AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF THE BRAIN AND MIND WY De Romoa- CGV Abgorehom GE FeGEN ve Ive REEKA BRUGANE ad 4199 frst Rac A Poaresl Senens rob we.yortube, ter /romosh ners (obey ns «dca beth tom from tsh Ceneudiriine. Lie Scribd tor fromagh SenersicaheChapter one: PEACE AND WAR Introduetion The Sun and the Third World ‘The Medical Study of Skin Skin colour and Psychiatry Psychiatric conditions Psychiatry and the Church Psychiatry theory and Schizophrenia Psychology Opposition to Coercion (ix) Stigmatisation (x) Chemical and Biological weapons (xi) Tamoxifen, Breast cancer and Medical Experimentation ‘Suppression of Information ‘The Arms Trade (xiv) Psychological Warfare ‘Madness, Violence and Warfare Biological Warfare (xvii) Man made Illnesses (xviii) Macfarlane Burnet Centre and AIDS (xix) A Cold Economic Climate (xx) Economic Rationalism and im and the Talking picture (xxii) Penguin on Television (xxiii) The Rise and Fall of Capitalism (xxiv) The Big Players (xxv) Is Bart Simpson Mentally Disordered? (xvi) Pokemons (xxvii) Mania Chapter two: THE BRAIN 0 ‘The adult brain, its design and circulation The cortex The midbrain The hypothalamus () The basal ganglia (vi) The limbic system (vii) The thalami (viii) The pituitary gland (a) The pineal organ (s) The hindbrain (xi) The reticular activating system (xii) ‘The peripheral nervous system ‘The autonomic nervous systemChapter three: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ‘The nervous system Overview of the brain The brain and nervous system Development of the brain Electrical and chemical activity Grey matter and white matter ‘Neurotransmitters Psychological causes of depression (diagram) Psychotherapy for depression (autosuggestion) ‘Types of madness in Australia (original theory) ‘Tranquillisers and biological psychiatry Acetyl choline and Alzheimer’s disease Dementia: cause, prevention and treatment Chapter four: INTEGRATED MODEL OF THE BRAIN AND MIND @ ( (ii) How what we see affects us How what we hear affects us An integrated model of the brain and mind in diagrams Brain-mind-body relationship 2. Mind-body healing mechanism 3. Magnetic feds, the brain and blood cireulation 4 Integrated psychophysiology 5. Neurophysiology and neuroendocrinology of emotions ‘ : & Prychoimmunology 7 Scientific analysis of the words “psychic” and “spiritual” ‘Thoughts creating magnetic elds 9. Electromagnetic aspects of physiology and metabolism 10, Perception and happiness 11, Chakras: Hopi and Vedic concepts 12, Theoretical analysis of “chakra” concept 13, Overview ofthe endocrine system 14, Paychoendocrinology 1S, Drugs affecting neurotransmitters (meta-analysis) 16, Memory formation Chapter five: THE MIND AND A NEW PSYCHOLOGY OF HEALTH @ «i ii) (iv) Psychoanalysis . Drug experimentation and biological warfare Macfarlane Burnet Centre and International health ‘The Melbourne Psychiatry Hierarchy Offence and Defence Friends and Enemies Psychiatry and the Pineal (diagram) Causes of Disease (meta-analysis) Chapter six: DIAGNOSING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Chapter seven (by Sara Di Genova): WHERE TO FROM HERE? 85 99, 90, 98 101 103, 104 106 18 128 135 152 158 162 169 172 177 187 190INTRODUCTION ‘What is the brain, and what does it do? What is mental health and healthy thinking? How does the mind perceive time? Why does music make people feel like dancing? How can suggestions of health create health? How can schizophrenia be cured? How can dementia be prevented? How can hypertension be treated without drugs? ‘What is the pineal, and what does it do? How can the mind be used to heal cancer? How can depression and suicide be prevented? How can war and genocide be stopped? How can children and adults be happier? How can people maximise their creative ability? This book is the result of my search for answers to questions such as these. My main focus in medical and political research has been on health and peace, perhaps because I have seen too much illness and war. Perhaps some illness is unavoidable, but surely war is avoidable, given the political will to achieve peace. The research that I have undertaken over the past five years has been independently funded, and I owe allegiance to no formal organizations, political groups or religious organizations. I do, however, have great respect for the work of the countless devoted scientists, doctors and philosophers who have relentlessly pursued truth, and whose discoveries we can trust and rely upon, and ‘upon whose work I have attempted to build my own. ‘Some of these scientists have been priests, and others have worked for the military of one country or another. Many of these scientists have suffered from a fear of attack if they challenged authority and established dogmas, if they criticized political leaders or religious doctrines. I am not immune to such fears, but intend challenging them in the ‘writing of this book. Many the conclusions I have drawn from my research over the past four years are damning on the medical profession and psychiatry profession in particular. I also have reason to believe that the pharmaceutical industry and related industries have been responsible for some of the greatest crimes of history, profiteering from the misery andillness of millions, by the promotion of drugs combined with promotion (and deliberate creation) of diseases that justify the use of these drugs. 1 do not, however, believe that the vast proportion of people involved in the creation of disease are evil, nor that their activities are motivated by wicked intentions. Many believe that their actions are necessary for the greater good, or necessary for the treatment of incurably sick people. Others would prefer not to look at the ethics of what they do at all, reassuring themselves that “everybody else does it too”. Yet others are confused by moral issues, or fear to speak out because of possible repercussions such as losing their job, their reputation or their funding. Some fear even harsher punishment, including being called mad and being punitively treated for it. also am not opposed to the use of pharmaceutical medicines in a sensible, ethical and scientifically valid way. I believe that there are many valuable drugs and prescribe them regularly in my work as a family physician. The phenomenon I abhor is that of marketing Dopamine —> Noradrenaline ——> Adrenaline7 Dopamine is important for heath of the brain and mind. It stimulates neurones (nerve cells) in different areas of the brain, but especially the basal ganglia, limbic system and forebrain. These areas of the brain have different functions, of which more is known about the basal gnnglia than the others, mainly because of Parkinson's Disease which is caused by interference in the function ofthis collection of ganglia in the core of the brain. ‘Caudate nucleus Claustrum Lentiform nucleus Putamen ‘globus pallidus Third ventricle ‘Thalamus. Fig, 2:14 Horizontal section showing basal ganglia Pineat Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus ‘The basal ganglia (basal nuclei) are collections of nerve cell (neurone) bodies in the core of the brain and are considered part of the midbrain, along with the thalamus which separates the basal ganglia from the third ventricle (the fluid-filled chamber that separates the two hemispheres and two thalami). The ganglia include the lentiform nicleus (composed of globus pallidus and putamen), the elaustrum (separated from the lentiform nucleus by a thin layer of white matter termed the external capsule) and the enudate nucleus, composed of head, body and tal. The head of the caudate nucleus is contiauous with the putamen of the leniform nucleus, and its tail ends with the amygdaloid nucleus (amygdala), which is considered part of the limbic system, the related chain of ganglia invoved in emotions and memory. The main function of the basal ganglia appear to be related to movement, and itis problems with movement that become most obvious with damage to this area of the brain.Fig. 2:15 comuaies wk! Olfachery bulb Maraillavy bod nla ete Thyra Srcang have 3. Bkide mn 58 ‘THE LIMBIC SYSTEM ‘The limbic system, which is connected to the hypothalamus has, for many years, been known to be involved in memory as well as emotional reactions. Emotions and memory are closely related, and itis a common observation that people remember more clearly experiences that elicit intense emotional reactions. It is also known that particularly distressing memories can be suppressed as part of the mind’s natural defense mechanisms, although such memories can resurface later in life in certain circumstances. This is an area of controversy polarized between two schools of thought, one supposing that all memories are retained at least subconsciously and the other supposing that any newly regained memory has been artificially implanted (false memory). Neither view is centiely consistent with scientific evidence, which indicates that, firstly, memory is not infallible, and secondly, that accurate memories can be suppressed in some circumstances, It is also evident that the memories can be altered after the event and that the interpretation of events remembered can also change with time. The physiology of the brain and nervous system also suggests that memories can be irretrievably lost when loss of brain tissue occurs, and the ability to register long term memories can also be lost when particular areas of the brain are damaged, It is obvious that what is recorded in the memory depends on what is consciously and subconsciously perceived through the senses, and that how experiences are perceived depends on psychological factors including pre-existing beliefs and attitudes. These in turn are influenced by previous ‘experiences and memories. ‘The Limbie System, Pituitary and Pineal Antericy nucleus thalaraus fornix ( \ Faonyaala Tovmene 49 ‘Memory involves both registration and recall. Much that is registered in the memory is perceived through the senses, however the mind can also recall previous ideas and experiences that were internally gerierated (insights through dreaming and reverie, for example), The ability to remember events, names, places and other data at will varies depending on such things as mental relaxation and memoric aids (such as photographs, musi¢ or odours), and it appears that much mote is registered in the memory than can be readily recalled by most, if not all people. ‘The formation of memories too is subject to many influences, and usually distortions, and is dependent on intemal factors such as sensory awareness, attention and concentration. ‘Memory can also be distorted by external factors such as distractions, misinformation and disinformation, the latter leading to subsequent false memories at times. Anxiety, although it may itself be remembered, can lead to difficulty in remembering facts correctly, and this may result from anxiety at the time of the event to be recalled, or anxiety at the time of recall,0 ‘THE THALAMI ‘The thalami are two complex oval structures that form the lateral walls of the third ventricle, which separates the left and right thalamus. The thalami are connected across the CSF-filled third ventricle by a small bridge of white matter termed the interthalamic connection ‘The diagram below demonstrates the anatomical connections between different nuclei in the thalamus and cortical areas. These extensive connections ilustrate the orchestrative role that this mid-brain structure plays in sensory integration and perception. The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) at the posterior end of the thalamus receives inputs from the eyes via the optic nerve and chiasma, and projects the information to other areas of the brain including the occipital lobes, which contain the visual cortex. The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), medially adjacent to the LGN, receives auditory inputs from the ears via the eigth cranial nerves (auditory nerves) and projects the information to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobes. The LGN and MGN protrude out of the swollen posterior end of the thalamus termed the pulvinar. The pulvinar, which lies lateral to the Pineal organ has connections with other parts of the thalamus as well as the visual and auditory cortex. Sensation from the tongue and face is transmitted to the ventral osteromedial nucleus which lies directly anterior to the pulvinar in the core of the thalamus, and lateral to this is the ventral posterolateral nucleus which projects inputs from somatic (body) senses to the parietal lobe of the cortex on the opposite hemisphere. ‘This may explain the features of thalamic syndrome, which is a neurological problem of severe pain on the opposite side of the body following damage to the thalamus from a haemorthage or infarction in the structure. Se ery eocata names ene, Fig. 2:16 The Thalamus (after Snell) ase Lata genie “A toed macene Gamera) | oe ed peat ale sh poveeat mane Cent Sach & potion) vet eke od tite & ba (a Pa SE,ot Anterior to the posterolateral nucteus is the ventral lateral nucleus, which has intricate connections with the reticular activating system, motor cortex and cerebellum, and is thought to be involved in coordinated movement and voluntary movement as well as mental alertness and balance. The ventral anterior nucleus which adjoins the ventral Jateral nucleus is also connected with the reticular system, the substantia nigra and the cortex. The frontal lobes, which with the ventral anterior nuclei are related have been described by the famous neuropsychologist A.R.Luria as being primarily involved in the “formation and execution of plans”. The reticular activating system is a diffuse network of neurones involved in alertness and state of consciousness that extends throughout the brain linking the cerebellum and brainstem with the midbrain and cortex. Tt has been established that reticular neurones utilise the neurotransmitter noradrenaline at their synapses. Noradrenaline is synthesised from dopamine, which is produced by the ‘metabolism of the essential amino acid tyrosine in neurones in the substantia nigra, a large motor nucleus that extends through the midbrain, connecting the cortex, hypothalamus, basal ganglia and spinal cord, The nucleus is so named because the neurones within it contain granules of the pigment melanin, which also gives colour to skin, hair and eyes. Degeneration in the substantia nigra has been shown to be associated with the development of Parkinson’s disease, which features a deficiency in dopaminergic activity in the brain and is treated with drugs that stimulate dopamine production. Separated from the rest of the thalamic gray matter by a tract of white matter termed the internal medullary lamina, is the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, which is anatomically and functionally connected to the limbic system. This nucleus is connected to the mammillary bodies and cingulate gyrus (part of the limbic system) and is involved in emotional reactions, emotional tone (mood) and memory. The known involvement of the anterior nucleus in the formation of memory includes facilitation (and possibly suppression) of the conversion of short term to long term memory, The obvious capacity for visual and auditory experiences to evoke powerful emotional reactions, create vivid memories and stimulate complex movements (including the urge to dance) demonstrates the psychological connections between phenomena that involve the thalamus and related structures.