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1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural
strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature.
Four-point14 point and three-point loadings with prescribed
spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed
cross-section sizes are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
C 1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced
Ceramics
C 1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of
Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
C 1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack
Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant
Stress-Rate Flexural Testing at Ambient Temperature
E 337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)
2.2 Military Standard:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on
Mechanical Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published January 2008. Originally
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 116102ce1.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
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NOTE 1Configuration:
A: L = 20 mm
B: L = 40 mm
C: L = 80 mm
FIG. 1 The Four-Point14 Point and Three-Point Fixture
Configuration
5. Interferences
5.1 The effects of time-dependent phenomena, such as stress
corrosion or slow crack growth on strength tests conducted at
4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of this
test method.
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Loading Span, mm
20
40
80
10
20
40
Configuration
A
B
C
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Diameter, mm
2.0 to 2.5
4.5
9.0
NOTE 1Configuration:
A: L = 20 mm
B: L = 40 mm
C: L = 80 mm
NOTE 2Load is applied through a ball which permits the loading member to tilt as necessary to ensure uniform loading
FIG. 2 Schematics of Two Semiarticulating Four-Point Fixtures Suitable for Flat and Parallel Specimens. Bearing Cylinders Are Held in
Place by Low Stiffness Springs, Rubber Bands or Magnets
NOTE 1Configuration:
A: L = 20 mm
B: L = 40 mm
C: L = 80 mm
NOTE 2Bearing A is fixed so that it will not pivot about the x axis. The other three bearings are free to pivot about the x axis.
FIG. 3 Schematics of Two Fully Articulating Four-Point Fixtures Suitable Either for Twisted or Uneven Specimens, or for Flat and
Parallel Specimens. Bearing Cylinders Are Held in Place by Low Stiffness Springs, Rubber Bands, or Magnets
NOTE 8This test method does not specify a test piece surface finish.
Surface finish may be very misleading since a very ground, lapped, or
even polished surface may conceal hidden, beneath the surface cracking
damage from rough or intermediate grinding.
Width (b), mm
Depth (d), mm
2.0
4.0
8.0
1.5
3.0
6.0
25
45
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mm (0.00025 in.) per pass to the last 0.020 mm (0.0008 in.) per
face. Remove approximately equal stock from opposite faces.
7.2.4.4 Finish grinding shall be with a diamond wheel that is
between 400 and 600 grit. The stock removal rate (wheel depth
of cut) shall not exceed 0.006 mm (0.00025 in.) per pass. Final
grinding shall remove no less than 0.020 mm (0.0008 in.) per
face. The combined intermediate and final grinding stages shall
remove no less than 0.060 mm (0.0025 in.) per face. Remove
approximately equal stock from opposite faces.
7.2.4.5 Wheel speed should not be less than 25 m/sec
(~1000 in./sec). Table speeds should not be greater than 0.25
m/sec (45 ft./min.).
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8. Procedure
8.1 Test specimens on their appropriate fixtures in specific
testing configurations. Test specimens Size A on either the
four-point A fixture or the three-point A fixture. Similarly, test
B specimens on B fixtures, and C specimens on C fixtures. A
fully articulating fixture is required if the specimen parallelism
requirements cannot be met.
8.2 Carefully place each specimen into the test fixture to
preclude possible damage and to ensure alignment of the
specimen in the fixture. In particular, there should be an equal
amount of overhang of the specimen beyond the outer bearings
and the specimen should be directly centered below the axis of
the applied load. If one of the wide specimen surfaces has been
marked for the presence of a scratch or extraneous damage,
then place the damaged surface so that it is loaded in
compression. If a side surface is marked as damaged, then the
specimen may be tested, but shall be inspected after the test to
confirm that the scratch or damage did not cause fracture.
8.3 Slowly apply the load at right angles to the fixture. The
maximum permissible stress in the specimen due to initial load
shall not exceed 25 % of the mean strength. Inspect the points
of contact between the bearings and the specimen to ensure
even line loading and that no dirt or contamination is present.
If uneven line loading of the specimen occurs, use fully
articulating fixtures.
8.4 Mark the specimen to identify the points of load
application and also so that the tensile and compression faces
can be distinguished. Carefully drawn pencil marks will
suffice. These marks assist in post fracture interpretation and
analysis. If there is an excessive tendency for fractures to occur
directly (within 0.5 mm) underneath a four-point flexure inner
bearing, then check the fixture alignment and articulation.
