is t off =300 ns.
Assume linear voltage and current switching characteristics.

For a certain application a dc voltage has to be stepped up from a source voltage Vs to a higher load
voltage V0. The voltage across the load should be fairly constant. The half-bridge circuit as shown in Fig.
36 is available, however the circuit is not complete yet and at least an inductor L has to be added. On the
other hand some other components in the circuit are superfluous . The indicated terminals are not
necessarily the terminals that have to be used as input and output.

id
+

iA

Vs

Source

V0

Load

Fig. 34
(5)

1.1

(10) 1.2
(5)

1.3

Sketch the waveforms of v T and i T and the power p T that is dissipated in the switch
as a function of time.
Calculate and plot the average switching power loss as a function of frequency in
the frequency range 25 kHz-100 kHz.
Calculate the efficiency of the power transfer from the source V d to the load R at
100 kHz and a duty ratio D=0.5.

(40)
PROBLEM 2
Given is a forward converter as shown in Fig. 35
Id

I3

I2

+
vx
--

+
v sw

Fig. 36
The following is specified:
V s =150V, V 0 =240V, f s =20 kHz and C + =C_= 4700 F and P 0 =500W.
Inductor L=600 H.
(5) 3.1 What type of converter would you preferably use for this conversion?
(10) 3.2 Show by means of a circuit diagram how the desired conversion can be obtained by
using the circuit from Fig. 36. Show where the inductor L should be added and
include the connections to source and load. Describe shortly how the circuit is
operated.
(5) 3.3 Express V o in the duty ratio D and V s . Define and calculate the duty ratio D.
(10) 3.4 Calculate the average inductor current. Sketch for L=600 H the terminal current i A
, the diode current i D+ and the voltage v AN or v A0 .
(10) 3.5 Can i A have zero crossings? Calculate the minimum value of the inductor that
guarantees that, for the given conditions, the inductor current is always positive.
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 21 June 2006
1.4 Note that the waveforms for the switching of resistive loads are quite different from the waveforms
for clamped inductive loads (Mohan Fig 2-6). With the circuit from the exam vT and iT are always
related by: vT = Vd iT R vT

--

Fig. 35
Given is:
(nominal input voltage, however the actual voltage is variable)
V d = 300 V
(nominal output voltage)
V0 = 6 V
f s = 100 kHz
(switching frequency)
(turns ratio)
N 1 :N 3 = 1
(magnetising inductance of transformer, seen from primary side)
L m = 15 mH
(output filter inductance)
L = 50 H
The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetisation of the core.
(5) 2.1 When D = 0.4 and V d =300V, calculate the turns ratio N 1 :N 2 to get V 0 =6V
(5) 2.2 Assume N 1 :N 2 has the value that is calculated in 2.1. What is the lowest input
voltage allowed if V 0 is to be kept equal to 6 V?
In the following, D = 0.4, V d =300V, V 0 =6V and I 0 =10A.
(5) 2.3 Calculate the voltage over the transistor during the T off .
(5) 2.4 Calculate the maximum values v sw , i L and i m .
(5) 2.5 Calculate I 0 for the boundary of discontinuous conduction mode.
(15) 2.6 Sketch v x , v sw , i L , i 1 , i 3 and i m .
(40) PROBLEM 3

During turn on: iT=Id t/ton and vT=Vd(1-t/ton) ; pT(t)=vT iT = Vd Id t/ton (1-t/ton).
Similar during turn off.
PT
vT

PT

iT

Eon

f
100 kHz
ton

t2
VI
t3
0 iT vT dt = Vd I d 12 ton 13 ton2 = d6 d ton =300*4*1/6*150
0

ton

1.5 Dissipated energy during turn on: ET ,on =

ns (J)
Similar for turn off.
Average power: PT =

37/46

9W

Vd I d (ton + toff )
=200 . (150+300) . 10-9 . fs.
6
Ts
38/46

=
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

2.5
3.1
3.2

PR Pd PT DVd I d PT 600 9
=
=
=
= 0.985
600
Pd
Pd
DVd I d

Note that RC>>Ts, so that Vd is indeed constant during a switching period.