‘THE PITUITARY GLAND Unlike the other parts of the brain, which develop from the neural crests, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland develops in the embryo as an invagination of the roof of the mouth (Rathke’s pouch), which migrates upwards towards the base of the brain fusing with the hypothalamus to which it becomes attached via the infundibulum (pituitary stalk). The anterior lobe of the pituitary secretes six well known hormones which regulate hormonal ‘and physiological activities throughput the body. These include growth hormone (GH), which stimulates growth of bones and other tissues; thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine; Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which stimylates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol; prolactin, which stimulates milk secretion and the gonadotrophins (sex hormones), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These hormones have profound effects on cells throughout the body to which they are distributed by the bloodstream into which they are released, by the brain and by the endocrine glands. The pituitary gland also includes a small intermediate lobe (the pars intermedia) which secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone which stimulates melanocytes in the skin, retina and brain to produce the black pigment melanin, and a posterior lobe which secretes several hormones, the best known of which are oxytocin (which stimulates contraction of the uterus during pregnancy) and vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone) which helps conserve water. The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are produced in the hypothalamus and travel to the posterior lobe of the gland by small nerves which connect the lobe with the hypothalamus directly above it. Fig. 2:17 The Midbrain Fornix (oF limbic eystem) Choreid plexus Thalames Pineal3 ‘The secretion of honmones by the anterior lobe of the pituitary is modulated by regulatory factors secreted by glandular neurones in the hypothalamus, to the base of ‘which the pituitary is attached. Several of these chemical mediators have been identified, ‘each affecting the secretion of specific pituitary hormones and it has been demonstrated that the molecules reach the pituitary via a tiny system of portal veins that flow from the hypothalamus down the pituitary stalk to the gland. Some, like Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (hormone), appear to have an effect on other areas of the brain (and body) as well as regulating the production of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, which in tum regulates secretion by the steroid hormone cortisol by the cortex of the adrenal glands in the abdomen. Cortisol has the effect of quietening immune activity and is a natural anti-inflammatory agent, the production ‘of which has been observed to follow noticeable diurnal variation, with different amounts being produced at different times of the day. Fig, 2:18 The pituitary gland nary fore pera, Weuiakon dprace tay, Be TS eo et enens Vent a eonieg Soman of a nomen : By ye >) re wer consartak eimai = the Kidneys, Bu % . fe the production of thyrosine nee Simulates she product a ay He ys ganas ckimubshs oath searchin auving, lactahion skrulekes Corstol secretion by The sekeral covte se pomp reins SO ea shmulahs welanin production by melanocytesTHE PINEAL ORGAN ‘The pineal organ (gland) is a fasciriating structure in the midline of the brain above and behind the pituitary gland. The pineal, which acts as a light sensitive third eye in certain amphibians and reptiles, commonly calcifies with age in humans. Although in ancient times it was considered one of the most important parts of the brain, for most of this century it was widely regarded as a useless remnant of the “primitive reptilian part of brain”, along with the limbic system and other parts of the midbrain and diencephalon. The reasons for this are curious and reflect common prejudices in the neurosciences about the parts of the brain connected to the sense of smell and shared with other animals which were considered to be “evolutionarily lower”. In the case of the pineal, the high blood flow through the organ, a recent evolutionary adaptation in mammals, contradicted suppositions of the organ being vestigial in humans, and the theory was conclusively disproved with the discovery of melatonin in 1958 by the American dermatologist Aaron Lerner (at Yale University). Lemer was looking for the amphibian skin lightening factor produced by the pineal of frogs and discovered melatonin, so named because it causes suppression of pigment production by melanophores in amphibian skin. The functions of melatonin in humans has been shrouded by secrecy but is intriguing, since the hormone appears to have wide-ranging physiological effects on sleep, the immune system, cancer prevention and cure, sexual maturation and aging. These apparently separate phenomena may be connected physiologically through the hypothesized activities of the pineal Firstly, during sleep enhanced activity of the immune system occurs. The immune system acts, mainly through the leucocytes (white blood cells) to rid the body of diseased cells, including infected cells and defective cells, such as cancer cells. This is a process that occurs throughout life in a constant battle between the immune defences and the factors promoting disease through a range of mechanisms. This include chemical as well as radiation toxins, both of which are known to cause harmful mutations that produce cancers. The type of toxin and the area affected influence what type of cancer develops, and how it behaves. Some cancers grow rapidly and are described as ‘aggressive’ while others grow slowly over many years. Others regress and disappear, with or without medical or surgical treatment. Some people develop several different types of cancer in their lifetime, others with seemingly greater toxin exposure, do not develop cancer. Reasons for this individual variability include the success or otherwise of the immune system, and genetic susceptibility. Of these two reasons, the genetic factors that make particular individuals susceptible to cancer cannot be satisfactorily identified or treated, however the success of the immune system in fending off attack by cancers can be promoted in several ways, One well recognised factor in immune health is an optimistic attitude and a hopeful philosophy has been demonstrated to be a powerful force for healing, Melatonin, the neurohormone secreted, mainly at night, by the pineal gland,is released into the bloodstream, but also has effects on the brain and neurones, since melatonin causes drowsiness (hence its recent use as a sleeping pill). The route by which melatonin reaches neurones could include the arterial blood supply, the cerebrospinal fluid, or both. ‘The chemical, which is synthesized in the pineal from the indole-amine serotonin, could thus be considered both a neurohormone and a neurotransmitter, although the latter function would not be in the usual mode of release from vesicles in synapses.Fig, 2:19 History of Pineal Research (325 BC to 1958AD) 6s Melatonin and the mammalian pineal gland From a comprehensive book on the ingal by Potestey Thad publishid Wh i445, by Chabman Hall, London U.K The beck , fond ab du Monath University medical Libery 6 melbourne was printed ab Gmbicge University Pres and describes reseann Funded Gi) Gusis Nakina Sconce Famdation iy Ministy of defence Lip Seleral Phermaceukeal companies! iy Wellcome fst (6laxe Wellcome) (0 Bethish AnbareRe Survey *) Tipsy og ‘Ses persed for may cers at tom eet an cae) Bandtonctow na quie ena pec, ‘Risa (Eh watt fants roweabi rss ‘egethe papi at ot ed eas Seri ur From a standard reherence textbook of tstelogy “Wsbotogy” by fet A. Ham paws Upp eat pring ust “Re schon on the Piassl body explains the presence of calcium deposits A the pind (bmn sand’) as evidence hat he pineal a wseess vestige of primitive tebhlian brain Melatmin was aiscovertd lay Aaron Lerner jar Vale, 6 458,LABORMTIORY SCIENCE DISCOVERIES ABOUT THE PINEAL 1950-65 From the 1457 Textbock “histolegy” Sas ae a st Seat oe Lippincoft USA» Curae 2 Pare eee Saas Sea eee aerate :20 Laboratory Pineal Research from 1950-65 fom ane 1945 SE EMLNNONE Specialist = Te Tauarereers Rha tt Nevowcene Saunt tan polecton Seine aary nanmaian Pineal — Fildenileciiansstscmmatneaimt bere Gland” ‘Sep nae wnt et Soe ‘edo S.Avendh — Uonerermpte aerator a See im vse by the tt Sopeeon sll, UK Pe dng that causes ihe death GF sotevot experimental animale Luana "D * Dose Fora long tie it was knowa thatthe mammalian pineal gland contains a substance which blanzhes melanophores in amphibian skin.” In 1958, Lerner and co-workers" Jlseceded in aolating the compound cesponsible for this effect from an enormous Mount of Bovine pineals. Soon this substance was identified to be N-acatyl-S-meth- Gnyeryptamine™ and due tite blanching effect on black melanophores t was termed ‘nelatonin. tt dig sot take long before the biosynthesis of melaronin from teyptoohan, ‘Thins taken up by he pinealocytes from the blood, was unraveled, All of i precur~ Spr compounds inloding serotonin which was already known (o occur in some mam- ‘malian pinals in much W'gher amavis than in-any aber pati of he brain” as wall ss ‘Fa Soaymes involved in this syachess were discovered, while some of the ltter were iso obtained in ceir pure form." Likewise, the metabolites of melatonin and i pracersr substancss became Known.” I was established that, during day time, the far pineal contains only 0.4 u8/s tue of melatonin, and the Bovine pineal 2bout 0.2 avg tsnue.™ Soon ic appeared that melatonin, but also other pineal indoleamines, ‘how bicloscal activity, expecially as the reproductive system s concerned. From the ‘81 Specialise reference textook “athe Pineal Gland .Vol + Gr 3).Anatomy x Biochemishry Ed: Russe Reiter Pablishad by CRC ,Flovida USAIMAGING TECHNIQUES MODERN, LAR HAVE ALLOWED THE A th ‘Mah og of huran nenlcyles sisine nih Be Rivtonegas serenooe cTRea te te pesca en From Anchonal Anatomy of vhe Biman Pineal Eland meas ARLEN oA Mew onen Gand stoig amuntwraloeesoniescnns. "0 he Aineal Eland Chapter by Luty Vollrath J Anatomy ,uterbarg Us — nn ig. 2:21 Cytoarchitecture of the pineal pub: Raven” Press .NY,U.S-8 1984 thir: Russel 7 Refer Ping! gland ofa human its sal act of nonmainare narve ‘unded by svelte (Papen ow anasenteSyrapen (x asc00)FROM PROFESSOR JOSEPHINE ARENDTS @ektect at melatonin in shmulatiag Ludemisi Wermene demonsivated Beck on THE PINEAL. Dexperimentation with huge doses on Ow race of mice with “writhi paychatric. patents dest! Men enjotiat"ta a hot-plake cet aaen rates sr eter tigeng ee ee ee ides Rat alse re ‘Thee ant ef of lve Ue my bed 1 te ‘Sepmnisbetnen ligt my bed to rs ations Schaap nds sonst se. "te ree @&eperiments on vats & cancerfo FessoR JosePiiné ARENDT GOLRES HE PINEAL 7.07 Ossi RELA TIONSI HPS OF THK NEAL AND TONIN TO THEININIUNESYSTENT ‘Steen orien See eee ‘ova tar trun oe nmenoxiniaung es one Hecxeiont inthe eg Cova cel) Fe ete pons toma i Reng Ca) er are stdogmows ly ee es ber of cota wn iin yi iTimmoncsyton shyt eargeen and gee oe ‘nan ee eaten tytn, oe SCM, than ny eof Eepsastemcemeene se rong evr tl nih Xe a ea tt ‘ersten dec te on rey ery Se ‘hie pore derene ot ewatonmindepreman ace 38) s ® Fig, 2:23 The pineal and the immune system number oF Circulating Lymprocyies during nocturnal A rise mw the Sleep coincides with a rise in melatonin No causal colabienship has been established however it does txplain part ot the healing athed of sleep Polessor Arendt accepts as proven that depression awd ches attest the immune system adversely and although she agrees shat she Fined wkluences he immune system che & not convinced thak exogenous (ingested) melatonin benefits the mmone @ysten « She also quotes work Maeskoni eb al (14411948) demansinting immune Sabbression by Serotonin inhibitars and belabistkersn. A PULOSOPHICAL «INTRODUCTION To A MATOR WORK ON THE PINEAL , BY AX ACKNOWLEDEED WORLD EXPERT :PRor RusceL REITER 2 ThePineat Gand Fig. 2:24 Pinealology [INTRODUCTION Weiting a survey of the ava in pineal research cane looking back io the tong story of opinion, expevaly concerning he functional significance of che orga. These opinions have firs fed on pillosoptical aid theoretia! considerations ind only much later on sieniialy obtained facts, the interpretation of wtich also depends on cultural and philosophical premises which ay be ster conscious or 2 Even in the domain of the so-called eact sciences it riay happen that some rel ad ‘nce way hupposed to have been made whe [ter the conclusions reached appeared to be only pat of the truth or even allogether wrong because they were Based on tmsincerpreed of isolated facts, The ten "advance ha, therefore, 2 rather relative meaning whichis sometimes greay overestimated. Adsaace in any silence, and this ho holds for pinealogy. i generally calized by small succesive steps taken BY seh~ trations of devoted sieaists, the siemifie reputation of whom, may this be eiher od or ada scarcely lass thee lifetime, From time :9 time, however. a single inves Iigator evteatly assembles a large numberof Separate peses ofthe puzzle tobe solved taping an iteprted patera which con, atleast partly, be understood, Suen a pattern ‘Ray have a future, ingiating lines along whieh progress can be made. New theories ‘Tay nave to\be formed, whigh again bave to be Sounded out on chic tue value, On Saunton: wrong inlerotvations based on peejudiees have been made. This fas espe: SNe a cleat times when knowledge was #01 yel based on fats obtained wrth the fined metnocs and techniques made available bythe development of modern {eennology, but merely oa more or lst traditional philosophical systems ané an over- dose af imagination, fe aience, an all aspects of if, it sof the utmost importance {a be apenminded and to look with some suspicion at theories which would sezm to ‘Sotsin too much. Nature i much more complex than ic may look at fist sight, This Slso holds forthe pineal which constantly poses new problems. Probesser Reiter is the eaiky of this 3 volume specialty Yelerence taxt “The Peal Gland'os val at the ‘Journal of pinged receanh' and has tovitlen romerrus papers on the pirealy on Which he I @ vacognised outhorihy The cheve etic i taken fom page 2 oF "The Pingel Gand Volume |, Anatomy ond Blochamtatry ” pabltshes by CRe Press Inc, Flonida (USA) wr 1481 Protesser Reiter is o doctor of secence (Phd), nok a medical doctor ard '* desenbed 05 "Pobesccr Department af Anatomy ,Te Usiversthy of Texag Health Science Center ,San Antonio | Texas | Seven st the Rurteen contibutun fo che first volume are deSevibes as having medical qualifications , eluding prtassers from the NederBads West Germany , France , Japan and the U.S.A (2 Som the Nakenal Wnskhdes of Haalth Bethesda , Marylandn PRoresson REITER NAS ALSO ONE OF THREE EDMORS oF THE 1442 AMERICAN PUBLICATION “ELEcTROMAENETIC FIELDS AND CIRCADIAN RNYTHMICITY "and author of Chapter 2 Changes in Circadian Melatonin Synthesis in the Pineal Gland of Animals Exposed to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation: pe aes A Summary of Observations and fields Speculation on Their Implications P | Russet.J. Rerrer {a econ decades thee hasbeen rapid grotto mania electromagnetic els ssaermsequcnos of ineessed industrial urbanization. Aldona kel hat, industrial and technological advancements sil further inerease organismal cx Dose elestmapnetieraliaton during the Freese Fture, Derpit hei Exponeitelinerese the biokgial consequences fixe nen-onaing radiations have besn nly epuringly investigated (Adey, 19H; Johnson and Guy. 1972), The ‘esuls thew limited stodies he showa, however, tht there may Be deleterious ecuelae ofthese exposures in experinicnal animals and mun (Se fr example. (O'Connor atl Lely 1948). OF special interest or this chapter is wha i refereed tu as extromely nw frequency (ELF, 50460 He) electric and magnetic Fels Swel Fickle are conualy asocited wih eletse power generation aml ans nssion tens “Tt nals ae able to Ustetolcti (Rosenberg et a, KD; Stew et al. 1985) well oy magnetic (Cremer-Bartels eal, 9; Sem, 1988; Southern, 1972) Fels sa wel estan. The two other edits of this specialised beck are ty Marta C. Meore-Ede of the Inshtule for Circadian Pryrology WA Boston ,Mascachusehs. The opening page? ch the book admit thet the book Cand research) were Funded by conkenck 2P 2465-04 from the Electric Power Research Insthute (iy Scot. S. Gmplall of the Department of Prychiahy, Inshhate of chvonobtology ,New Nevk Hospital Cornell has had ConFe ,NY., USA Te payoriahy profession pineal research edical @ eng Avolvemenk inTHE _PINEAL_W SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL TEXTBOOKS | Aithough the 1980 eaition of Havisons Principles of Interne Medicine informs the reader of about the etter oes macre fined than the carfent edition, tere 6 left ont oF the veference feet , wictuding the experimental fechniques vsed much that A Coming, BS de enclusios Keached and wgniRtant other Contemporary dheoreReal work Quads as thet of DyRebert Becker an amevican Scientist cavesh ganna dledromagnetiem and human (as wel as * satel” ) physiology Tre peyctatvic vse ok the hormone 1s also ignores. Stns meme a tard Te peal aero npr sno ean he amie a ted om Sar papi aris the see he eens rena ayo CEs he eno rma ar od erage ane fe The pathway of discovered “ih the \970e and eany (480e aynthatis of melatonin (bos , was standard textbock infermatien wh the PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MAMMALIAN PINEAL Eniomental Taking condone eer sever imporan ees on hes milan nesroendocnne apparatus. Light ae5 35 a9 “ducer” TR odie ie rate of sersal maturation: gels who ve ‘Ren deprived of igh rm birth ma show ay pulse. The sequence of day and night abo aco geerte ome Bl ‘lope enybes aa to ayneronze tne fps which ore Draluced by signals asin fom wih ne Body oe fom be Coral hye (eg eating. dking) hat mice chen Si it the body intermittent Theres eadence that one Tinton ote mammalian presi mht be o mite some thee endoerne aad meaboie effets of light. The “afr ‘ut about ligt tree ote pineal by a oute whch mone: Tile nein aszesory ope act. (2) cee i te brain ‘sd nal ord that replat the smpateteoeous 5m Sed the sympathete nerves the paeal which ong the pence aft ganglia, The dima vacation fa mela> ‘osm secreton frm fe harman pitel which causes ela toni evel to peak during he Bours of darkness, provides the body witha eelting“eloe™ nhch unde the dest eon tol ofthe lighting envconment (Fig. 2462, Liss kpown abot whch ean ae cus om he pineal “loc han about he mechani responsi Fer hyhane Changes tiem ley that memtonin eters psiloc i> Ibtory fest op goacal ane thyroid funsion 2nd alo modes braawor and eeceoenephalgrapbie acuity When thy amounts of melatonin ae plated i he mesan emi rence of the bypotaiamas of the midbrain eiealat frma- onthe incre in ptatarylatdnuang hormone (LH) con tent which normally falls craton e Backed. Melton Plkced in the seredropinal aid suppresses the secretion of Fitsary LP and enhances the secreton of prolactin. lar foninseminaation sv ange te evel of erotonin nthe Girmulahis festievone Pete Sion LA = Luteinising Hormone , a hormone quatlad ty the Pity. gland hich ETE Da ioTnone cbs (ona ed) Larwonin pth nh pics dearly siete dean ieamndae teeta Fivbasynppl th Wend an Orme tom ebro me from ypte phan (via serotenia)BY 1990s ,A GREAT DEAL oF SPLINTERED INFORMATION ABOUT i THE PINEAL HAD ‘ Been acquired VIA & ANIMAL «AND HUMAN ‘ EXPERIMENTATION ; i hese are ectacts from the (BO Ninth Editien of tartisor's Principles of Ta laternal Medicine, a Edkars Wslyacher Aether sPabsMe Gray Hl (6-4) DISEASES OF THE PINEAL GLAND RICHARD J. WURTMAN IwmeouETON Sine be discovery of melatonin i195 ‘Snpeling enence as accom he aman pr sel ots seb an inp coment hw cre St es Tha gta as rr hove soa, Sra aeroendoctay Garda ives 8 Sele pat of sympathetic nervous “informanon” which is suppres whet tlie rapons ti In report i pac eB teal secrets hormone. elon, int the Sondstsam, imoh ate crn nda Fest epcpivne espa (Gctoinergic rere surulaton Tre thers tnd sco {eto var th a ich pera teey prong the body in eeaang "tc appuan, Ul ey f- ‘lyn any wat sale pret eatement fol iS inboma od ose Cry acme tman plod pijaiogy tained sonst ad te only Sle ster that cou clearly beats ih Pala fepeon were tos cused By piel eapnms, New the fneatoun im bao and rine can be mesures by Wosasy nd adomennoasy and append i we penmentt animals ao uo son hana, There thu Son or optimism iat our understanding pines physogs Sn puhophesology. and of he ponine media te Se Scenpound wil 400m exp Later edihons of this standard Relerence textbook fer physicians Deittad this important infavmahen chouk the biochemishy and pryselogy of the pineal. This occured in Several other & medical textbooks neurosciences Fig, 2:26 Pineal and disease Dimes gd sa fatened ance eran wtih ies beneath he Doser bord ofthe corpus cllonm and betwen the 02 Forcalica I onigintes ey ology a0 evagiaton of the ependyma with ines the rot of he thd vente 26d Fema connected fh epon byte ial stalk The alt {Sand weghe about 120 mg ts dimensions ace $109 in Emus io 6mm in width, and 3 rm in hcknes Mest Ofte pineal ss envloped by pia mar. form which bod sls myelinated ese fibers and eps of connecter Jee pense the sunt thereby viding into bales. The poe gndularor parenchymal els onthe periphery ofthe Tec ar elongated inne inthe cea sane ar ven. Thes Gotan sumerous granlar bovis (wbich might represent Soredseretion). 