Specimen shape irregularities may also contribute to excessive
load point breakages. Appendix X1 may be consulted for
assistance with interpretation.
NOTE 9The sound of the grinding wheel during the grinding process
may be a useful indicator of whether the grinding wheel condition and
material removal conditions are appropriate. It is beyond the scope of this
standard to specify the auditory responses, however.
8.5 Put cotton, crumbled tissues, or other appropriate material around specimen to prevent pieces from flying out of the
fixtures upon fracture. This step may help ensure operators
safety and preserve primary fracture pieces for subsequent
fractographic analysis.
8.6 Loading RatesThe crosshead rates are chosen so that
the strain rate upon the specimen shall be of the order of 1.0 3
104s1.
8.6.1 The strain rate for either the three- or four-point14
point mode of loading is as follows:
e 5 6 ds/L2
where:
e = strain rate,
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d = specimen thickness,
s = crosshead speed, and
L = outer (support) span.
8.6.2 Crosshead speeds for the different testing configurations are given in Table 4.
8.6.3 Times to failure for typical ceramics will range from 3
to 30 s. It is assumed that the fixtures are relatively rigid and
that most of the testing-machine crosshead travel is imposed as
strain on the test specimen.
8.6.4 If it is suspected that slow crack growth is active
(which may interfere with measurement of the flexural
strength) to a degree that it might cause a rate dependency of
the measured flexural strength, then faster testing rates should
be used.
NOTE 14The sensitivity of flexural strength to stressing rate may be
assessed by testing at two or more rates. See Test Method C 1368.
9. Calculation
9.1 The standard formula for the strength of a beam in
four-point 1 / 4 point flexure is as follows:
S5
S5
3 PL
2 bd2
(2)
(1)
where:
P = break force,
L = outer (support) span,
b = specimen width, and
d = specimen thickness.
9.2 The standard formula for the strength of a beam in
three-point flexure is as follows:
NOTE 15Breaks outside the inner gage section sometimes occur due
to an abnormally large flwa and there is nothing wrong with such a test
outcome. The frequency of fractures outside the inner gage section
depends upon the Weibull modulus (more likely with low moduli),
whether there are multiple flaw populations, and whether there are stray
flaws. Breakages directly under an inner load pin sometimse occur for
similar reasons. In addition, many apparent fractures under a load pin are
in fact legitimate fractures from an origin close to, but not directly at the
load pin. Secondary fractures in specimens that have a lot of stored elastic
energy (that is, strong specimens) often occur right under a load pin due
to elastic wave reverberations in the specimen. See Appendix X1 for
guidance.
Configuration
3 PL
4 bd2
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(1 S
S 5 n
SD 5
(3)
(1 ~S 2 S! 2
~n 2 1!
(N,L)
EXAMPLES
S (4,40)= 537 MPa
(3,20)=
610 MPa
(N,L)=
12. Keywords
12.1 advanced ceramics; flexural strength; four-point flexure; three-point flexure
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ANNEXES
A1. SEMI- AND FULLY-ARTICULATING FOUR-POINT FIXTURES
A1.1 The schematic figures in Fig. A1.1 illustrate semiarticulated and fully-articulated degrees of freedom in the text
fixtures. Fully-articulated fixtures shall be used for specimens
that are not parallel or flat. Fully-articulated fixtures may be
used for well-machined specimens. Semi-articulating fixtures
shall only be used with flat and parallel specimens.
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Chamfer Geometry
c
(mm)
(A2.1)
where the second term on the right hand side shows the
reduction due to the chamfers.