N2
N1 DVd 0.4 300
Vd
=
=
= 20
6
N1
N2
V0
V N1 6 20
=
= 240V . (Note:N 1 :N 3 =1 D max =0.5)
Vd ,min = 0
0.5
Dmax N 2
N
vsw = Vd + 1 Vd = 300 + 300 = 600V
N3
V0 = D

DTsVd 0.4 10 106 300

=
= 80mA
i' m =
15 103
Lm

V T,max =600V;

(1 D )TsV0
0.6 10 106 6
0.72
im = I 0 +
= 10 +
= 10 +
= 10.36 A
2 L0
2 50 106
2
(1 D)TsV0
I L
I L , pp =
= 0.72 A .
Load current on the boundary: I 0, B =
= 0.36 A
L0
2
Boost converter (Mohan section 7-4 and Fig 7-33).
The circuit should be configured such that a boost converter is obtained (Mohan section 7-4 and
Fig 7-33). T_ and D+ are the active components. Note that the terminal pair {A ,O} cannot be
used as input as the node 0 cannot absorb a DC current. The capacitors C+ , C- are in parallel to
the load as is required in a boost converter. When T_ is ON the current through L increases and
when T_ is OFF the inductor current is pushed in the output circuit via D+.
id
T+

D+

iA
L

+
vo
_

+
_

vs

T_

D_

N
on

T_

off

iA

3.33 A

id

vAN

Vo

1
Vs with D=Ton/Ts where Ton is the on-time of T_ and Ts=1/fs ; D=0.375
1 D

3.3

V0 =

3.4

IA=500/150=3.33A ; Id=500/240=2.08A ; R=500/2.08=115 Ohm ; peak-to-peak value of the

current: i A, pp =

3.5

Combined exam ET3165-D1 and ET4119 ; 19 January 2007

(20) PROBLEM 1
Given is a simple circuit with a generic switch as shown in Fig. 37.

DTS
Vs a 2 + b 2 = 4.72 A
L

IA can have zero crossings if L is small. In that case T+ conducts during the negative part of IA.
The condition for not having zero crossing is similar to the condition for continuous conduction
mode with up-converters (see Mohan eq. 7-28). Lmin =

Fig. 37
The data sheet of the switch specifies the following switching times corresponding to the linear
switching characteristics as shown in the figure.
t ri = 80 ns ;
t fv = 80 ns ;
t rv = 120 ns ;
t fi = 200 ns
Further:
V d =500V ;
I 0 = 6A.
(5) 1.1 Sketch the instantaneous switching loss as a function of time.
(10) 1.2 Calculate the switching power loss as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz, assuming V d =500V and I 0 = 6A.
(5) 1.3 Calculate and plot the total losses as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz in the switch when the on-state voltage is V on =1.5V at 6A and
the duty ratio of the switch is D = 0.6 (assume t d(on) =t d(off) ).
(40) PROBLEM 2
Given is a single-phase rectifier that is connected to a supply voltage vs and a battery as
shown in Fig. 38a. The battery is represented by a DC load voltage Vd. The voltage vs has a
block-like shape (Fig. 38b) that is produced by some HF inverter (not shown). The rectifier is
intended to charge the battery. Depending on the charging state of the battery the voltage V d
may vary.
Given is: V d,nom =240V (nominal voltage of V d )
V s =300V (amplitude of vs as shown in Fig. 38b)
T s =30 s (period of voltage vs)
f s = 1/T s =33.3 kHz (frequency of vs)
L s =20 H

DTS
DTS
0.375 50 106
150 =
Vs =
Vs =
I
2I A
2 3.33
A

422H
39/46

40/46

Summary of answers to exam ET3165-D1 and ET4119 dd 17 Jan 2007

1.1 See book of Mohan,
1.2 E loss,sw = 1/2 I o V d ( t ri +t fv ) + 1/2 I o V d ( t rv +t fi ) =
= 1/2 . I o V d (t ri +t fv + t rv +t fi ) = 1/2 . 6 . 500 . (480ns) = 720 J
P loss,sw = f s . E loss,sw = 720 f s W
1.3

P loss,on = V on . I on t on /T s = V on . I on D =1.5 . 6 . 0.6 = 5.4 W

P loss,tot = 5.4 + 720. 10 -6 f s W

2.1

Fig. 38a
(10) 2.1
(10) 2.2
(10) 2.3
(10) 2.4

Fig. b

Sketch v L and i s as a function of time and indicate relevant values for V d =V d,nom .
Calculate the peak value of is , the average current I d and the average output power
P d for V d =V d,nom .
What is the range of V d for discontinuous conduction of i d in a steady state.
What will happen if V d is decreased below the lower limit of this range?

(40) PROBLEM 3
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with dc motor load as shown (Fig. 39). The
motor is modelled by the series connection of R a , L a and e a . For control of the switches so
called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the control signals are obtained by
comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri .

