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LPG
petrol
paraffin
light gas oil
diesel
lubricating oil
crude oil
bitumen
Fraction:
No. of
carbon
atoms:
Colour:
Boiling point
range oC:
Uses:
Refinery gas
1-4
Colourless
Below room
temp.
Gasoline
(petrol)
4 - 12
Colourless to
pale yellow
32-160oC
Kerosine
(paraffin)
11 - 15
Colourless to
yellow
160-250oC
Diesel oil
15 - 19
Brown
220-350oC
Residue
C
20 - 30
30 - 40
1. lubricating oil
2. heavy fuel oil
3. bitumen
50 and above
Dark brown
Above 350 C
As the hydrocarbon molecule chain increases its boiling point increases, it becomes more
viscous, becomes more difficult to light, the flame becomes sootier and it develops a stronger
smell.
Products from Crude Oil
Alkanes
Physical properties:
The chemistry of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry. There are millions of organic chemicals,
but they can be divided into groups called homologous series. All members of a particular series will
have similar chemical properties and can be represented by a general formula.
The alkane series is the simplest homologous series. The main source of alkanes is from crude oil.
Alkanes are covalent compounds. They are hydrocarbons, which means they contain hydrogen and carbon.
The general formula for an alkane is CnH2n+2.
Properties and uses of alkanes:
Name of alkane: Melting point oC: Boiling point oC: Density g/cm3: State at room temperature:
Methane CH4
-182
-162
0.42
Gas
Ethane C2H6
-183
-88
0.55
Gas
Propane C3H8
-188
-42
0.58
Gas
Octane C8H18
-57
126
0.72
Liquid
For example:
If alkanes combust in too little air, carbon monoxide may form. This is dangerous and can cause death.
Cracking alkanes
The lighter fractions (for example, petrol) are in large demand. The heavier fractions are not so useful but
unfortunately chemists have to be able to convert these heavier fractions into petrol and other useful
products, due to supply and demand, by a method known as cracking.
Cracking breaks down molecules into smaller ones. Catalysts or heat may be used to crack the
alkane chain into smaller ones.
Note, that one of the products that is formed when we crack naphtha contains a double bond between two
carbon atoms. A hydrocarbon that possesses one double bond belongs to the next homologous series
calledalkenes.
Another reaction that often occurs after fractional distillation is reforming. Hydrocarbons of the same
formula have different boiling points. Straight-chained alkanes have greater boiling points than the
branched version. This means they catch light more easily - but this can be too much for the hot cylinder of
the car engine. Reforming converts straight-chained alkanes to branched.
Alkenes
The members of this series contain a double bond. They are hydrocarbons.
The general formula of the alkenes is CnH2n Most alkenes are formed when fractions from the fractional
distillation of crude oil are cracked.
Properties of alkenes:
Like alkanes, the boiling point, melting point and densities increase with larger size molecules.
They are insoluble in water.
They combust like alkanes to produce carbon dioxide and water. However, they burn with sootier flames
due to their higher percentage of carbon content to hydrogen.
Chemically, alkenes are more reactive than alkanes. This is because they possess a double bond that can
be broken open and added to in a reaction.
For example:
These reactions are called addition reactions.
Saturated and unsaturated:
Organic compounds, like alkanes, which have four single covalent bonds to all their carbon atoms are
described as saturated.
Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two carbon atoms and are described as
unsaturated. This is because they do not have the maximum number of atoms attached to their four
bonds, as one is double!
Polyunsaturated margarines and vegetable oils contain many C=C bonds.