0.080
0.090
0.100
0.110
0.120
0.130
0.140
0.150
0.160
0.170
0.180
0.190
0.200
0.210
0.220
0.230
0.240
0.250
0.260
0.270
0.280
0.290
0.300
(A2.2)
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Correction factor, F
Correction factor, F
Configuration A
Configuration B
b = 2 mm, d= 1.5 mm b = 4 mm, d= 3 mm
1.0121
1.0152
1.0186
1.0224
1.0265
1.0310
1.0358
1.0409
1.0464
1.0521
1.0583
1.0647
1.0715
1.0786
1.0861
1.0939
1.1020
1.1105
1.1194
1.1286
1.1382
1.1481
1.1585
1.0031
1.0039
1.0048
1.0058
1.0069
1.0080
1.0093
1.0106
1.0121
1.0136
1.0152
1.0169
1.0186
1.0205
1.0224
1.0244
1.0265
1.0287
1.0310
1.0333
1.0358
1.0383
1.0409
Correction factor, F
Configuration C
b = 8 mm, d= 6 mm
1.0008
1.0010
1.0012
1.0015
1.0018
1.0021
1.0024
1.0027
1.0031
1.0035
1.0039
1.0043
1.0048
1.0053
1.0058
1.0063
1.0069
1.0074
1.0080
1.0087
1.0093
1.0099
1.0106
Correction factor, F
Configuration A
b = 2 mm, d= 1.5 mm
Correction factor, F
Configuration B
b = 4 mm, d= 3 mm
Correction factor, F
Configuration C
b = 8 mm, d= 6 mm
0.080
0.090
0.100
0.110
0.120
0.130
0.140
0.150
0.160
0.170
0.180
0.190
0.200
0.210
0.220
0.230
0.240
0.250
0.260
0.270
0.280
0.290
0.300
1.0053
1.0066
1.0082
1.0098
1.0116
1.0136
1.0157
1.0180
1.0204
1.0229
1.0256
1.0284
1.0314
1.0345
1.0378
1.0412
1.0447
1.0484
1.0522
1.0562
1.0603
1.0646
1.0690
1.0013
1.0017
1.0021
1.0025
1.0030
1.0035
1.0041
1.0046
1.0053
1.0059
1.0066
1.0074
1.0082
1.0090
1.0098
1.0107
1.0116
1.0126
1.0136
1.0146
1.0157
1.0168
1.0180
1.0003
1.0004
1.0005
1.0006
1.0008
1.0009
1.0010
1.0012
1.0013
1.0015
1.0017
1.0019
1.0021
1.0023
1.0025
1.0027
1.0030
1.0032
1.0035
1.0038
1.0041
1.0043
1.0046
APPENDIXES
X1. TYPICAL FRACTURE PATTERNS IN CERAMIC FLEXURE SPECIMENS
X1.1 Fig. X1.1 illustrates fracture patterns that are commonly observed in ceramic specimens. Low-strength ceramics,
which have a low energy level at fracture, typically break into
only two pieces. Medium- to high-strength ceramics break into
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requirements of 7.2.4.
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for final finish grinding. MIL STD 1942A and the 1990, 1994
and 1996 versions of C 1161 specified 320-500 grit wheels for
finish grinding.
REFERENCES
(1) Baratta, F. I., Quinn, G. D., and Matthews, W. T., Errors Associated
With Flexure Testing of Brittle Materials, U.S. Army MTL TR 87-35,
July 1987.
(2) Quinn, G. D., Baratta, F. I., and Conway, J. A., Commentary on U.S.
Army Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of High Performance Ceramics at Ambient Temperature, U.S. Army AMMRC
85-21, August 1985.
(3) Hoagland, R., Marshall, C., and Duckworth, W., Reduction of Errors
in Ceramic Bend Tests, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol
59, No. 56, MayJune, 1976, pp. 189192.
(4) Quinn, G.D. and Morrell, Design Data for Engineering Ceramics: A
Review of the Flexure Test, Journal of the American Ceramic
Society, Vol 74 [9], 1991, pp. 203766.
(5) Quinn, G. D., Properties Testing and Materials Evaluation, Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Vol 5, MayJune 1984,
pp. 298311.
(6) Quinn, G. D., Fractographic Analysis and the Army Flexure Test
Method, Fractography of Glass and Ceramics, Vol 22 of Advances in
Ceramics, American Ceramic Society, 1988, pp. 314334.
(7) Quinn, G. D., Flexure Strength of Advanced Structural Ceramics: A
Round Robin, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 73 [8],
(1990), pp. 237484.
(8) Davies, D. G. S., The Statistical Approach to Engineering Design in
Ceramics, Proceedings of the British Ceramic Society, Vol 22, 1979,
pp. 429452.
(9) Ritter, J. Jr., Bandyopadhyay, N., and Jakus, K., Statistical Reproducibility of the Dynamic and Static Fatigue Experiments, Ceramic
Bulletin, Vol 60, No. 8, 1981, pp. 798806.
(10) Weibull, W., Statistical Distribution Function of Wide Applicability, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol 18, 1951, p. 293.
(11) Tennery, V., International Energy Agency Annex II, Ceramic
Technology Newsletter, Number 23, AprilJune 1989.
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