2.2

V V
1 10 s
(300 240)
is = vL dt = s d Ton =
10 s = 30 A
L 0
Lm
20 H
T 2 follows from vL ,av = 0

(Vs Vd )10 s = Vd T2

T2 =

Vs Vd
10 s = 2.5 s
Vd

i (10 s + T2 ) 30 12.5
1 Ts / 2
id dt = ' s
=
= 12.5 A
2 Ts 2
2 15
Ts 2 0
Because V d is constant we can write: Pd = Vd I d ,av = 240 12.5 = 3000W
I d ,av =

2.3

The time T 2 will incease when V d decreases, because in steady state the average
or
inductor voltage is zero: vL ,av = 0 (Vs Vd ) Ton Vd T2 = 0

Vd =

The boundary for continuous conduction is reached when T 2 =5ms

Fig. 39

Ts

The following is given:

Ts
= 1 ms (T s is the period of triangular waveform)
= 0.1 Ohm
Ra
La
= 2 mH
= 300V
Vd
= 120 V
ea
For the calculation of the current waveform, the resistance R a can be neglected.
(10) 3.1 Express the average value of v o in V d and vcontrol / vtri .
(10) 3.2
(5)

3.3

(15) 3.4

Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 =+10A at e a = +120 V.
Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 = -10A at e a = +120 V.
Sketch the v 0 (t), i 0 (t) and the supply current i d (t) for I 0 = +10A at e a = +120 V.

41/46

Ton
Vs
T2 + Ton

Vd =

2.4

Ts

2
+ Ton

Vs =

10 s
300 = 200V . Range for discontinuous conduction:
10 s + 5 s

V d >200V. Note: for V d >300V there is no current flowing at all.

When V d <200V the current is continuous. At instants k.T s /2 the current will not be
reduced to zero yet. Just after these instants the current is opposed by the voltage
|V d +V s | until the current has a zero crossing, after which it is opposed by |V s -V d |.

vcontrol
vtri

3.1

V0 = Vd

3.2

v o (t ) + v R (t ) + v L (t ) ea (t ) = 0
After averaging: V 0 + I 0 R - e a = 0

42/46

Or:

300

v control
+ 10 R 120 = 0
vtri

v control 121
=
= 0.403
vtri
300

so:

(D 1 =0.702)

v control 119
=
= 0.397
300
vtri

3.3

^
Vtri

vcon trol

t= 0

I 0 =10A

T s /2
t1

t1

I 0 =

vo ( = vA N -vB N )
Vd

Vo

io

io

Vd

( DA _ , D B + )

positive peak current: 10 + 63/2 = 41.6 A

negative peak current: 10 - 63/2 = -21.6 A

Io

0
( T A _ ,TB + )

(Vd e0 ) D1Ts 300 120

=
0.702 10 3 = 63
La
2 10 3

( T A + ,T B _ )

( DA + , D B _ )

id
t

3.4

Like Mohan fig. 7-29e

Exam ET4119 and ET3165-D1 on 20 June 2007

(20) PROBLEM 1
Consider the resistive switching circuit shown in Fig. 11 with V d =300 V, f s =100kHz and R=75
Ohm. The switch turn-on time is t on =150 ns and the switch turn-off time is t off =300 ns.
Assume linear voltage and current switching characteristics.

Fig. 41
Given is:
V d = 200350 V (input voltage range)
V0 = 5 V
(nominal output voltage)
(switching frequency)
f s = 125 kHz
(turns ratio)
N 1 :N 3 = 2:1
(magnetising inductance of transformer, seen from primary side)
L m = 15 mH
(output filter inductance)
L = 10 H
P 0 = 20...300 W (output power range @5V)
Both the supply voltage and the load power P 0 may vary between the indicated values.
The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetisation of the core. Note the unusual winding ratio
N 1 :N 3 .
(5) 2.1 Calculate the turns ratio N 1 :N 2 to get V 0 =5V at a nominal input voltage V d =325V
and D=0.4
(5) 2.2 D should be varied to maintain a constant output voltage at variable input voltage.
What is the maximum allowable value of D to guarantee complete demagnetisation
of the transformer?
(10) 2.3 What is the lowest allowable input voltage V d to avoid transformer saturation?
Check whether the control range of D corresponds to the input voltage range.
In the following, D = 0.4, V d =325V, V 0 =5V and I 0 =50A.
(5) 2.4 Calculate the maximum values v sw , i L and i m .
(5) 2.5 Calculate I 0 for the boundary of discontinuous conduction mode. Check this results
with the given minimum load current.
(10) 2.6 Sketch v 1 , v sw , i L , i 1 , i 3 and i m .
(40) PROBLEM 3
In Fig. 10a a single-line diagram a power system with power electronic load is shown. The
utility power source (dashed block) is represented by a sinusoidal voltage sources vs in series
with an inductance L s in each phase. The nominal rms value of the phase-to-neutral voltage is
V s =230V and its fundamental frequency is f s =60 Hz.
The power electronic load is a large industrial three-phase diode rectifier as shown in Fig. 10b.
The load of the rectifier is represented by a constant DC current source I d .