29d ave fe to process (at terminate + [heen othe capillary enthelim in (960: Rapper mae the important acvery tat the prmary inneetuon ofthe mammalian pineal ones tot Timi the bre but ater fom sympa el odes nthe ‘oper cervical gang, Suber uent sts wing the eet Imroscope vealed ha he smpathet serve rigs et ae dietty on pineal parenchymal eels nan anatomie els+ Cowshp that semble the ayapae The spate maces: teoof ones! ganda cts ponte ea tes satu Soe a evetiee heey PRETRTOTT-Mcocd and Ale stowed thatthe pineal sland of the cow contined factor which exes amphibian skin © Siaesh: When pineal homogenates were eto tadpoles. the IRelanin granules within dermal melanophores Sgarea0 [ound the ell noc theeyligening thesia. Cs HSH hak w sececd fhe pray gland) Foor decaies Lier Lerner and hse Ieagues iced tn peal fet 35 melsionin Smethon ‘ecoiuypuane (Pg, 341). mana t be shown (hal IRelatonin soe ay eect on the melanin which are espa Sle or normal skin pigment a human beings. ser, naive . $61, widely std indole ote wey recta: tevin ammalia nal Vers rom a indoles provi HEgiMedn mammaian tatu in hot consis = ethos (Gov. The enayine which elles ts @ethoylaion re Son tydroryndole O-ethyt anstease, HIOMT) was Showa to be concentrated min the pel gland ie mamma Techies degree of ocakaaon of HLOMT hs sometimes Peet ed ab 2 "marker" 10 dileeniate tue praalmas fs eal cmos of glo sker ona1 DRROBERT BECKER , a Flonsering ceienbst 1A Eleciomagneh'sm and potty ak the Siete University 2F New York has wxitfen sever hecks an the subject ‘The Pineal Gland’s Magnetic Sense oF bioelecticity f ‘As mentioned earlier in this book, the pineal gland is J iy, pineconeshaped structure in the exact geometric center of the electromagnet sm, head As you'll recall from the earlier discussion, Descartes believe: heath 2 illaess that this gland was the "seat of the soul.” While this is undoubted! incorrect, the pineal has gone from the status of an insignificar: ‘curiosity to Being considered the “master gland” of the body. ‘The pineal has an interesting history. It is the remnant of ‘third eye,” which was located on the top of the head in ma primitive vertebrates. In this position it probably did not registe: This exivact is fromm is (40 qublizehon, mages but was cesponsible for measuring the intensity of mata. . * ight so that an animal could alter its coloration to better match Cass Currents surroundings. While a few primitive animals (notably, the lamprey ‘ Gel and the hagfsh) sil ave a third eye that performs this function. published by cel and he a sal lly sank fromthe surface to dee? JK. mith te brain structure Boomsbury , Londen ,¥ Te has been only dusing the past decade that scents hi discovered how important this strueture is. The pineal produces © Certable pharmacopoeia of active chemical substances, Some reg late the operations of all other glands in the body (including the Hituitary, the former "master gland"), others are major paurohor- pnes Gach as melatonin, serotonin, and dopamine), which regulate Fig. 227 Pineal and magnetic sense the level of operations of the brain itself ‘The pineal isthe “clock” that the mechanists postulated was the soures of biological eyeles. The cyclic pattern of sleep-wakefu hess is dependent upon the level of melatonin secretion by the pineal. As inal words on p304 — Itwas frat determined that a part of the output ofthe retina was ‘ tiverted to the pineal, where it was sensed as the day-night cycle, & Ahés wtereching book ‘and melatonin secretion was adjusted accordingly. More recently, it . has been shown that the pineal is also sensitive to the daly eyclic TZ hare made no abempt — pattem in the Bali's magnetic fel, Melatonin secretion in man Panes may be changed at will by exposure to steady magnetic here > review wi any RESET ane strength an the geomagnetic fel. Apparent, detail the relabon Ship nature determined that biological cycle activity was too important to sa ilchany congicevatiog be left to one environmental signal alone. betomn milshary consiievatios °° IAs tee present time there is great interest in the peychlatric ad the hazards of maq-made community about the probably that abnormal secrstion of neuro” focrones by the pineal is linked to many behavioral abnormalities. electro magnahic Held Medline, in general, has become aware of the fact that disturbances, Eth biocyele pattern are of considerable clinical importance. For In ray opinion , +h ample, the primary effect of a chronically abnormal bioeyele isthe st ie Sroducton of chron stress syndrome, a condition that produces a polling | eoteleleetret lide variety of clinical problems, including a marked decline in stil believes that the Competency of the immune system. Most recently, it has been shown that the time when cancer Garvisal of the military chemotherapeutic drugs are administered during» patient's blocy dle is a major determiner of their effect. Given at the appropriate organism 1% worth the imo thy are mote festive against cancer cel and produce fewer rt the les Savas than if gven a the wrong ine The National Cancer ercance seh Tetitute considers ehis important enough that it will conduct an and health of lange indepth study of the phenomenon, ae oe eras, mNbtre tended te pineal to simultneouly recive the sre ee CAM signal fom telly patern of day-nightand the ame rise and fall population in strength of the geomagnetic field, Obviously, when one or both signals are abnormal, the pineal does not respond in the normal fashion, and the body's biological cycles become disturbed—with important clinical consequences.8 Fig. 2:28-Magnetic sense in birds and whales THEAGE THEA tranded whales’ sad end in bloody mass grave entsts despair of an explanation for Ewhale beachingsin SelPINEAL NEUROTRANSMITTERS 7 i Fig. 2:29 (synthesis of melatonin in the pineal) (Ss poduces + ornin Melatonin Arginine vasohoain Typrsten i SyeapaTHetc Sriweamien - GuopabtesRme) 5 bydoxyhyptephan z ‘ MELATONIND acted surrkesse> 8Y user pi Aud aprecTeD BY fonelemic FIELDS Complex attests) Serotonin Aw ie Alaa "SGunrsieneehy! ‘eansFerase) N-Beety! Serckenin ¥ 2 ihyterinasle-0-metay! rarerase Caton) i HOH o . cod b eelany Melatonin ryt f . oe jects ay HA H : iP 1D ineohelie rote C754) Kenenune Suchen Fromany GLAND i rs wnt Lohere “dh affects tha Kming of pihuctany hormones frarte geliic . cg Tay erm Lies tecawe cenemeosenial FLUPINEAL BIOCHEMISTRY 3 lay soapy a, a SS co on 7 sone si enss eee ie | eo gain, kanes, en - Ince, . 7 mane Oust pater brace | ad movshornene cuTepLASM oF Haat Beil PINeALOCY TE | Sy medahs Sc sees | SRTHESIS, (wat) emery oF Nencerte SeteTenia poten Diegurations wR yuscleus a ean Seleured Ubrary 5 wrpeow ya yerePHaN Pea 4 mee of aA TRYPTOPHAN - . RIMS Byrees cou Fem eco oeB BRIEF OVERVIEW OF HISTORY REGARDING THE PINEAL > 2000 ion years ago: first vertebrates evolved containing pineal organs 1000 BC: Vedic Indian and Chinese scientists describe the pineal. Vedic science regards the pineal as a “third eye for perceiving truth” Chinese science considers the pineal the centre of the meridian system, ‘on which acupuncture and other treatments are based. 500 BC to 200 AD: Herophilus, Galen and other ancient Greek and Roman scientists describe the pineal, likewise ascribing great importance to the vascular midline organ. 1600s: Descartes (Cartesius) and other renaissance scientists rediscover the pineal, ut face opposition regarding scientific enquiry about the mind, thinking, philosophy and truth from the Inquisition. 1600s-1958: Ongoing efforts to relegate the pineal to vestigial status, with wide- ‘spread medical assumption that the organ is a useless remnant of “primitive areas of the brain” (together with other midbrain structures). Accompanying separation of religion and science, with an increasingly mechanistic and reductionist approach in science, and a hierarchical, doctrinal approach in organised religion. 1958: Dr Aaron Lerner discovers melatonin at Yale University 1960s to 1980s : progressive discovery of a range of activity by pineal organs in different animal species, and detailed structural (anatomical) descriptions of the organ in different species (including humans). Included discovery of the anatomical and physiological connection with the visual system and sympathetic nervous system, involvement of the pineal in the timing of hormonal events and the production of pituitary hormones, and effects of pineal removal and transplantation on the immune system. The chemical pathway for the synthesis of melatonin from serotonin, and the fact that ¢! occurs mainly at night was discovered in the 1960s, together with the enzymes that facilitate this chemical reaction. Concentration of serotonin in the pineal was noted in the 1970s and 1980s. 1990s : disappearance of scientific information about the pineal organ from major medical and psychological texts, coinciding with promotion of “new antidepressants” said to work against depression, panic disorder, obsessive ‘compulsive disorder and numerous other ‘mental illnesses’ by “blocking reuptake of serotonin by neurones which hoard them” (in the brain, but location unspecified)” THE HINDBRAIN ‘The hindbrain (thombencephalon) develops into the brainstem and cerebellum, essential areas of the brain involved in balance and homeostasis, Homeostasis refers to a range of largely unconscious physiological processes involved in maintaining a constant intemal environment for cells in the body, such as temperature and electrolyte (salt) balance. The brainstem also contains nerve’ centres regulating respiration and cardiovascular activity, as well as nuclei of the cranial nerves. ‘The cerebellum is involved in muscular coordination and balance, so dysfunction of this part of the brain causes an unsteady gait, which is typically wide-based, meaning that affected individuals walk with their feet apart to lower their centre of gravity and improve their balance. Intoxication with alcohol is a common cause of cerebellar dysfunction, and alcohol can cause permanent damage to this area of the brain, Another sign of cerebellar dysfunction is lack of coordination with movements of the limbs, and nystagmus, flickering movements of the eyes, may also be observed in people suffering from damage to this part of the brain. ‘THE RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM ‘The reticular activating system (RAS) is a diffuse network of neurones that connects the cerebellum and brainstem with the midbrain and cortical areas and is involved in our state of consciousness and in regulating sleep cycles of REM and non-REM sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is also called dreaming or active sleep, and is characterized by jerking movements of the eyes, hence its name. The RAS is also involved in attention and focus on one or other sensory modality as well as mental conceatration, Electrical changes in the activity of the reticular activating system have ‘been measured in different states of sleep and waking consciousness (Isselbacher, 1980). Tthas also been deduced that the main neurotransmitter active at synapses of the reticular neurones is the catecholamine noradrenaline, Noradrenaline, which is synthesised in neurones from dopamine (also active as 2 neurotransmitter) is also the main neurotransmitter active in post-ganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.ww THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The peripheral nervous system includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are directly connected to the brain, the peripheral nerves, which include sensory and motor fibres and the autonomic nervous system. The cranial nerves carry to the brain sensory information from the dominant senses of sight, hearing, smell and taste which is integrated and analysed in specific areas of the brain, many of which have been discovered through studies of diseased and damaged brains. Sensory information from the body (somatic sensations) is carried along afferent nerves to the parietal lobes of the brain after travelling through the brainstem and midbrain. This includes information from several distinct modalities with different sensory receptors and nerve fibres, including soft touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and proprioception (position sense of limbs and joints). Peripheral nerves also contain motor fibres that innervate voluntary (skeletal) muscles allowing for voluntary movement by the contraction of groups of muscles. The axons that form these nerve fibres originate in neurones located in the motor cortex, ant farea of the frontal lobes adjacent to the parietal lobes anterior to the central sulcus. For this reason the gyrus involved in voluntary movement (the motor cortex) is sometimes called the pre-central gyrus. ‘THE TWELVE CRANIAL NERVES I Olfactory nerve (conducts smell to brain) IE Optic nerve (visual information from eyes) TH Oculomotor nerve (eye movements) IV. Trochlear nerve (eye movements) V_ Trigeminal nerve ( sensory from face, motor to chewing muscles) VI_ Abducens nerve (eye movements) ‘VIL Facial nerve (movement of face; taste and salivary glands) VIII Auditory nerve (information regarding sound, position and orientation) IX Glossopharyngeal nerve (taste; secretion of parotid gland; blood pressure) X- Vagus nerve (information to and from throat, thoracic and abdominal organs) XI Accessory nerve (voluntary muscles of the neck) XII Bypoglossal nerve (muscles of the tongue)al THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ‘The autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes a chain of sympathetic ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord, and a system of parasympathetic ganglia at discrete sites in the midbrain, brainstem, neck and abdomen. This part of the nervous system regulates @ range of unconscious physiological activities essential for life in all vertebrates. These include breathing and respiration, electrolyte concentration and balance, sweating and temperature regulation and smooth muscle contraction (and relaxation) throughout the body. Smooth muscle cells exist singly and in groups, and contract in response to chemical as well as electrical signals. The electrical signals arrive at the muscle cells from ganglia of the autonomic nervous system, which contain the neusonal nucle of the postsynaptic neurones of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the ANS. ‘Most of the smooth muscle cells in the body are in the muscular wall of the alimentary (digestive) canal, which contains layers of longitudinally and transversely oriented smooth muscle fibres, most of which are innervated by branches of the tenth cranial nerve, also known as the vagus nerve, The vagus nerve is part of the parasympathetic nervous system, and carries preganglionic axons (from the brain) which synapse with small parasympathetic ganglia widely dispersed in the viscera (internal organs), These ganglia relay messages from the brain to organs throughout the body including the lungs, heart, gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas. Parasympathetic stimulation tends to increase glandular secretion and increased digestive activity, as well as causing vasodilation, lowered blood pressure and slowing of the pulse, It also causes constriction of the pupil and contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the small airways within the lungs (bronchioles). ‘The vagus nerve originates at the upper part of the medulla oblongata (the caudal end of the brainstem) but the nuclei of the preganglionic neurones are positioned higher in the brain, in the midbrain, Some of these collections of parasympathetic neurones are in the anterior part of the hypothalamus, through which the descending autonomic pathway runs, The descending autonomic pathway, connected with the reticular activating system, connects the “higher” cortical areas of the brain with the midbrain, brainstem and autonomic nervous system. ‘The sympathetic nervous system originates in the brainstem and includes a chain of ganglia on either side of the spinal cord, each connected to the spinal cord at each spinal segment in the thoracic and lumbar regions (chest and abdomen). These ganglia contain synapses between preganglionic sympathetic fibres and ganglionic neurones. The main neurotransmitter active in these synapses is thought to be acetyl choline (ACh), the same neurotramsmitter active in preganglionic and post ganglionic neurones of the parasympathetic nervous system. Acetyl choline is also known to be active in the brain, where itis said to be involved in sensory (particularly visual) perception and heightened awareness. The same neurotransmitter, the first to be discovered, is also the chemical messenger involved in activation of muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions (the connections between motor nerves and voluntary muscles). ‘The sympathetic nervous system is often described as that part of the autonomic nervous system involved in the “fight or flight reflex”. In actuality, the sympathetic nervous system has many essential functions apart from the mammalian physiological response to2 danger. It is also possible to describe the physiology of the sympathetic nervous system more accurately and more holistically than a response limited to preparation for