Chapter 3

True/False
1. T F A man receives gifts from a large number of people at a wedding. He will
later give those people bigger gifts than they gave him. This is an example of
balanced reciprocity.
2. T F Exogamy means that you should marry a close relative.
3. T F Ceremonial valuables are valuable because they provide you with the basic
necessities.
4. T F In a lineage, only the lineage head has access to the means of production.
The other members of the lineage provide labor for the lineage head.
5. T F Tribal societies employ egalitarian redistribution as their main system of
exchange, while bands have reciprocity as their system of exchange
6. T F Both bands and tribes provide people with a reason to produce a surplus.
7. T F Leaders of bands are called Big Men.
8. T F Both bands and tribes are based on the communal mode of production
9. T F The head of a complex chiefdom is a paramount chief.
10. T F Warfare is more common in societies that produce a bigger surplus.
11. T F In a complex chiefdom low-ranking people generally have to give tribute to
higher ranking people in order to activate their right to use the means of
production.
12. T F In a society using rank, formal positions are given to people based primarily
on their ability to perform well in those positions.
13. T F A chief is the head of a system of ranked lineages in a society where people
live in two or more local groups.
14. T F A shaman spends most of his/her time doing religious or healing rituals and
lives off the gifts people give them in return for doing the ritual.
15. T F In a chiefdom your race was used to decide who would be a slave.
16. T F Religious specialists whose job is to perform rituals that are needed by a
king or paramount chief, and are supported by the king or paramount chief, are
called priests.
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17. T F Both shamans and priests are religious specialists.

18. T F Priests are more likely to be found in stratified societies than in egalitarian
societies.
19. T F The story of the first Thanksgiving is an origin myth.
20. T F Religious and semi-religious explanations about the origins and values of a
society and its place in the world are called esoteric knowledge.
21. T F Despite the fact that stratified societies are not egalitarian, religion in most
stratified societies upholds the values of equality.
22. T F Market exchange is generally important in state societies.
23. T F States are generally organized in ways that help the elite maintain their
power and wealth.
24. T F Feudalism is quite different from capitalism because it sets up categories of
people who dont own the means of production; in capitalism everyone has their
own means of production.
25. T F Structural violence is rare in capitalist societies but common in feudal
societies.
Multiple Choice
26. The method, such as foraging, used by a group of people to obtain food and other
resources is called
A Means of production
B. Mode of production
C. Subsistence strategy
D. The political system
E. Reciprocity
27. People often change bands if they dont get along with each other or if resources
are scarce in a particular area. Which of the following is a FALSE explanation of
why they can change bands:
A. Bands usually have a flexible social structure
B. Bands usually have rules allowing people to forage where they can
establish kinship
C. Bands usually do not defend territory against other bands.
D. Good warriors are welcome in any band they want to join, and although
women are a burden on the band, they are usually welcome because they
may produce sons for the band.
E. None of the above are false.

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28. What system of exchange is illustrated when two farmers agree to help each other,
so the first farmer helps his neighbor with haying one day, and then a month later
the neighbor helps the first farmer with housing tobacco for a day?
A. Communal mode of production
B. Generalized reciprocity
C. Cultural determination
D. Balanced reciprocity
E. None of the above
29. Information that is known by only a few people and is kept secret from nearly
every one else is
A. a political system
B. a shaman
C. a common feature of bands
D. called private knowledge by anthropologists
E. none of the above
30. A leveling device is NOT
A. a form of social control
B. another word for shunning
C. frequently used in bands
D. important for maintaining equality
E. none of the above are false
31. Which of the following lists contains concepts that all apply to tribes?
A. horticultural or pastoral, stratified, Big Man
B. foraging, egalitarian, egalitarian redistribution
C. chief, horticultural or pastoral, corporate groups
D. horticultural or pastoral, egalitarian redistribution, Big Man
E. none of the above are correct lists
32. Warfare
A. is common in small scale farming societies
B. in chiefdoms is more likely to involve enslaving war captives than in tribes.
C. is a factor in causing inequality
D. A, B, and C are all correct
E. A and C are correct
33. Egalitarian redistribution
A. leads to power for Big Men
B. is a subsistence strategy
C. has to be carried out by men whose fathers were Big Men
D. is called egalitarian because everyone gives away the same amount
E. none of the above

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34. Bands and tribes are different because

