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Medical Electronics (BME356 )

Chapter 1: Multistage amplifier
Dr. Qasem Qananwah

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Department of Biomedical Systems and Informatics Engineering

BME 356
First Exam: 09.11.2014 Sunday
Second Exam: 14.12.2014 Sunday

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Chapter Objective
1. Understand the analysis and design of multistage amplifiers
including all coupling types, the analysis involve voltage gain,
input and output resistances and small signal limitations.
2. Discuss characteristics of Darlington configuration and
Cascode amplifier.

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Electronic Systems

Industrial

Biomedical
Patient Care
Diagnostics

Luigi Galvani

Test and Measurement

Biomedical
Consumer
Computers
Communication
Systems
Circuits

Henry Cavendish

Components

Power

Sir John Fleming

Current
Votlage

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Resistance

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Typical Bioinsturment
Amplification
Filtration

ADC

Wave-shaping
Biomedical signals
Endogenous
signals

Exogenous
signals

ECG, EEG, Temp.,

respiratory rate

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Sensors

Electronic
System

Display
Recording
PC

X-ray, Doppler,
MRI, ...etc

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Biosignals

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Biosignals Bandwidth, Amplitude

Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Frequency range: DC 100 Hz
Electromyogram (EMG)
Frequency range: 10 200 Hz Signal range: Dependant on Electrode
Placement
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Frequency range: 0.05 200 Hz Signal range: Fetal 10uV, 1-5 mV Adult
Heart Rate
Frequency range: 45 200+ beats/min
Blood Pressure
Frequency range: DC 200 Hz 40 300 mm Hg (arterial) 0 15 mm Hg
(venous)
Breathing Rate
Frequency range: 12 40 breaths/min

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Multistage Amplifier

1. Cascade Amplifier Configurations

2. Cascode Amplifier Configuration
3. Darlington Configuration

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1. Cascade Amplifier Configurations

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Cascade approach: enhance dc gain by increasing

the number of gain stages horizontally (Multistage
Amplifier)
Gain of single-stage amplifier [gmro]~20-40dB
Gain of two-stage amplifier [(gmro)2]~40-80dB
Gain of three-stage amplifier [(gmro)3]~80120dB, which is sufficient for most applications

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1. Cascade Amplifier Configurations

A generalized three-stage amplifier

A generalized three-stage amplifier

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To increase the
gain, use two
amplifiers instead
of one.
Gain is not just
the product of the
individual gains
though
Input and output
impedances must
be accounted for

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1. Multistage Amplifier :Coupling Techniques

In a cascaded system, the first amplifier is called the first stage and the second
amplifier is called the second stageetc.
Amplifiers are cascaded together to achieve an overall higher gain than that
possible with one amplifier
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1.1 RC Coupling (Capacitive Coupling)

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1.2 Direct Coupling

With direct coupling, the output of one transistor is connected directly to the
input of the next transistor
Advantages
1. The circuit arrangement is simple because of minimum use of resistors.
2. The circuit has low cost because of the absence of expensive coupling
devices.
3. The ability to amplify a DC voltage and low frequency signals(usually used
for amplifying low frequency signal (e.g biosignals)).
Disadvantages
1. It cannot be used for amplifying high frequencies.
2. Poor temperature stability, the operating point is shifted due to temperature
variations.
3. Difficulty in matching the collector voltage of one stage to the required base
voltage of the next stage to set the Q point through, out the amplifier.
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1.2 Direct Coupling

Example 1: Find the DC voltages and current indicated in the circuit shown below
+5

Assume:
VT=26mV, =125 and
VBE=0.7V for both
transistors,
ICQ2=4.81mA neglect
both Transistors output
resistance ro then find
also
Av, Zin and Zo:

IC1
70K
CC1

5K

VBB

ICQ1

T1

Vin

0.2K

r1
7.14K 125ib1

ib1
5.53K

10K

r2
676

ib2
5K

C
125ib2

25.2K
(+1)RE1
E

Zin
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VE2 CC2
1.5K

-5

Vin

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T2

VE1

6K

ICQ2

IBQ2

Vout

1.5K 10K Vout

ZO
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1.2 Direct Coupling

Example 2: Find the DC voltages and current indicated in the circuit shown below
+12V

Assume:
VT=26mV, =125 and
VBE=0.7V for both
transistors, neglect
both Transistors output
resistance ro then find
also
Av, Zin and Zo:

CC1

Vin

IC1
100K
22K
VC1
IBQ1
ICQ1 VCEQ1
VBB
VE1
22K

4.7K

B
+
18K

r1
10.8K

10K
CC2
ICQ2 VCEQ2

VE2
10K

CE

ib1

Vin

VC2

125ib1

CE

ib2
22K

Vout

C
+
r1
489.5

125ib2

10K

Zin
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Vout

ZO
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1.3 Transformer Coupled Amplifier