fighting or escaping (flight). The blood circulation, respiration and digestive system, as well as the immune system, endocrine system and urinary system are all modulated by activity of the sympathetic nervous system, as well as the parasympathetic nervous system. These two branches of the autonomic nervous system function in balance with each other, often having opposite effects on the behaviour of smooth muscle cells that they innervate. Thus, the sympathetic nervous system increases the speed and contractility of the heart, whilst the parasympathetic nervous system (via the vagus) decreases both. In most blood vessels sympathetic stimulation causes contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the tube, causing general vasoconstriction and a rise in overall blood pressure. Blood is, however diverted to skeletal (voluntary) muscle, in preference to the digestive system and glands when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, with an opposite effect evident with stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. Likewise, sympathetic stimulation causes contraction of the iris (muscle) causing dilation of the pupil of the eye, while parasympathetic stimulation causes pupillary constriction. In the lungs, sympathetic stimulation causes relaxation of smooth muscle and dilation of the small airways of the lung, hence the use of sympathomimetic drugs (mimicking the sympathetic nervous system) such as salbutamol (Ventolin) in the treatment of asthma, when narrowing of the small airways (bronchioles) occurs, partly due to smooth muscle spasm, Parasympathetic stimulation of bronchiole muscle causes contraction and bronchoconstriction, ‘The neurotransmitter that has been identified as most active in sympathetic postganglionic synapses is the catecholamine noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which is synthesised from the tyrosine metabolite dopamine. Noradrenaline is also, together with dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain, involved in synapses of the reticular activating system (involved in concentration, attention and sleep cycles) and the pineal organ, where it is involved in modulation of the synthesis of melatonin from the ‘tryptophan metabolite serotonin (Reiter, 1990). Sympathetic stimulation also increases conversion of noradrenaline into adrenaline, a chemical reaction that occurs in the medulla of the adrenal glands, small conical endocrine organs positioned on the top of each kidney. The adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands into the venous blood stream and thence distributed to cells around the body, having different effects on various cells depending on their locality, type and the presence of adrenaline receptors on the cell (plasma) membrane of the respective cell ‘The production of the immune suppressing steroid hormone, cortisol, by the cortex of the adrenal glands is also increased by sympathetic stimulation and is known to be affected by physical and psychological stress. The brain functions as an integrated whole and is constantly active throughout during both sleeping and waking states. Activity in the brain includes both electrical and chemical activity, and the brain controls much of the physiology of other parts of the body, as well as thought and movement.BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter two: 1. Snell, R. Clinical Neuroanatomy. Little, Brown & Co.; Boston, USA (1980) 2. Stone, M. Healing the Mind. Pimlico (Random House): UK, Australia, S.Africa, New Zealand (1998) 3, Walton, Essentials of Neurology. Pitman: UK, Australia, USA, Canada, Kenya, S.Africa (1975) 4. Kandel, E, Schwarz, J., Jessell, T. (editors). Essentials of Neural Science and Behavior. Prentice Hall International (Appleton and Lange): UK, Aust, Canada, Mexico, India, Japan, Singapore, Argentina, USA (1995) 5, Vander, A., Sherman, J, Luciano, D. Human Physiology. MoGraw-Hill Ine: USA, NZ, UK, Spain, Italy, Mexico, Canada, Singapore, Japan, Australia (1994) 6. Walsh, K. Neuropsychology, A Clinical Approach. Churchill Livingstone : UK, USA, Australia (1987) ‘Arendt, J. The Mammalian Pineal Gland. Chapman-Hall: London, UK (1995) Ham, A. Histology. Lippincott: USA (1957) Reiter, R. The Pineal Gland, Vol I. Anatomy and Biochemistry. CRC: USA (1981) (0. Vollrath, L. Functional Anatomy of the Human Pineal Gland, chapter in The Pineal Gland (ed. R.Reiter). Raven Press: NY, USA: 1984) 11, Reiter, R. Changes in Circadian Melatonin Synthesis in the Pineal Gland of Animals Exposed to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation: A Summary of Observations and Speculation on Their Implications, chapter in Electromagnetic Fields and Circadian Rhythmicity (ed.R.Reiter, M.Moore-Ede, $ Campbell) USA (1992) 12. Isselbacher, K et al (editors, all from USA) Harrison's Principles of Internal ‘Medicine. McGraw Hill: USA, NZ, Germany, S.Africa, UK, Spain, Mexico, Canada, India, Panama, France, Singapore, Australia, Japan (1980) 13, Becker, R. Cross Currents. Bloomsbury: London, UK (1990) 14. Darby, A., Strong, G. Stranded whales’ sad end in bloody mass grave, newspaper article in The Age 20.10.98, Fairfax: Melbourne, Australia (1998) ieau THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. ‘The central nervous system: (Brain Gi) Spinal cord The peripheral nervous system (The twelve pairs of eranial nerves (ii) The spinal nerves (31 pairs) (ii) The peripheral nerves (sensory and motor) (iv) The autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) PARTS OF THE BRAIN: Cerebral cortex: (Frontal lobes (involved in formation of plans, abstract thought, complex conceptual analysis and voluntary movement) (i) Parietal lobes (involved in spatial imagery and sensory discrimination) (ii) Temporal lobes (involved in auditory perception and memory) (iv) Occipital lobes (involved in vision) Midbrain (@Thalamus (involved in sensory integration and awareness) (ii) Basal Ganglia (invotved in impulses and urges for movement) (ii) __‘Limbie system (involved in emotional reactions and memory formation) (iv) Hypothalamus (involved in memory and hormonal balance) (¥)__ Pituitary gland (secretes hormones) (vi) Pineal organ (secretes hormones, possible sensory function) ‘Hindbrain (Cerebellum (involved in balance and homeostasis) (i) Brainstem (including pons and medulla oblongata)35 Chapter three fhe nervous system 1. The nervous system 2. Overview of the brain 3. The brain and nervous system ‘4 Development ofthe brain Electrical and chemical activity 6 Grey matter and white matter 7. Newrotransmitters 8. Acetyl choline and Alzheimer's disease ‘9, Dementia: causes and an original psychotherapeutic approach The nervous system is a collective term referring to the brain, spinal cord and all the nerves in the body. Nerves are comprised of groups of axons, the long processes that grow out of nerve cells (neurones) during embryonic development, which transmit signals (impulses called action potentials) from neurones to other neurones and effector cells. Most of the cell bodies of neurones are contained within the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord, where they are outnumbered by supportive glial cells (mainly astrocytes). Glial cells also exist in white matter of the brain and in peripheral nerves, where they produce an insulating fatty material termed myelin, In the peripheral nervous system, these myelin- producing glial cells are mostly Schwann cells, which grow around individual axons, separating them and insulating them from each other. The brain and spinal cord (which is continuous with the brainstem) are together referred to as the Central Nervous System (CNS) while the rest of the system is termed the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). This includes the twelve pairs of cranial nerves, which are attached directly to the brain, the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which are attached to the spinal cord (and their branches, termed peripheral nerves) as well as the autonomic nervous system, which includes the subconsciously modulated sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. In this chapter we will explore the embryological development of the brain and nervous system and the physiological processes that occur in the nervous system of mammals and other vertebrates. The chemical and electrical activity of the nervous system will be introduced together with a brief discussion of neurotransmitters and psychopharmacology (the study of drugs that affect the mind),37 OVERVIEW OF THE BRAIN The brain is composed of several specialised parts, with discrete but interconnected functions. The largest part of the brain of humans is the cerebrum, divided along the ‘midline (median plane) into two cerebral hemispheres, which communicate with each other through a tract of white matter termed the corpus eallosum, said to be composed of about 200 million nerve fibres. It has been estimated that the adult human brain contains about 100 billion cells, forming up to 500 trillion connections between brain cells * Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes, named after the bones of the skull they lie under. These are the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, occipital lobes (from the front end of the brain to the back) with the temporal lobes laterally, underlying the temporal bones of the cranium. Although there is now known to be “plasticity” of the brain, such that in certain circumstances functions usually limited to particular areas of the brain can bbe taken over by other areas of the brain (if the primary area is damaged), dominant activities can be ascribed to particular cerebral lobes and areas, as well as other areas of the brain, ‘The frontal lobes are involved in the formation and execution of plans, abstract conceptual thought and include the motor cortex (in the precentral gyrus) involved in generating voluntary movement. The left frontal lobe also includes Broca’s area, which is involved in generating speech. Damage to this area can result in aphasia (inability to speak) or dysphasia (difficulty in speaking). The parietal lobes are involved in the perception of somatic (body) sensation, including, touch, proprioception (position sense), kinesthesis (movement sense), temperature, pain, pressure and vibration senses. The sensory receptors that connect via afferent (incoming) pathways to the parietal lobes include many billions of receptors in the skin (temperature, soft touch, pain, pressure) as well as receptors in joints, muscles, organ capsules and other sensitive parts of the body. These lobes are also involved in other complex analytic and imaginative functions, such as spatial imagery (an example of which is the mental ‘manipulation of “three dimensional” images), and probably various mathematical functions The temporal lobes include the auditory cortex, involved in the perception and analysis of sound, and include Wemicke’s area, on the left temporal lobe that is specifically involved in understanding speech. The temporal lobes also include areas involved with secondary analysis of visual information, creative visualisation, experiential memories and olfaction (sense of smell). ‘The occipital lobes contain the primary visual cortex, to which visual information is relayed from the retina via the complex visual pathway, which includes relay of signals from the optic nerve and optic chiasma to several areas of the brain via the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and other relay and integration points. A large proportion of the visual pathway is connected to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes, where the chemical and electrical signals are integrated and analysed in such a way as to provide a complex four dimensional visual representation of the world, including perception of colour, line, form, texture, movement, patterns, timing, symboland other ‘visual data, Pathways also lead from the occipital lobes (and primary visual cortex) to88 other areas of the brain, including other areas of the cortex and areas of the midbrain, brainstem and cerebellum. ‘The midbrain is an imprecise term that has a specific embryological definition, but can also be used to describe the complex and important areas in the core of the adult brain that are obscured by the cortex when the brain is viewed from the outside. The distinct areas and structures in this central area of the brain include: 1, The limbie system (involved in emotional reactions and the formation and recall of memory) 2. The basal ganglia (involved in motivation and urges for movement, including the initiation of volunfary movement) 3. The hypothalamus (involved in homeostasis, including maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, temperature regulation, thirst and hunger as well as acting as an endocrine gland and the hormonal and electrical modulation of the pituitary gland) 4. The thalamus (involved in the integration and relay of sensory information, ineluding visual and auditory information and other complex functions) 5. The pituitary gland (an endocrine gland connected to the hypothalamus which secretes several known and possibly several unknown hormones into the blood, these affecting hormonal activity in other endocrine glands as well as direct physiological effects on other cells throughout the body) 6. The pineal organ (also functions as an endocrine organ secreting melatonin at night, subject to influence from the visual system and sympathetic nervous system, as well as other neurohormones including serotonin, which is concentrated in the highly vasplar pineal organ and the pineal has been described in major medical texts as a “neuro-endocrine transducer”. It has been suggested by Dr Robert Becker and others that the human pineal also retains a direct magnetosensory function as it does in some other vertebrates, as part off poorly recognised magnetic sense organ) ‘The hindbrain at the rear and base of the brain includes: 1. The cerebellum (divided into two cerebellar hemispheres, and involved in balance, walking and other semi-automatic movements, as well as mental alertness and ‘awareness of the surrounding environment) 2. The pons (which conducts information between the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres, but remains poorly understood) ‘The medulla oblongata (also called the brainstem, a functional medulla oblongata is necessary for survival, since this area of the brain, directly connected to the spinal cord controls important unconscious physiological functions including respiration, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal activity.Rasial nerve Median nerve ® THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM ‘The nervous system consists of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal eord, which is continuous with the brainstem. Tie peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the twelve pairs of eranial nerves (which attach directly t the brain), the spimal and peripheral nerves, and the autonomic nervous system, The autonomic nervous system is comprised of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. The enteric nervous system, supplying the intestines and other viscera is sometimes regarded as a third branch of the autonomic nervous system, or otherwise considered to bbe part of the parasympathetic nervous system.” Brain eRe clad yh brainshion, egg” woneas get Pah 7 romcie. typpedneRe ennin(et ganata) vagus nerve Gorseympathchc) uibase sms See BM Se a lat eons ie es sees getter, emer 1 ee ena hes Be omen) cient atest mee meng ese Bo, na gen curebellorn, separior cerita gangiton (uypaineh middle cereal gaging phrenic Ge ax preg) peroned neve . Fig. 3:2 Overview of the [Nervous System Thiel90 DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN The brain can be divided structurally and functionally in different ways. Embryologically the brain develops at about three weeks gestation, The cephalic end of the embryo, which, initially spherical (1-5 days), flattens to become an elongated disc (1 week), which becomes slipper-shaped (2 weeks), with the development of the neural plate at about 19 days of development. Along the dorsal surface of the embryo, a fissure develops, called the neural groove, the sides of which fold over, forming a canal (the neural canal). The spinal cord forfis around this canal, and the neural plate grows to form neural folds, These neural folds enlarge and form the brain, during the frst 8 weeks of intrauterine life (fig2), The tube formed by the fused neural folds is called the neural tube and this structure, which gives rise to the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system, surrounds the neural canal, Incomplete fusion of the dorsum of the neural tube causes spina bifida, whichis thus termed a neural tube defect. Fig. 3:3 Early development of the nervous system nervous (19-23 days) (dorsal view of embryo)st ‘Most of the brain by volume is cerebral cortex, which grows out of the forebrain and folds over the core of the brain, obscuring it, These cortical areas contain most of the neurones in the nervous system, and also contain billions of glial cells which support and nourish the neurones, outnumbering them by about ten to one. Because of their embryological origin in the neural groove which forms on the surfuce of the embryo, ‘most of the cells in the brain are derived from the same surface layer of embryonic ceils, called eetoderm, as is the skin. These include the neurones as well as the glial cells, including astrocytes, olidodendrocytes, ependymal cells and Schwann cells, which are structurally different and perform different functions. , Fig. 3:4 Differentiation of glial cells Forous, Aaroajle * Genii mater) aie Gn gry mater)92 ‘A large majority of the glial cells in the grey matter ofthe brain and spinal cord are star ‘Shaped astrocytes, which are thought to provide protective, nourishment (and maybe etexification) functions, having elongated foot processes which contact the neurones as Avell as the walls of small blood vessels in the central nervous system. Ependymal cells tre columnar cells with finger-like