A. Tribes produce food by some form of farming, either herding animals or
growing food, while bands get food by using wild plants and animals.
B. Tribes are stratified, while bands are not.
C. Big Men have power, while in bands no one has power.
D. Tribes are lead by chiefs; bands do not have chiefs.
E. None of the above
35. According to recent studies comparing countries with different levels of
inequality
A. rich people in very unequal societies such as the US live longer than rich
people in societies such as Japan where the difference between rich and poor
is not as great.
B. the US educational system does the worlds best job at educating the children
of well-to-do parents.
C. all people, both rich and poor, benefit from living in a society with greater
equality.
D. the level of inequality in a country has very little effect on the lives of the
well-off, although it does make a difference for the poor.
E. Both A and B are true.
36. A society with hereditary ranking but minimal stratification is called
A. a tribe.
B. a chiefdom
C. a state
D. a kingdom
E. egalitarian
37. A system in which formal, prestigious offices or positions belong to certain
lineages and must be held by members of that lineage is called
A. exogamy
B. rank
C. stratified redistribution
D. slavery
E. None of the above
38. Religious and semi-religious explanations about the origins and values of a
society and its place in the world are called
A. origin myths
B. esoteric knowledge
C. rituals
D. social myths
E. None of the above

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39. A system in which the person who receives gifts keeps some of the gifts, rather
than giving them all away is called
A. balanced reciprocity
B. egalitarian redistribution
C. stratified redistribution
D. taxation
E. market exchange
40. The system by which you must give something to a high ranking person in order
to activate your right to use the means of production is called
A. the communal mode of production
B. the kin-ordered mode of production
C. the tributary mode of production
D. stratified redistribution
E. reciprocity
41. A chief is different from a Big Man because
A. chiefs must be members of the correct lineage
B. chiefs have some real authority over other people.
C. chiefs do not give away everything they receive
D. All of the above are correct
E. A and B are correct
42. Stratified redistribution
A. is like egalitarian redistribution except that it occurs in stratified societies
B. is a system that lets high-ranking people benefit from the labor of lower
ranking people.
C. requires that the gifts received by high-ranking people all be given to other
high-ranking people.
D. is a system in which all have the same opportunity of participate, although
some may be more successful than others.
E. B and D are both correct
43. Which of the following statements is false?
A. Unlike chiefdoms and complex chiefdoms, kingdoms give high-ranking
people absolute control of the means of production.
B. Chiefs and paramount chiefs exercise power only with the consent of other
titled members of the aristocracy, while a king can exercise power without
the consent of others.
C. The aristocracy in chiefdoms and complex chiefdoms are related to the
commoners, while in a kingdom aristocratic lineages are separate from the
commoners, who are not considered to be relatives.
D. In kingdoms the demands for tribute can be so severe that many of the
people who work the land may be desperately poor, while in chiefdoms and
complex chiefdoms inequality is less severe.
E. None of the above statements are false.
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44. Which of the following statements about religion in ranked societies is false?
A. Religion is relatively unimportant for social control in ranked societies.
B. Calendrical rituals in complex chiefdoms meant to ensure the well-being of
the entire society are usually conducted by shamans.
C. Religion provides reasons for commoners to agree that people of high rank
have the right to their wealth, power, and prestige.
D. People who perform important religious rituals are likely to have to be
members of the aristocracy.
E. A and B are both false statements.
45. The mode of production in which the means of production is privately owned and
most people work for wages for the people who own the means of production is
called
A. the redistribution mode of production
B. the kin-ordered mode of production
C. the tributary mode of production
D. the capitalist mode of production
E. the egalitarian mode of production
46. Which of the following statements is false?
A. Market exchange is found in all states.
B. A market economy allows everything, including land and labor, to be
exchanged through market exchange.
C. A market economy ensures that everyone in the society will have the same
opportunity to succeed.
D. A market economy is based on stratified redistribution
E.. C and D are both false.
47. Which of the following statements about very egalitarian societies is false?
A. They dont produce a surplus that can be accumulated as wealth.
B. They have no system for using other peoples labor to benefit yourself.
C. Since everyone in an egalitarian society has the same rights, people are
basically contented, so keeping a society egalitarian happens quite
naturally, without the need for social control.
D. Many egalitarian societies are based on the kin-ordered mode of
production.
E. None of the above are false.
48. When one state intervenes militarily, economically, and politically in the internal
affairs of another state
A. the intervening state frequently calls its intervention nation building.
B. the military-industrial complex is said to have failed.
C. the state that is doing the intervention is called a failed state.
D. neocolonialism or empire is generally not an issue.
E. A and D are both true.

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49. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the difference between a
feudal system and a class system?
A. A class system allows people to change their position more than the
feudal system does.
B. A class system operates in a full market economy.
C. A feudal system operates within the tributary mode of production, while
the class system is associated with the capitalist mode of production.
D. Serfs had inherent rights that they acquired at birth that fief-holders were
bound to respect; the class system does not provide inherent rights to those
in the working class.
E. All of the above are correct statements.
50. A society that employs the tributary mode of production, is ranked and stratified,
gives absolute control over the means of production to an elite, and gives the legal
right to use force to the person at the head of the society is called
A. a complex chiefdom
B. a kingdom
C. a republic
D. a capitalist society
E. a socialist society

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