Fig. 40
(10) 1.1
(5)

1.2

(5)

1.3

Sketch the waveforms of v T and i T and the power p T that is dissipated in the switch
as a function of time.
Calculate and plot the average switching power loss as a function of frequency in
the frequency range 25 kHz-100 kHz.
Calculate the efficiency of the power transfer from the source V d to the load R at
100 kHz and a duty ratio D=0.5.

(40)
PROBLEM 2
Given is a forward converter as shown in Fig. 32
Fig. 42
43/46

44/46

(10) 3.1
(10) 3.2
(10) 3.3
According
voltage at
(10) 3.4

Calculate the average rectifier output voltage V d as a function of V s , L s and I d .

Sketch i a and v d and calculate the harmonics of the input current i a as a function of
I d for L s =0.
Describe qualitatively the effect of L s 0 instead of L s =0 on the input current
harmonics. Consider both high-order harmonics and low-order harmonics. Give a
qualitative sketch of i a and v d
to local regulations of the utility company, the maximum allowable fifth harmonic
PCC caused by any load should be less than 3% of the nominal voltage.
Calculate the maximum allowable value of I d when L s =3 mH. You may assume for
this case that the rms value of the fifth harmonic of the rectifier current is equal to
I a5 = 0.15 I d

Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 20 June 2007

1.1 Note that the waveforms for the switching of resistive loads are quite different from the waveforms
for clamped inductive loads (Mohan Fig 2-6). With the circuit from the exam vT and iT are always
related by: vT = Vd iT R . During turn on: iT=Id t/ton and vT=Vd(1-t/ton) ;
Power as a function of time: pT (t ) = vT iT =

t
ton

Vd (1

t
ton

) I d ; Similar during turn off.

DTsVd 0.4 8 106 325

=
= 69.3mA
i' m =
15 103
Lm

2.5

2.6

Because the minimum load current (2A) is smaller then I0,B , the converter operates in continues
conduction mode.
Sketch: see Mohan fig. 10-11

3.1

See text book eq. 5-68 and 5-86. Vd =

3.2

3.3

3.4
Eon

PT

VLL

T T

d d

1 t2 1 t3
Vd I d
ton = 300 . 4 . 1/6 .
2 3 2 =
6
t
t
on 0
on

150 .10-9 = 30 J
Similar for turn off.
Average power: PT =

Vd I d
(ton + toff ) / Ts = 200 * (150+300) * 10-9 * fs = 90.10-6 fs
6

(W)

PR Pd PT DVd I d PT 600 9
=
=
=
= 0.985
600
Pd
Pd
DVd I d

N2
Vd
N1

N1 DVd 0.4 325

=
=
= 26
5
N2
V0

2.1

V0 = D

2.2

For steady state operation the transformer should completely be demagnetised in each
cycle or the average voltage across each winding should be zero. For w 3 this means:

DmaxVd
2.3

N3
= (1 Dmax )Vd
N1

Dmax = 0.667

The highest value of D is needed at the lowest input voltage.

V0 = D

N2
Vd
N1

Vd ,min =

N1 V0
26 5
=
= 195V . Because the lowest specified
N 2 Dmax 0.667

input voltage is 200V, the range of D is large enough to handle the input voltage range.
2.3

vsw = Vd +

N1
Vd = 325 + 2 325 = 975V !
N3
45/46

Ls I d = 535 1.8I d

All harmonics are more or less reduced, including the fundamental. Higher harmonics are
attenuated more than the lower harmonics, because the impedance of Ls increases with frequency.
Lower harmonics are only slightly affected.
Requirement from utility: Vs 5 < 0.03Vs
(textbook, eq 18-2)

ton

i v dt = V I

Vs

with Vs 5 = 5 Ls I a 5 = 5 Ls 0.15 I d 5Ls 0.15 I d < 0.03 Vs or I d < 8.13 A

f
ton

Ls I d = 1.35VLL Ls I d , where the

I
I = a1 for h = 5, 7,11,13,....
2
I d ; Harmonics: ah h
3
= 0 else

100 kHz

1.2 Dissipated energy during turn on: ET ,on =

3 6

See text book fig. 5-32 partly.

Rms of fundamental: I a1 =

9W

iT

3 2

phase voltage VS is given by VLL=3 VS ; Vd =

PT
vT

(1 D)TsV0
0.6 8 106 5
2.4
iL = I 0 +
= 50 +
= 50 +
= 51.2 A
2 L0
2 10 106
2
(1 D)TsV0
I L
I L , pp =
= 2.4 A .
Load current on the boundary: I 0, B =
= 1.2 A
L0
2

46/46