projections which protrude into the cavities of the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord, which they line, These cells form @ Complete lining on the inside of these fluid-filled cavities, but intercellular channels exist between the ependymal cells allowing cerebrospinal fluid, which fills these inteme} Cavities, t0 flow between the cells of the brain, perfonming cleansing, protective (immunological) and nutritive functions. Oligo dendvaytes Ceoerns myelin bother funchiens) he f- cendyra ea ee or G Foot process of Asko dofe, cesilany Astrocyte (poviaes sourishmest fev neurones) ona other SunckonS Seruann calls (produce myelin sheaths ‘ay axont es myelin sheath Fig. 3:5 Types and functions of glial cells Benaann | %y ea93 Oligodendrocytes produce the fatty insulating material myelin in the central nervous system, while Schwann cells perform this function in the peripheral nervous system. Myelin is a lipid (fatty) material that forms in these cells, which grow around the long nerve fibres (axons) of white matter and peripheral nerves, insulating them from each other, and preventing ‘short circuits’. The myelin sheaths formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes also increase the speed with which electrical impulses can travel along, nerves, explaining some of the neurological deficits that occur in multiple sclerosis, & disease of the nervous system characterised by demyelination (loss of myelin) in different areas of white matter producing intermittent and highly variable neurological symptoms, which ususlly subside spontaneously over a period of days, weeks or months. The cause of multiple sclerosis is uncertain, although the pathological changes in the white matter have been well documented, The brain also has stall numbers of microglial cells, which are phagocytic and cleanse and protect the brain by engulfing and digesting toxins, wastes anc other potentially harmful materials in a similar way to macrophages in other tissues. Unlike the other cells in the brain, which are of ectodermal origin, microglia originate in haemopoietic tissues (which produce red and white blood cells) and are thus mesodermal in origin, embryologically. The mesoderm is the middle layer of cells in the early embryo, which gives rise to muscles, connective tissues, bones and the vascular system. It is from the early mesoderm that an important embryonic structure called the notocord develops in all vertebrates and even in some invertebrate chordates (creatures with a spinal cord). The notocord is a rod-like structure of mesodermal cells that forms along the midline of the dise-shaped embryo in the third week of gestation, The structure acts as a core around which mesodermal cells gather to form the spinal (vertebral) ‘column, dorsal to which ectodermal tissues differentiate into the spinal cord and other parts of the nervous system. cent won: vat oe A . EN. St OG >a : ‘ 4 s : rec & Seis a me Fig. 3:6 Development of notocord and neural tube (15-22 days gestation)4 ‘The anterior end of the developing brain, called the prosencephalon (forebrain) becomes greatly enlarged in primates, giving rise to an anterior portion called the teleneephalon and a posterior part, called the diencephalon, The telencephalon gives rise to the large ‘cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon gives rise to the eyes as well as the pineal organ (epiphysis), the hypothalamus, thalamus and basal ganglia, Caudal to the developing prosencephalon is the mesencephalon (midbrain). The mesencephalon gives rise to the nuclei that control eye movements and to the anterior (superior) eollieuli and posterior (inferior) colliculi, four mound-like structures that are situated below the pineal in the developed brain and relay visual and auditory impulses respectively. It also gives rise to large tracts of white matter which conduct impulses between the forebrain and ‘more caudal areas of the nervous system. The term midbrain is also used to deseribe the riddle part of the adult brain, including areas that are embryologically derived from the Giencephalon, which is actually part of the forebrain. The caudal (tail) end of the developing brain adjacent to the cephalic (head) end of the spinal cord is called the rhombencephalon (hindbrain), This develops into an anterior metencephalon, which Gevelops into the cerebellum and pons, and a posterior par, the myelencephalon, which develops into the medulla oblongsta, which is continuous with the upper spinal cord ‘font bee 1 Ropaea es tempera kes § carder! Hemispheres B.cetipital fobes anterior 2.tosrenor clizult 3.Suestartia nigra? 4.Rea nudevs ? Sacto limbic sys? 1. Pons 2. Cereoellar peduncles 2. Grebelum Frosencephalon Hetercephalon Myelencephalon Telencephalon cmdiata, abengatea) 4. typothatamus 2. Tealarus 3. Pineal Oran 4: Retterie pul cowl : ‘ —rienspraion | Seventh EEE) nerve) y Chored lenis “ive Gacah qengta. (pecton of) Crageninal nerve) 1, Umbic system (portion oF) Fig. 3:7 The brain at 8 weeks gestation9s ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL ACTIVITY Activity in the brain and nervous system (as well as in other tissues in the body) includes both electrical and chemical activity. The chemical activity includes chemical reactions, which are assisted by special protein molecules known as enzymes, which catalyse the thousands of different chemical reactions which occur in each cell, The electrical activity in the body also involves chemicals, and electrical currents are formed by the diffusion of electrically charged ions along nerve fibres. The voltage of electrical currents in the brain ‘and nervous system is very small in comparison with those in household electrical wiring, however, like those around metal wires carrying electrical currents, the electrical activity in the nervous system also can be predicted to produce eleetromagnetic fields around the current (according to Faraday’s second law of physics). ‘The electrical impulses that travel along individual nerve cell fibres are termed action potentials, These have an amplitude of about 100 millivolts (100 thousanths of a volt) in each axon and travel at between 1 and 100 metres per second. The duration of each signal is about 1 millisecond and axons, which range in diameter from 0.2 to 20 micrometres (microns, or millionths of a metre). Axons and dendrons can transmit several action potentials in series separated by a few milliseconds refractory time between impulses, allowing some cells to discharge $00 to 1000 action potentials per second. ‘Axons are usually branched, allowing the electrochemical signal (action potentials) to be transmitted to several other cells simultaneously. The cell which the axon connects with may be another neurone or an effector cell, such as a contractile muscle cell or secretory glandular cell. The energy of the action potential is here transformed (transduced) into chemical energy in the form of active neurotransmitters (which are released into synapses) or other active chemicals which in tum stimulate, inhibit and modulate the myriad chemical reactions in the body. Some action potentials are transferred to adjoining neurones in the central nervous system without passing through chemical ‘synapses, and these are termed electrical synapses or junctions, Many psychoactive ‘drugs exert their effets by affecting the chemicals (neurotransmittes) that are released in to chemical synapses, tiny gaps 10-20 nanometres across, that exist at the ends of most axons where they form junctions with other neurones. These neurotransmitters, which are stored in vesicles in the axon terminal, are released into the synapse in response to action potentials nesrchengmier es ‘vesicle Fig. 3:8 Chemical synapse neurobransmiters call membrane. ineurchransnil eh vecspier direction ot “impulse96 ‘The propagation of action potentials along axons and dendrons involves the depolarisation a segment of the neurone’s plasma (cell) membrane allowing the flow of electrically charged molecules in and out of the cell. This is achieved by the opening of jon channels in the membrane allowing positively charged sodium ions (Na') to enter the cell, while prior to the opening of the channels sodium was being actively pumped out of the cell (by protein pumps) into the extracellular fluid. This constant pumping action by protein molecules studding neurones (and all other cells in the body) helps maintain a difference in electrical potential across the membrane termed the resting potential, All cell membranes contain active protein pumps since they are necessary for the biochemical integrity of cells generally, but the type of protein pumps present in cells varies depending on cellular function. Active transport refers to a range of biochemical processes that involve the active use of Stored energy to transport molecules and atoms. In neurones aetive transport proteins in the plasma membranes pump sodium atoms out of the cell in exchange for potassium atoms (K*) which are pumped into the cell by the same protein enzyme. Although both sodium and potassium ions (electrically charged atoms) are positively charged with a single protonie charge, each pump mechanism exchanges two potassium ions (into the cell) for three sodium ions (out of the cell) resulting in an increase in the total negative charge inside the cell, The cell coniains a nett negative charge mainly caused by negatively charged large molecules (such as proteins) which cannot easily cross the semi-permeable plasma membrane, but the difference in charge is modulated mainly by the flow of sodium and potassium ions. eRe ear ore tt Se lent Att ecmnceous, {roe eB eas sation obese ee cre 2 8 9 ee pn eee[ ene. fae tresses ee a oe : direction oF pane Log ea ES ee Vea Peete ie | Fig.3:9 Sodium and potassium ion movement during action potential During the resting phase of a neurone the membrane is much less permeable to sodium ions than to potassium ions allowing few of the sodium ions to re-enter the cell. This situation changes when an action potential reaches and excites an area of plasma membrane, which suddenly becomes more permeable to sodium ions (by the opening of jon channels), allowing these positive charges to flood into the cell for about a millisecond, during which the polarity across the membrane changes transiently before being restored by a resumption of the sodium pump. The presence of other ions (specially calcium ions) inside and outside of the neurones is necessary for the successful propagation of action potentials, which in turn are necessary for even the most ‘basic functioning of the nervous system.7 ‘The measurement of the electrical activity in the brain has been possible for several decades by the use of electroencephalograms (EEGs), which produce readouts from tlectrodes attached to different areas of the scalp. The results are difficult to interpret, Sithough characteristic patterns are found in particular types of epilepsy and Sbnormalities may be found in the presence of brain tumours and other space-occupying Iesions of the brain, In other conditions that may include significant damage to brain tissue, EEGs can appear normal, and non-specific “abnormalities” may be evident on tracings done on people with no discernable neurological problems. Categorisation of electroencephalographic readings of brain waves is usually done according to the frequency and amplitude of waves and spikes of electrical activity. Rhythmic pattems of waves are classified as alpha, beta, delta or theta depending on their frequency. In adults, the main rhythms present are the 8-12 Hertz (cycles per second) alpha wave pattems and 13-22 Hz beta wave pattems. Alpha waves are sinusoidal in form and measure about $0 microvolts in amplitude at the scalp. The electrical activity measured over the parietal and occipital areas of the scalp is mainly alpha waves in adults Awhile the eyes are closed but disappears when the eyes are opened and attention is Focused visually, and is replaced by faster beta waves, which have an amplitude of 10-20 rmicrovolts at the scalp. This faster beta wave activity is usual in the frontal regions of the scalp (over the frontal lobes) in adults and is accelerated by anxiety and certain drugs (specially barbiturates), Young infants show slow generalised activity of less than 4 Tz {often with high voltages from 50-350 microvolts) termed delta waves which speed uP with the maturation process to 4-7 Hz theta waves before the adult pattern dominated by alpha waves is established. Fig, 3:10 Electroencephalogram sett of eater Larceny & aoa ART sential ain See Miwa sibs en mii aginGREY MATTER AND WHITE MATTER Grey matter, which contains the cell bodies of the neurones (nerve cells) comprises the outer layers of the brain (cerebral and cerebellar cortex), and also exists in the core of the brain in ganglia, such as the thalamus and basal ganglia in the midbrain. Grey matter also comprises the core of the spinal cord, which continues as a downward extension of the medulla oblongata, the caudal end of the brainstem (part of the hindbrain), The largest parts of the human brain are the two cerebral hemispheres, which are separated by the longitudinal fissure. The hemispheres are connected by @ thick tract of white matter that connects the left and right sides of the brain called the corpus callosum, which is thought to contain about 200 million nerve fibres. The whole brain has been estimated to include about 100 billion neurones, making about five hundred trillion (500,000,000,000,000) synaptic connections in an adult human. White matter is made up of tracts of nerve cell-processes, referred to as axons and dendrons. Nerves, including peripheral and autonomic nerves are also composed of nerve fibres (axons), rather than cell bodies. Dendrons transmit electrical signals towards the nerve cell body (where the nucleus is situated), while axons transmit signals away from the cell body, making connection with other nerve cells or through tiny junetions called synapses. Each neurone usually has a single axon carrying impulses from the cell body, which is usually coated in an insulating sheath of a myelin. There are many more ddendrons entering each neurone than axons leading out of it, and a single neurone may have hundreds, or even thousands of dendrons, the ends of which are branched into dendrites. The dendrites carry the nerve impulses from synapses with other neurones {and receptor cells, such as sensory receptors in the eyes, ears and nose), along the dendrons to the nerve cell body. These impulses may have excitatory or inhibitory effects (on physiological activity within the neurone. Signals are conducted across synapses by chemical messengers referred to as neurotransmitters, which are stored in vesicles in the axon terminals and released into the synaptic gap in response to electrochemical impulses that travel along the axon ‘These neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors (of several recognised types and sensitivity) on the other side of the synapse, causing different effects, dépending on the nature and position of the cells that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter, the type of transmitter, and the type(s) of receptor on the surface of the cell. The same chemicals that act as neutotransmitters between different neurones (such as noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin) also have systemic effeets, meaning widespread effects on cells in other parts of the body, They reach these cells through the blood stream and are produced in other parts of the body in addition to the brain. When acting in this way, these molecules fre behaving as hormones, which are, by definition, chemical messengers that are seoreted into the blood, Other neurohormones secreted by the brain, including the humerous pituitary hormones act principally as hormones, and not as neurotransmitter.9 NEUROTRANSMITTERS Neurotransmitters are modified aniino-acids and are thus termed biogenic amines, examples of which are acetylcholine, the catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline (derived from the amino acid tyrosine) and the indole amine serotonin (derived from the amino acid tryptophan). These chemicals, in addition to influencing the activities of nerve cells, have profound effects on other cells throughout the body, which they reach via the blood stream. The effect of the same biogenic amine on different cells varies according to the presence or absence of specific protein receptors on the cell (plasma) membrane of the cell in question. This in turn depends on the type of cell and its location. The same type of cell may respond differently in different organs and tissues. For example, smooth muscle cells contract in response to adrenergic stimulation (by adrenaline and noradrenaline) in the walls of most blood vessels, but relax in response to the same chemicals in the lungs, Dopamine is active as a neurotransmitter in several areas of the brain including the cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system. In the basal ganglia the effects of dopamine deficiency or chemical blockade have been known about for many years, since the result is the common neurological movement disorder called Parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease is the name given to the idiopathic condition when it develops as a degenerative disease in older people, while Parkinson's syndrome refers to a similar condition that occurs as a side-effect of drugs that block dopamine receptors in the brain, causing similar tremor, stiffness and difficulty initiating movement that occurs in Parkinson's disease. The class of drugs that block dopamine receptors are called by many names including ‘antipsychotics’, ‘neuroleptics’ and ‘major tranquillisers’ and are only available on prescription by medical doctors. They are used in the treatment of so-called “psychotic disorders” such as “schizophrenia” and “mania” in adolescents and adults, and are associated with iatrogenic (treatment-induced) movement disorders including Parkinsonism and the more serious and often permanent disorder termed tardive