Advantages
1. No signal power is lost in the collector or base resistors.
2. An excellent impedance matching can be achieved in a
transformer coupled amplifier. It is easy to make the inductive
reactance of primary equal to the output impedance of the
transistor and inductive reactance of secondary equal to the
input impedance of next stage.
3. Due to excellent impedance matching, transformer coupling
provides higher gain. As a matter of fact, a single stage of
properly designed transformer coupling can provide the gain of
two stages of RC coupling.
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1.3 Transformer Coupled Amplifier

Recall some characteristics
and properties of an ideal
transformer, voltages are
related through:
VS N S

VP N P

Since power must be

conserved then currents are
related through:
IS NP

IP NS

turns ratio

NP is the number of turns in the primary

coil. NS is the number of turns in the
secondary coil.
If NS> NP Then Stepped up.
If NS< NP Then Stepped down.

The impedances are related through:

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ZS N S

Z P N P

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1.3 Transformer Coupled Amplifier

Impedance matching
If ideal transforme r , I P2 RC I S2 RL RC I S / I P RL
2

but let I S / I P n / 1 RC n RL
2

RC n RL
2

for CE as shown take

equivalent RC = n2RL

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1.3 Transformer Coupled Amplifier

Disadvantages
1. It has a poor frequency response i.e. the gain varies
considerably with frequency.
2. The coupling transformers are bulky and fairly expensive at
audio frequencies.
3. Frequency distortion is higher i.e. low frequency signals are
less amplified as compared to the high frequency signals.

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1.3 Transformer Coupled Amplifier

By choosing an appropriate turns ratio, a transformer can be used to increase

either voltage gain or current gain or provide impedance matching with load
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2. Cascode Amplifier Configuration

Cascode approach: enhance dc gain by stacking up transistors
vertically by increasing effective output resistance
Multistage amplifier consists of two
or more amplifiers where the load on
the first amplifier is the input of the
second amplifier

VCC
RC

R3

vo2

R2

vo1
vin2

Ri

It is CECB Cascode amplifier

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vi

vin1

R1

RE

RL

CE

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2. Cascode Amplifier Configuration

+VCC

Advantages
1. CE+CB Configuration.
2. Wide band (High Frequency Response) voltage
amplifier, this will improve the Bandwidth (~100X).
3. Low input resistance from the second CB stage
provides first stage CE with low load resistance so
minimizing miller loading of input.
4. The CB is responsible for the total voltage gain and act
as transimpedance of the value of RL.
VS
5. Cascode configuration has a high output impedance.

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R1

RC CC
2

CB

VO

Q2
RL
R2

CC1

Q1
R3

RE

CE

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2. Cascode Amplifier Configuration

+VCC

Q2
vS

R1
CB

vO

Q1
RC

RC CC
2

RL

VO

Q2

The ac equivalent circuit

RL
R2
+

Q1
R3

VS

C1

B1

CC1

VS
RE

CE

R2||R3

+
r1 V1
-

E2

gm2V2

gm1V1 r2 V
2
+

C2
+
RC

RL

Vout

E1

Cascode Amplifier

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Small Signal equivalent circuit

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3. Darlington Configuration

ic1
ic

ic2

ib1

ib

ib2

Equivalent

Darlington Pair

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3. Darlington Configuration

Advantages
This combination provides large current gain, typically a few thousand.
It has a voltage gain of near 1, a low output impedance and a high input
impedance.(Buffer).
Darlington pairs are widely available in a single package or they can be made
from two separate transistors

Disadvantages
Slow switching speed
Limited bandwidth
Introduces a phase shift that can give rise to problems at certain frequencies
in circuit using negative feedback
Higher overall base-emitter voltage = 2 x Vbe.
High saturation voltage (typically around 0.7 V) which can lead to high levels
of power dissipation in some applications

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3. Darlington Configuration
+V

Ri

ic
Ri
CC

ii
+

vS -

VO

Q1

r1

Q2

Ii

RB
CE

Darlington Pair Configuration

C2
VO

IO

gm1V1

gm2V2

Vi

-V

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+
V1
-

IE

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C1

B1

RC

r2

B2
+
V2
-

RC

E2

Small Signal Equivalent Circuit

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Feedback Pair
This is a two-transistor circuit that operates like a
Darlington pair.
It has similar characteristics: high current gain,
voltage gain of near 1, low output impedance and
high input impedance.
Note: it is not the Darlington configuration:
Darlington: 2 npn BJTs
Feedback Pair: pnp driving an npn BJT

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Feedback Pair
DC Biasing

Assignment # 2: find the Q-point

and all the DC currents in the CRT

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Assignment # 2: find Zo and AV for the CRT Shown

Small Signal Equivalent CRT.

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Feedback Pair Application

Complementary push-pull power amplifier

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Todays Summary
Multi-stage amplifiers can be considered as
many separate amplifiers connected together
Use of the equivalent circuits for the amplifiers
eases analysis
Direct coupling enables low-frequency use
Negative feedback can improve linearity and
bandwidth

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