dyskinesia, Tardive dyskinesia is a chronic movement disorder that occurs in most people subject to prolonged drugging with dopamine blockers, with an increased likelihood of permanence when higher doses are used for longer durations. The condition is crippling and socially devastating, since the sufferer develops involuntary grimaces and spasms in their face accompanied by grotesque facial movements such as protruding the tongue, puckering the lips and puffing out the cheeks. Unlike drug-induced Parkinsonism, which resolves if the causative drug is stopped early enough, there is no known cure for tardive dyskinesia, and it may persist and continue to worsen even after the drug is ceased. The exact cause of tardive dyskinesia has not been explained, but may result from permanent damage to dopamine sensitive areas of the brain involved in movement such as the basal ganglia. The condition does not improve, however, with the taking of dopamine stimulating drugs such as those used in idiopathic Parkinson's disease which is known to result from loss of functional neurones in parts of the basal ganglia. These drugs do relieve some of the symptoms of drug-induced Parkinsonism, and in practice, psychiatric patients who develop such symptoms are usually encouraged to accept the side effects or take additional anti-Parkinsonian drugs (such as Cogentin) to lessen their severity, rather than ceasing the major tranquillisers, which form the mainstay of schizophrenia treatment in Australia, and elsewhere,10 eories associating schizophrenia everal decades in which drugs that lors have been used people di izophrenic oF basis of their behaviour. Sir tion that “depression is caused by deficiency in serotonin ot noradrenaline” follows several decades during which drugs tivity of noradrenaline and serotonin have ". Theories promoting extensively I antidepres block dopamine re autistic on t publicised in the past decade, following the release of ts (such as Aropax and Zoloft) which are said to y inhibit reuptake of serotonin by f the neurotransmitter in the synapses, It could be arg no more an explanation of cause (of madness or mental illness) than “psychological imbalance”. Neither “imbalance explanation” explains the underlying reasons for development of psychological distres, imbalance or problems. Fig. 3:11 Smith Kline Beecham Promotion of “Aropax”, Depression and Anxiety Sra ULL aad101 Choma Sossiare O06 3:12 Psychological causes of depression (original theory, 1995) DEPRESSION - PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES DRIVE FOR movemENT eh _—satiskiadS Haet < re PINES pid NEW PLEASURALE EXPERIEN Cartosthy cor ncausation Communicakin es Endy and receiving love perk of; nes etuakons future eae — loneliness: aed qyalities oe Lek 0F new sexe Se OfENEe Negative PERCEPTIONS AND MEmoRIES ‘social #46 puxieTy BND NEUROSIS. NEGATIVE PRECONCEPTIONS Iweeeue ITY WITHDRA OAL AND DEPRESSION PWSICAL Pat mencTAL RPATIY wb102 PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR DEPRESSION ©1999 Dr R Senewiratne A Psychotherapeutic journey: 1. Contemplate realistic optimism 2. Contemplate enjoyable activities 3. Contemplate relaxed social communication 4. Consider creative self-expression 5. Contemplate positive thinking 6. Resolve to do more walking and swimming 7. Think of travel to beautiful natural environments 8. Consider reading and writing 9. Think of listening to enjoyable new music 10, Consider gardening and horticulture 11. Consider cooking vegetables in a different way 12. Consider growing and eating a broad range of fr 13. Question superstitions 14. Question negative preconceptions 15. Question prejudices 16. Question feelings of guilt 17. Question feelings of pessimism 18. Question feelings of sadness 19. Question feelings of anger 20. Question feelings of anxiety 21. Think about change 22. Think about improvement 23. Think about beauty in nature 24, Think about beauty in flowers 25, Think about beauty in birds 26. Think about beauty in trees 27. Think about beauty in sound 28. Imagine a more beautiful world 29, Imagine a more friendly world 30, Imagine a happier future 31. Imagine a beautiful waterfall 32, Imagine a beautiful mountain 33, Imagine a beautiful stream 34. Imagine a beautiful river 35. Imagine the night sky 36, Imagine the moon 37, Imagine the twinkling stars 38. Wonder about what might be true 39. Wonder what might be good 40. Wonder how happy it might be possible to feel 41, Decide to enjoy the next conversation 42. Decide to enjoy the next day103 TYPES OF MADNESS IN AUSTRALIA, in 1999 1. ATTITUDINAL MADNESS (‘personality disorders’) (4) Aggression (versus assertiveness & self-confidence) (44) Greed (for money, posessions, intoxicants, praise, sex etc) (4iL) Callousness and Cruelty (iv) Competitiveness (v) Arrogance ('grandiosity' ) (vi) Cowardice 2. EMOTIONAL MADNESS (cause of ‘crimes of passion") (4) Pury (versus anger/irritation) (44) Blind adulation (idol worship) (iid) Terror (iv) Insane Jealousy and Envy 3. CONCEPTUAL MADNESS (‘crazy ideas") (4) Individual delusions (ii) Shared delusions (4ii) Collective delusions 4. ACUTE AND CHRONIC CONFUSION (4) Caused by drugs and intoxicants (44) Caused by misinformation and disinformation (444) Caused by physical illness 5. MEMORY LOSS, MEMORY DISTORTION AND FALSE MEMORIES (4) deliberately induced ( 'brainwashing') (44) unintentionally induced (444) As a consequence of intoxication (iv) As a consequence of severe trauma (physical/psychological.) 6. HALLUCINATIONS (i) Auditory (ii) Visual (iii) Other104 The first ‘antipsychotic’ drug to be developed, often cited as a breakthrough in psychiatric treatment for ‘schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses,” was chlorpromazine, still marketed as Largaetil, in Australia, by the French pharmaceutical company, Rhone-Poulenc. Largactil is still used widely, in huge doses at times, within the Public Hospital and Prisons Systems in Australia. Disturbingly, Australia now has the highest proportion of prisoners held in privately-owned prisons in the world according to recent newspaper reports. There is a close connection, historically and presently berween the prisons, police, and psychiatric systems in Australia, as there is elsewhere in the ‘world. Maintaining social order is a function of ‘all three. These connections will be elaborated on in Chapter 7, Major tranquillisers, as the ‘antipsychotics’ were called in the years that I studied psychiatry at the University of Queensland and the Royal Brisbane Hospital, have an inhibitory effect on movement (and thought) due to blockage of dopamine receptors in the brain. This is the reason that all major tranquillisers (and there are now several) can cause Parkinson’s syndrome, and probably why they also cause the crippling and incurable movement disorder known as ‘tardive dyskinesia’, The 1993 MIMS Annual describes the reason that many doctors would rather have electroconvulsive treatment than take these drugs for any period of time: “Tardive dyskinesia may develop in patients on antipsychotic drugs.The disorder consists of repeated involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth or jaw (e.g. protrusion of the tongue, puffing the cheeks, puckering of the mouth, chewing movements). The trunk and limbs are less frequently involved. It has been that fine vermicular movements of the tongue may be an early sign of the syndrome. “Both the risk of developing the syndrome and the likelihood that it will become irreversible are believed to increase as the duration of treatment and the total cumulative dose increases. Less commonly, the syndrome develops after relatively brief periods at low doses. The risk seems to be greater in elderly patients, especially females.” ‘The Reference Text continues with a warning that is routinely ignored in Australia where it is not unusual to find people, especially the elderly, who have been kept on these drugs for years, despite showing clear signs of this iatrogenic (treatment-induced) disorder. The warning, repeated in several other psychiatric textbooks, reads as follows: “The syndrome may become clinically recognisable either during treatment, upon dosage reduction, or upon withdrawal of treatment. The dosage of antipsychotic drug should be reduced periodically (if clinically possible) and the patient observed for signs of the disorder, since the syndrome may be masked by a higher dose, In patients requiring long-term treatment, the smallest dose and the shortest duration of treatment producing a satisfactory clinical response should be sought.” ‘The reason for this precaution is obvious: “There is no known effective treatment for tardive dyskinesia, Antiparkinsonian agents usually do not alleviate symptoms. It is suggested that antipsychotic agents be discontinued if symptoms of tardive dyskinesia appear,” _(.195)The chapter on ‘Biological Therapies’ in Foundations of Clinical Psychiatry, the prescribed psychiatry textbook for médical students in Victoria, is written by Professor David Copolov, a psychiatry professor at the University of Melboume and Monash University (the only other university that produces doctors in Victoria). The textbook, published by Melbourne University Press in 1994, is a collaborative effort between psychiatry professors in Melbourne, few of whom actually graduated in Australian Universities (and a disproportionally large number of whom are New Zealanders, as in other senior psychiatry appointments in Victoria. Professor Copolov, who is well known locally for his research in schizophrenia, repeats the waming about long-term use of major tranquillisers due to the risk of inducing tardive dyskinesia, which should be a guiding principle in any drug treatment with this class of rugs: “Tardive dyskinesia is an extrapyramidal syndrome in patients, especially older women, exposed to antipsychotics for at least several months; it occurs in 20 percent of patients on chronic treatment. Symptoms include abnormal movements of the mouth, tongue and lips and sometimes of the limbs and trunk, typical signs including smacking of the lips, protrusion of the tongue, chewing and cheek puffing. Usually mild, it may ‘become permanent, or may gradually improve spontaneously. It may be due to supersensitivity to dopamine as the result of compensatory up-regulation of dopamine receptors secondary to the dopamine blockade caused by antipsychotics - as it often emerges when antipsychotics are withdrawn or reduced Masking symptoms by increasing the dose is a short term solution that may exacerbate its long term course. Anticholinergics are no help, when patients are taken off anticholinergics, there is often significant improvement. Because there are no effective treatments, the goal is prevention, with minimal doses of antipsychotics for the shortest time.” (p.385) “Anticholinergics’ are drugs that block the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, an important molecule that has effects on organs and organ-systems throughout the body, but especially in the brain and nervous system. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter active in the parasympathetic nervous system, the branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for lowering heart rate and blood pressure, in balance with the sympathetic nervous system, which has the opposite effect Acetylcholine is also active at neuromuscular junctions, where the nervous system connects with and innervates voluntary muscles, allowing voluntary movement. Professor Edward Shorter, in his 1997 book, A History of Psychiatry, describes the discovery of acetylcholine, the first neurotransmitter to be discovered: “although research on brain chemistry went back o tum-of-the-century English physiologists, it was only in the early 1920s that Otto Loewi, professor of pharmacology at the University of Graz, isolated the first neurotransmitter. On the basis of work he began in the winter of 1921, in 1926 he was able to say that the chemical acetylcholine mediated the transmission of the nerve impulse from one nerve to the next.” (p.246)106 Professor Shorter a psychiatry apologist from the University of Toronto, continues with fan oblique reference to what is evidently standard practice when a new biological molecule is discovered: “The discovery of acetylcholine did not remain abstract knowledge but had rapid therapeutic consequences: in the 1930s, psychiatrists gave acetylcholine to their patients in the hope of relieving schizophrenia, although at this point they had no notion of the mechanism involved.” ‘The extent of indiscriminate and extremely cruel experimentation on psychiatric patients, who have always provided a relatively docile captive population, becomes clear in this passage by Professor Shorter, incorporating quotes from Professor Heinz Lehmann who introduced Largactil to the Americas, after arriving as a refugee in Canada, from Nazi Germany, in 1937: “In 1937, Heinz Lehmann, a refugee psychiatrist from Berlin, had just arrived at Montreal’s Verdun Protestant Hospital, where he was one of a few physicians for some 1,600 psychiatric patients. “It was pretty horrible to work under those conditions,” Lehmann said. “So I did all kinds of things, always convinced that psychotic conditions and the major affective disorders... had some sort of biological substrate. I kept experimenting with all kinds of drugs, for example large doses, very large doses of caffeine, I remember, in one or two stuporous catatonic schizophrenics ~ of course with ‘no results.” He injected sulfur suspended in oil into his patients, “which was painful and caused a fever.” He injected typhoid antitoxin to produce a fever analogous to the malaria therapy. “Nothing helped; I even injected turpentine into the abdominal muscles which produced — and was supposed to produce- a huge sterile abscess and marked leucocytosis {raising the white count). Of course, that abscess had to be opened in the operating room under sterile conditions, None of this had any effect, but all of this had been proposed in, ‘mostly, European work as being of help in schizophrenia.” (p.248) ‘These bizarre and barbarous acts by a so-called physician cannot be excused, but they can bbe explained, and in doing so light may be shed on the reasons that a cure for schizophrenia has not been, and cannot be found through such forms of brutality or mindless human experimentation, and the tragic consequences of reductionist and simplistic “chemical imbalance” explanations of mental illness. These matters will be further explored in Chapter 7, which includes a brief history of psychiatry and ‘neurosciences research, focusing on research in Australia, and the British Commonwealth, although a full perspective cannot be gained without some mention of psychiatric research and treatments in continental Europe and the USA. ACETYLCHOLINE AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Professor Copolov, who authored the chapter on ‘biological treatments” in Foundations of Clinical Psychiatry is also described as “Institute Director’ of the Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria in their 1997 Annual Reportwt ‘The Mental Health Research Institute is Victoria’s biggest and best-funded psychiatric research complex, and is officially based in Parkville, Melbourne, adjacent to the old Royal Park Hospital, and close to the main campus of the University of Melbourne, with which itis affiliated Professor Copolov’s “director's report” claims that schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease are their “clear targets”, following a “major and searching review” by Professors Martin, Kalucy and Shine, He then makes the rather surprising (and unlikely) claim that “the Alzheimer’s Disease Division has already discovered the chemical abnormality underlying the disease and is now investigating how the disease develops”, This ‘chemical abnormality’ is none other than acety! choline, the first neurotransmitter to be discovered, an event that occurred back in 1926. Edward Shorter explains that this ‘was a significant boon to the interests of psychiatry drug development earlier this century. From 4 History of Psychiatry (1996) “The other wing that carried psychiatry into the biological era was drug therapy. Drugs had always been used in psychiatry, ftom the laxatives that were once administered to patients newly admitted to asylums — on the grounds that their problems ‘may be caused by colonic autointoxication — to opium and alkaloids for depression and mania: mildly successful but highly addictive. The modem era of drug therapy began with systematic experimentation into the chemistry of the brain, Brain chemistry means neurotransmitters, the chemicals that transmit the nerve impulse from one neuron to another across the synapse (the gap between the neurons).” Seventy years later, The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria have proclaimed that they have “discovered the chemical abnormality” that causes dementia, which happens to be the same chemical discovered by Loewi in the 1920s and the same chemical that was promoted as a “possible cause of dementia” by the American “Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry” (GAP) in their 1983 publication titled Mental Health ‘and Aging: Approaches to Curriculum Development. In this small book a group of 300 ‘American psychiatrists suggested that, “the student should possess knowledge in the following areas: “1, The normal psychological changes occurring with age and the differentiation of these from psychopathological changes. 2. Age-related histologic and chemical changes occurring in the central nervous system. 3. The study of personality and aging 4, The common types of defense mechanisms and their use in facing the stresses of late life. 5. The effects of aging on the personality and neurotic disorders. 6. The interplay of generational and intergenerat ional relationships as they affect the mental health of the aged individual and family members. 7. Affective disorders as they occur in the elderly in terms of pathogenesis, classification, and clinical presentation, and the differentiation of these from dementia.8, The etiology, presenting symptorts, and differential diagnosis of the following psychiatric disorders as they occur in the elderly: paranoid disorders, schizophrenia anxiety states, phobic states sleep disorders sexual dysfunction hypochondriasis alcohol and substance abuse adjustment disorders psychophysiologic disorder iseasesinvolving cognitive dysfunction in the elderly including the pathogenesis, presenting features, and differential diagnosis of the following: a. delirium b. reversible dementias ©. primary degenerative dementia 1) Alzheimer’s disease 2) Pick’s disease subcortical dementias ‘multi-infarct dementias Wemicke-Korsakoff s syndrome Infectious encephalopathies 10. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. 11. Current research into the pathogenesis and treatment of primary degenerative dementia, including: 2. aluminium theory b. genetic theory c. slow viruses 4d, autoimmune theory e. cholinergic function” ep pan ee 9, ene “Cholinergic function” is a reference to acetyl choline,DEMENTIA: CAUSE, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT In an aging population, as in Australia, dementia is, and is expected to worseny a8,a major + cause of illness and death, If, however, the causes of dementia can be elucidated, this crisis ccan be averted, and effective prevention and treatment strategies can be developed using logical scientific principles It is generally assumed that dementia is incurable, and it as been demonstrated thatthe brains (of people who have died after suffering ftom dementia show pathological changes including loss of neurones, generalised atrophy of brain tissue, and abnormalities in the microscopic appearance of slices of brain tissue, These include deposits of the protein “amyloid” (Called ‘senile plaques’), and strands of tangled material within nerve cell bodies (called “Alzheimer's fibrillations'). These abnormalities are not specific to “Alzheimer's disease”, ‘and can be found in the brains of people who have suffered from dementia of different types and cause (aetiology). The term “Alzheimer's disease” is, really, a diagnosis of exclusion, and the use of the term by the medical profession and public has changed (and broadened) over the past two decades. ‘Although the term “Alzheimer's Disease” is nowadays teing used to describe dementia occuring at any age, provided it is of uncerain (idiopathic) origin, prior to the 1980s the term wwas reserved for “presenile dementia", which was somewhat ecbiterily defined as demestis swith an onset prior tothe age of 65 years, People who developed demeatia of uncertain cause later than this age were said to have “senile dementia”, some degree of which was ‘considered almost normal in the extremes of old age. This is not considered to be the case today, according to the brain and neurosciences experts who have spent many millions of dollars researching dementia and i's postulated causes over the past two decades, but not srived ata clear understanding of what iti, let alone what causes itor how it can be cured. ‘There are historical reasons for the difficulties evident in understanding the true nature of dementia, but it is hoped that elucidating these reasons will help solve the “medical politics” problems that are hindering communication between the many academic disciplines that can ‘contribute to a holistic approach tothe research and cure of this devastating problem. One of these difficulties arises because of the splintering of neurosciences knowledge in different areas such as neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and nfiZréchemistry, and that of the * mind sciences into psychology and psychiatry. Specialised investigation is not in itself a problem, provided the results of such investigation can be, and are, integrated with facts established by other disciplines, if these are, indeed, facts. The reason for this proviso is that many “truisms” that are widely accepted as core assumptions by different academic disciplines tum out to be less than factual when they are more closely examined. Others are speculative theories that over time have become accepted dogmas, not because they have proved to be correct, but because of a reluctance to abandon cherished beliefs (or financially profitable ones) even when these aze clearly demonstated to be untrue, illogical, simplistic oF frankly ridiculous, At other times the competitive attitudes prevalent in academic institutions results in parts of the jigsaw puzzle being ignored, not because the researcher's work is flawed, but because the researcher comes from the “wrong” discipline or institution and is therefore not taken seriously or acknowledged as an “expert” or “authority”, both terms beingno viewed as synonymous with credibility by many in the mass media, govemment, academic journals, and to perhaps a lesser dearee, the general public. In the case of dementia the medical specialty that has assumed the mantle of “expertise in the disease” is the discipline of psychiatry, which generally dictates the directions of research and “accepted practice” in the diagnosis and treatment of dementia, however itis clear thet dementia, being a disease that affects the brain, is atleast equally the “teritory” of neurology nd neurologists. As a disease that affects the mind and behaviour, dementia has tlso been Studied by peyehologiss, although the eritera they use to diagnose the condition tends 19 follow medical (psychiattic) guidelines in Australia, today. Dementia, of whatever cause is” associated with disturbances in memory and cognition, and over the past 20 years numerous Giffsent tests have been developed by psychologists to identify these deficits and Gistubences, however peychotherapeutic cures for dementia (or prevention of it) have not been fortheoming from the psychology profession or the psychiatic profession. Interestingly, the great advances in knowledge about several curable, or preventable, diseases Ttihe brais have been made, not by the psychiatic profession, but by somatic medical Specalns and researchers. These include the discovery that mental retardation can oceus Gis we hypothyroidism in children (cretnism, and tha this canbe prevented by treatment ofthe lnderying deficiency in thyroxine, Another vital advance in newological and medica! Fnowiedge occured when the organism that causes syphilis, teponema pallidum, was Hietuted and it wes discovered that the infection could be cured by a few injections of entllin, rior to this discovery, which was made inthe 1940s, many inmates of chronic Doyehiatrc wards, which were then called asylums o “Iunatc asylums”, were suffering Sor the results of brain and nervous system damage through chronic syphilis. Got Fuske gee poeta” for ey ae la ee 4 perce py plot Mang ofher nceave pry cand by vite epeeny * alee altos npfls, Ten been Coed thvonzh : chee ta, dak : fy | Vs dat = baanre * educabeal 54 9 9 Quine LE DE Fer et afore Go) a sap oma bhgerete fockr + ache rend tn medtne 4 URL) exp GRed rraninant - Kaatmasd, 44g re cy d Bus epp-% rbot _ tedm (CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMENTIA, + v Characteristics: global deterioration in mental function involving memory, speed of Pathology: Physiology: thought, conc perception. ‘ration, motivation, interest, clarity of thought and + generalised loss of neurones relifeation of ial cells + deposits of amyloid ‘senile plaques’ 1 Alsheimer's fibration: strands of tangled material forming in in nerve cell bodies. (azure pawlle-y He nple>) + generalized atrophy of bin Hissue d * reduction in bload flow to areas ofthe brain 1 reduction in speed of electrical activity, frequency and amplitude in the brain and nervous system «+ reduction in activity of neurotransmiters active in the central rervous system, peripheral & autonomic nervous systems. These include acetylcholine, dopamine; serotonin, 4A melatonin and noradrenaline, These neurotransmiters are also depressed by exposure 10 cleciromagnetic radiation of particular frequencies and snagnetie fields of particular intensities and frequency. Psychologica sres also has detrimental effects on peurotransmiter levels, generaly a depressive effect Depressed levels of serotonin (depression), melatonin (depression), noradrenaline (depression), dopamine {parinsoos disease) and acetylcholine (dementia) have all een associated with common and socially devastating imental problems. So far, the drugs used jn treatment’ of ett ater imbalances” fareeompounded the problem and driven up the illness and death in society bukprte aeret adem2 DEMENTIA: SOME NOTES ON ITS CAUSE AND TREATMENT USING A HOLISTIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL Postulates Factors involved in development of Dementia 1. Preventable Toxins (Chemical Toxins - inhaled og: cigaretswromelee pollutants 1 ingested eg: rugs, foods, alcohol : (i) Audiovisual Torin = TV/ video) Sn for meine (2 Mferre kon 1 propaganda / paranciazinducing we- ieee an vahy — provoking, 92S: kercer 3 ) Teor bss provdeg (cad “Aromas 2, Behavioural Factors de Results of Audiovisual Toxins eg) agoraphobia pain Fear of ‘outside! world fear of personal inadequacy “peeudagenetic” factors non-leacning bekaviours propaasted within families, lasses, cultures & “professions” Cas Sered mass Aelaer) 3. Beliefand Learning Factors it, abe Gen SGallct, dgel ndedeass gegen) ote pe ait / refusal to stray from ‘area of interest” (2.> Insbily fon into fixed incorrect dogma (hole ¢Aucinkme! doc elderly are not immune to cus. (relegwors , ECA *h) (iy) Learning Factors . ‘Concentration — especially drug, television, anxiety effects debe clos ‘Atention ~ limitation in interests’, repetition obsession 3°~Se~y word ‘New experiences - limitation in new experiences & opportunities, a erences Liat ED Carnanny ae -Ceg Ys 49H) Fete tog old toleart "ee shops "ale Fesings of ney eng’ raher tana active poset if seeking new information and understanding incoming nano dvoughout ie Raph Ah, eF0 4. Organic Disease : eg: multiinfaret dementia /(*us PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES OF DEMENTIA (Original theory) 1, Limited Learning and New Experiences: (mental prisons 3 ‘work’ and domestic environments CG). being Kap in the dark > banal news & popular magazines 5 "<6! (y ° Gi) media misinformation > confusion ané psychosis pithes Ag (iv) limited interests > golf & “days of our lives”! ‘Educational reductionism Gus} (¥) financial enslavement > ‘can’t afford to go out (vi) programming into negative beliefS at school in 1920"s = onwards “its normal to get forgetful as you get older” : agism ‘jack-o€-all-trades, master of none” : expert disease “institutionalisation” is edueation: rote learning and repetition “ness and mental deterioration with age is inevitable” “life was not meant to be easy" :niilism “you can't teach an old dog new tricks” : inflexibility ) 2, Misinformation - intentional (propaganda) ~Co“% «(~~ ~ unintentional (biased) () misinformation about “thinking”, the “mind”, “memory”, “drugs”, “perception”, “truth, “awareness”, “meditation” (i) misinformation about “philosophy”, “politics, “ianorencs “manipulation”, “hypnosis” and “mass hypnosis", “economics”, “history” ‘chemicals’ te. ee. Gil) misperception of accurate information due to (@) difficulty with concentration - anxiety + disinterest = drugs & intoxicants (©) vocabulary problems and linguistic differences (© misinerpretation due to preexisting beliefs = religious beliefs « philosophical beliets + political beliefs = pseudo scientific beliefsNEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL 114 ASPECTS OF DEMENTIA Tryptophan Disconnected islands Bi neal Serotonin at confirmed by life Melatonin Auditory & ) temporal experensal cceptual thinking ) Dopamine el association and ) conceptual creativity *azalysis of sensory information ‘audiovisual areas. Acetyl Choline “Linked with activity of the reticular activating system 12 of consciousness & awareness) : Noradrenaline Dementia i characterised by a diffuse, generalised loss of nerve cells and brain tiome (atrophy) and lowered activity ofthe enzyme choline acetyl transferase, involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetyl choline ‘Acetylcholine is known to be involved in sensory perception and is also the main ‘euretransmitterin the healing and regenerative parasympathetic nervous system. In my opinion the ‘chemical imbalances’ involving acetyl choline ané other neurotransmitter including dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and the teurohormone melatonin ate likely tobe secondary to the generalised paychophysiologial degeneration involved in the development of Dementia and ‘eheimers disease, The correctable factors and the possible cure of dementia are psychological and behavioural, I believe.PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN us ‘THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMENTIA : {Original theory) ematie Diagram Limited pee Diagn ‘likes’ & ‘taste’ peated visual experiences: emotionally disconnected (bored) eg: television re-runs repetitive activities with no new experience Limited emotional stimulation includes ssocial experiences family experiences ‘environmental experiences self awareness experiences Listening’only to ‘familiar’ = music = voices Limitation in Limitations in eate! & likes [New Experiences negative preconceptions and Deseo Limited ‘environmental experiences! include aesthetically stimulating and mind ~ expanding visual & auditory experiences resulting in limitation of aesthetic growth, potential growth of discrimination n sensory awareness with age Factors promoting dementia include: 1, Fear of the outside world 2. Fear of ones own adequacy includes Belief that one is “too old to learn” tao old to change Lack of perceptive deren 5 nptience and ibility 4. Amxiety and depression Incertere with concentration and memoric registration of Fear of dementia & ‘experiences xb aging Deterioration ia short term memory Loss of Self confidence Fig. 3:14 Dementia: psychologyDEMENTIA: TREATMENT AND PREVENTION USING HOLISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL LEARNING Limbic system Non-emotional visual memorie Emotionally disconnected auditory memory Emotionally involved (interested) Visual memories Integrated holiste learning | Auditory ‘ling in the gaps and growing new connections” ‘memories ~ emotionally connected Integrated on-contradietory body of knowledge | Well functioning pineal organ Healthy visual perception Emotionally healthy peck ny Es cegctae, cial Auditory perception and creative audioimagery a a u v cng ota erception of beauty musical and voeal _ voluntary objective viewing, Penis creave visalzaon & emery rival cludes melody chythm generation mation analysis fhythm & mental dance ‘onal learning phrasing ‘and empathy words \ gramming ing without “schooling” " Healthy motivation seeking pleasurable audio and visual experiences Fig, 3:15 Dementia: holistic treatment7 Chapter four: integrated model of the brain and mind 1. How what we see affects us 2. How what we hear affects us 3. Am nterated model of th brain and mind in diagrams mind-body relationship Mindndy beng mechani Magnetic fields, the brain and blood circulation Integrated psychophysiology Neurophysiology and neuroendocrinology of emotions Psychoimmunology A scientific analysis ofthe words “psychic” and “spiritual” ‘Thoughts creating magnetic fields Electromagnetic aspects of physiology and metabolism Perception and happiness Chakras: Hopi and Vedie concepts ‘Theoretical analysis of Chakra concept Overview of the endocrine system Psychoendocrinology (integrated) Drugs affecting neurotransmitters Memory formation This chapter consists of original scientific theory pe! g to the min brain and body. These theories and the diagrams which explain the have been developed over the past five years by the author, and we drawn at the time of development of the theoretical work in a flow thought, usually over the period of about one hour for each drawin; this book, space does not permit a full explanation of each individu theory or concept, and in this way, the work is still incomplete. Further explanation of the mind-body medicine theory and critique coercive psychiatry in Australia was published by the author in the 19: book “Psychiatric Tales and Words About Life”, mainly in the form short papers, diagrams and poems. Other presentation of the work h been made to small seminar groups and a few radio appearances Melbourne. Audiotapes detailing work on Sound, Music and Ment Health as well as recorded music by the author and Sara Di Genova a available from the Holistic Research and Information Centre, | writing to p.o.box 2268, Caulfield Junction, Vie.3161, Australia.us original, Theory HOW WHAT WE SEE AFFECTS US veer cane com aa coed fay Uinnenoie es Oe Coro (auf *Spatel (cas 4 Grkbans esos oan ese eee 2 ax ny seetected 18. TRANS LTTEH e red fey Ya § aie was WHAT We See OS Teste) Inaaienase went => Nahin preromene (ures Aver J s — ee ree Aestntrially cons Animate werd =D prmals aiscagpced S| gir Gores airy & HeASHY ae hers — freras toe ’ D cet: Cee Ae REE Shag OuySelves = Mires wat 5) Tel se apron ae wads Cobads ) dilea fim (Seb Mage 4 a Cetedwer®) Gun body Tunavesal aasthaRe Ct Tesweres Hb by wey sa inte er Suis oat y omte ‘ee Merivares One ret cence mone EYES. -CepeanbaKon «202? ee mace mate RE ES Mowat 7 i fashion + Iraq hy plane oF lt Seex visual LY cor nee ENTOYARLE EXPERIENCES for stoned pesout Dot avncTvensss eS = yyy tWhet one wank look Ge uy Tpate Oo. Ge Prdsems ent Me: ZEN. _ ter Tied photeelecbic etbedls -abppewl oF toreg ons ~oceleraisd, paden = petoral oacthane ae fceent gon (WEE 2 pvt CS? Se oa bas ng Cig PE) noc dunn) is 2 D 1s NeEwe ehhae —Prepaices gt Savcaton > quae, Yt on Sg ptr Contot of al ae Fess and hopelesenes on TV yori i oth unnetuel movements of e425 piso Fig. 4:1 How what we see affects us (original theory)n9 GHT, ACTION POTENTIALS AND HORMONES derailed scientific basis of how light heals has theoretical mode! that explains some of the the retina ofthe eyes, can have a profound s: has healing properties, This is obvious, however the well explained. 1 will attempt to piece together & isms by which light, stimulating photoreceptors in t! our physical as well as our mental health x has many properties. Its a form of energy, desribed in physics asa spectrum of electromagnet aoe recur range of Requencies that simblate sensors in Our eyes, and this par of Tage oe ec tant “Oursiae the visible specu, in higher and lowe: equenies, are he forms of einen radiation ultraviolet, x-rays and cosmic rays wit higher Fequencics and small Saeed inated, mirowaves and radiowaves a ower fequencies and longer wavelenaths Al yragretic radiation travels a the same speed ‘C’, the speed ef light crn light sikes surface it maybe absorbed by it rit may be refecte by it bu the ener in the frente excitation in the matter that i eters pret mentees aur (end) => piaoreatin SE eal le eometer other “sual corte Jo reve widlooun C3 Fig. 4:2 Transduction of light energy (original theory) Hormones “These are secreted endocrine gland cells into the blood stream which carries them to ‘target cells” where they exert their effect Neurotransmitters re endings end diffuse through the extracellular space that ‘These are released from nerve erent fibres of the next nerve cell (synapse), or ~ separates the cells’ efferent fibres from the a an effector cell (eg noradrenaline) ‘Neurohormones “These are released from nerve cells into the blood, where they travel to target cells elsewhere in the body (eg melatonin, dopamine)EYE ANDRETINA — teperior cactus muscle Seiers (unite of eye) 43 Anatomy ofthe eye cnorid (pignented 646") cornea, -_ OS CE LS jes pene, ite = = whreous humeue Fig. 4:4 Anatomy of the retina Cone call Geleur) oe : : prea 2 Fn aig ten ps ont tr el at een i a od Eel oe a Sem2 orignal Intagmive “Beory EE VISUAL PATHWAYS phe casa, ep BS Fide Shmaleng & pad Sut vite E Song ae AaveracerReabap hie Sioab hormone Prtacin ec MidiyaRe hormone Pee otyein ope roctiahon hypethalamas lateral Cmte ystem sevaate Saar et “alannus pineal > sentenin Slaton visual cortex Fig, 4:5 Visual pathways (original integration) ‘The retina, at the posterior, inside surface ofthe eye, contains photoreceptor cells, modified nerve cells at are light sensitive, transforming the electromagnetic radiation (light) into electrical impulses (action ientials) that are generated by the photoreceptor cells and travel down the optic nerves to the complex vie tract132 S94 Cra tanecine ‘THE NEUROANATOMY AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DANCE, (Original theory) Boas Arta ee Sena Wee Bap tetas Gpeech under Srancking ) beset) Connechion wit a «Movement cere ow basal goagior semotem cenies Linke system feczu a efevebveun cortex Chental lobes) vise ~ planning orhoceron wale’ conce} ven oma a a praal "4 & gy 7 : Re cneone decision if a conneion with » stimulation € R ee et : LE eine teitin a sonar” Caen gion a puditen ond wowak parooys (nc - eee ch leaned wots AS (WAY + Bros arts (Speeds generahen) PTinits System Gmobrnal aaniis) Dopamine INDIVIDURL ory wdivibu expression _-7” Rupee OF DANCE ea Fig, 4:13 Psychophysiology of danceFig, 4:7 Eye Muscles and the Brain (integrated diagram) extemal ceckus muscle Cire By sanenns nerd) Searching movements (octet) Falowing noiemonts Tucless oculomotor nerve Cited cranial ere) Fig. 4:8 Cranial nerve innervation of the eye musclespamase Yous ROI Mune cn heal Susie! tan abo cause. Sess ~ ment shes Causes ilass and premade death Gnd choke (mediates by meaate in beod peut & ube paphe ulcerlon and Immune suppres val est through heart disease : choesrer!) sion wrerentes nists oF cances i inkeckons Faycholegical and most illnesses Grinahis , 2egee oR DE ind Ws % wha she, ele dangar Tite as well as asthma Immune sappresrion Shress also wevsens draboetts mune ALSO J Cont ins Words cary wifovmaRon re pradyacice fears and nihilism feuded mul They en also convey mnigingor aor , ards contained Negative effects of the were and Bim (rrcluding felon son) ase net crarhonied WA Ant air factbook Thay are Act or real agines ar provide deco, prycrologists , polihiians 4 Sockalogiets with heir informaien As a cetulk of this puashaaicn lice. yeopeciely he vets ned van , are being bombarded wth Texic scvrds and then ' .) : : Weg he he oops Oe eS Anger Tapwrince & HUE Re or : . Nae ss Teer Me Ronda sadness v apathy art being tognosael "a8 “depation ec eos prycrologital , prychs ant vortien about wa ‘journals or mag he,125 HOW WHAT WE HEAR AFFECTS US What we hear as external “sounds” are minute vibrations of the tympanic ‘membranes (ear drums) of the two ears that we, and other mammals use to listen to the world around with. In addition to this “extemal sound” we also hear, more loudly at some times than others, internally generated “sound perceptions” which are not associated with movements of the tympanic membrane. Such “sound perceptions” are noticeable during dreaming states (during REM sleep) and hypnogogic and hypnopompic states. In other situations, when they are psychiatrically classified as “auditory hallucinations”, people can hear loud audible voices that seem to emanate from extemal or invisible sources without accompanying vibration of the cear-drums or demonstrable surrounding air vibrations. ‘Vibration of the tympanie membrane producing “sounds”, occurs when the air in the auditory canal vibrates with particular frequencies, which are referred to as the “audible range of frequencies”, The rapidity ofthe vibrations (frequency), measured in cycles pet Second (Hertz), determines pitch (aow high or low the sound is perceived as), The amplitude of the sound waves influences how loud the sound is perceived to be, or ‘whether the sound is perceived at all, and is measured in Decibels. The shape of the Sound wave, and the complex interactions between different frequencies and forms of ‘wave influence qualities such as tome and timbre. Ifthe sensitive structures of the ear become restricted in movement, the amplification of sound vibrations that normally ‘coeur in the middle ear is lost, and this is one cause of deafness, defined as difficulty in hearing extemal sounds, One cause of gradual development of deafness in older people, especially, is due to rigidity inthe movement of structures that conduet sound through the middle ear, and is termed “otosclerosis”. This, together with fluid in the middle ear (cerous otitis media or “glue ear”) in children are two of the commonest eauses of (deafness in our society. Damage to areas of the brain involved in the relay and perception fof auditory (hearing) information can also cause deafness, even though the ears themselves are healthy. These areas of the brain include the auditory cortex in the temporal lobes and the thalamus, ‘The medial geniculate nuclei at the caudal end of the thalamus, which relay auditory information from the auditory nerve fibres to other parts of the brain, receive afferent nerve fibres from the cochlea of the inner ear via the auditory nerves (eigth cranial herves) and project via the “auditory radiation” to other parts of the brain, with most of the fibres radiating to the temporal lobes on the same (ipsilateral) or opposite (contralateral) sides of the brain. The areas of the temporal lobe cortex associated with memory and perception of extemal sounds (including music) are thought to be located primarily in the caudal parts of the temporal lobe, with the left sided temporal lobe particularly involved inthe perception of words and speech, an important mental function Tocalised to an area on the caudal part of the left temporal lobe discovered by the French neuroscientist Paul Broca in the 1860s, and named “Broca’s Area” in his honour. Brocamade his discovery by noticing that selective inability to understand speech (Weccr et asa) followed localised damage to this are in people who bad stokes (cerebral anbass) resulting inthe death of brain tissue inthe temporal lobes, confirmed by Pos infarctions) ration oftheir bins This discovery was followed a few years late by he eee Of Wemicke’s area at tbe lower end of the motor cortex (ronal lobes, discon iy anterior to the central sulcus) by Carl Wemicke in 1874, Prior io Ss ‘items had been made to ascribe various character, personality and psvehit attributes to rasa arts ofthe bran, but wih ile or no sientifie methodology ot valid Jee, m8 paeudoscientific discipline refered to as “phenology” Fig. 4:10 Phrenological map of T.Poupin heh map he ad dp by The ee et ce wavonarcls et ee te abn cha ct oo [eatin gn Ome ‘Soungemanan In this phrenological map by Theodore Poupin in 1837, the “organ of tune” is tn ties Tavarea 32, behind the tateral end of the eyebrows on each site, Tye wirsenologsts decided on such maps by palpating (feeling) the outside of heads of People, particularly eminent and “important people”, Michael Stone, in Healing the Mind (1997), from which the above diagram is repeated, writes: Despite the fanciful nature of phrenology, its focus stimulated interest in cerebral Tpedmaas ‘on the par of the more ty scientific newroanatomisis, such, 8 Meyner., The French writer Theodore Poupin went so far as to subject Wap tee famous exes of the day to prenolgical analysis. The skull configurations 0 Vaganni for erole, were presumed to determine the virtwoso's“acquistiveness.” (9.88) “Theodore Meynert (1833-1892) was one of Sigmund Freud's teaches, but objected se raere pyehiatry according to Stone, and “classified mental disorders purely On Of toe te Pee” In ine wth the thinking of Benjamin Rush and ther European ane sRacan peychiarsts he attibuted “melancholia and mania” fo abnormalities ‘of cortical127 blood vessels, but added that “delusions and hallucinations” are caused by “irritation of the subcortical layers”, Whilst this is no worse than non-specific claims that these conditions are caused by “chemical imbalances” or “stress”, Meynert’s neuroscience also contained a great deal of pseudoscience, as well as obvious prejudices. The phrenological maps and system of “psychiatry” which followed this reductionist system of labels also contained a political and anthropological side which found expression in the doctrines of, eugenics and white racial (and cultural) superiority. These developments in the neurosciences had a profound effect on how sound was researched in the scientific and ‘medical community and perception of sound by the psychology schools which sought to understand the effects of sound on the human mind, brain and body. In the process, music suffered the injustice of becoming regarded as a dispensable part of “occupational therapy” rather than a primary agent of healing, and “talk therapies” as a “adjunet to drug treatment” of limited and even questionable value. In Psychasynthesis (1965), Italian Psychiatrist Roberto Assagioli wrote, in a chapter titled “Music as a Cause of Disease and As a Healing Agent”: “The healing properties of music were well known to the peoples of the past and they made considerable use of it. Among primitive peoples songs and musical instruments such as the drum and rattle were used not only in order to increase the effects of herbs or drugs, but also as independent means of healing, Such practices have persisted until the present day among American Indians.” (p.237) Assagioli points to some enlightening historical examples of music being used as a cure: “It was known by the ancient civilizations that music has healing properties, and they deliberately used it for such a purpose. In Finland’s epic poem, the Kalevala, we read of a sage who succeeded, by means of his music, not only in appeasing the fury of a mob, but actually in hypnotizing the people, sending them to sleep. In the Bible, it is reported that King Saul, being tormented by an evil spirit, called upon David, the skillful player on the harp; and “Whenever the evil spirit...wwas upon Saul... David took a harp and played with hhis hand; so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him.” (I Sam.16:23) According to the Arabs, music has @ beneficent effect on animals. They say that the singing and playing of the shepherds make the flocks thrive. Among the Greeks music had a special place as a curative agent. Homer narrates that the flow of blood from ‘the wound of Ulysses was staunched by the melodious song of Autolycus.” (p.238) He continues: “Plato accorded just as much importance to music as a powerful means of psychotherapy and education, as is shown by the following statement (among many others) to be found in his Republic : “Rhythm and harmony sink deep into the recesses of the soul and take the strongest hold there, bringing that grace of body and mind which is only to be found in one who is brought up the right way.” Later, Assagioli demonstrates his own musical tastes and prejudices, but makes some still pertinent comments on the influence of harmful sounds from the radio on youthful minds: “Another type of music apt to be injurious consists of those musical compositions "which, while representing interesting experiments in new forms of musical expression,reflect, with their frequent dissonances, their lack of form, their irregular and frenzied rhythms, the modem mind in its condition of stress and strain. Many modem dances, particularly jazz, combine over-stimulation with the disintegrating influence of their syncopated rhythms. Howard Hanson, in his very good essay...exposes in a drastic way the widespread injurious influence of jazz. He says this: “I hesitate to think...of effect of ‘music upon the next generation will be if the present school of ‘hot jazz’ continues to develop unabated. Much of itis crass, raucous and commonplace and could be dismissed without comment if it were not for the radio whereby, hour after hour, night after night, American homes are flooded with vast quantities of this material, to which accompaniment our youngsters dance, play and even study. Perhaps they have developed an immunity to its effect — but if they have not, and if the mass production of this aural drug is not curled, we may find ourselves a nation of neurotics which even the skill of ‘the psychiatrist may be hard pressed to cure. It seems, therefore, only poetic justice that ‘musical therapeutics may serve as an antidote for itself” (p.265)" (Assagioli, 1965) Assagioli describes, in this chapter, “principal music elements”, including rhythm, tone, melody, harmony and timbre, by which criteria Hanson’s condemnation of jazz music ‘was “scientifically” validated, but in doing so demonstrated a basic ignorance of the principles of jazz music, regardless of the many ways in which this “musical genre” is defined. Whiist often including complex syncopated rhythms, an essential feature of jazz music is improvisation, which is unmentioned by Dr.Assagioli. Improvisation in jazz refers to the unrehearsed creation of a new musical composition, which inevitably contains and contributes towards aspects of harmony, tone, melody and rhythm. These improvisations are essentially musical conversations between the players, who “speak” to ‘each other (and to an audience, at times) through their musical instruments, creating new patterns of harmony, rhythm, tone, timbre, and texture. ‘These elements, which also may be called “parameters” or aspects of musical perception have complex effects on the mind and body, including powerful effects on emotions and mood. These range from pleasure, elation and blissful experiences, to sadness, boredom, irritation or anxiety. It has been postulated by the author in a previous book, that aesthetic regarding these parameters develops with exposure to different types of music through life, with an appreciation of more complex harmonies, rhythms and melodies, but also discrimination of pitch, musical intervals and other perceptive aspects of music. Music appreciation grows with music experience, in other words.129 HOW WHAT WE HEAR AFFECTS US ee oe fl Clecheak © rasvement Ny emer & Pics Maearenerionc RMP Nervous: catal vilorake impels OTT Meera ord COP a plizhon Ferdi pultch haltitn ikeulatend peda Tholamvs — audiovisual peseesion BT Sox Cn KILL Fig. 411 How what we hear afets (original poychophysological theory)PERCEPTION OF MUSIC Loudness: amplitude of sound waves (air vibrations) Pitch: frequency of sound vibration ‘Tone: sound quality (wave form) of instruments and voice ‘Harmony: auditory interplay between several notes simultaneously Melody: sequence of notes and harmonies over time ‘Rhythm: intervals and patterns of sound and silence in time Words in the context of music can induce profound psychological change in beliefs, attitudes and emotions. ‘They can do this through: 1, Lyrical content 2, Emotional content 3, Tone, phrasing, timbre and other musical qualities of verbal expression Activation of musical perception can stimulate movement felt as an urge to dance. ‘This appears to be a uniquely human mental ability, and is shared by people of all cultures, although the musie they dance to and the types of dance engaged in are wonderfully varied. “The physiology underlying the urge to dance and the areas of the brain involved in dance have not been clearly elucidated, and this omission has gone largely unnoticed by scientists, who have wrongly considered dance to be @ sociological and cultural rather than a biological or scientific phenomenon. Although dance has been employed for healing by many cultures in the past, the therapeutic use of dance has been marginalised in modern medicine, even in areas of movement disorders and neurological disorders ‘where the potential for benefit from dance is obvious. Based on holistic developmental principles, ways in which dance can be explored include improvisational dance, leamed dance, dancing alone and dancing with others. While eared dances and dancing with others may be of social benefit, improvisational dance ‘and dancing alone are likely to have direct physical health benefits and psychological benefits (provided the lone dancer is not diagnosed as mentally ill for dancing alone at hhome), ‘The reasons for this relate to the benefits of purposeful, relaxed and rhythmic ‘movements of the limbs and the pleasurable experience of responding to audible rhythms Itis possible to develop aesthetic perception regarding rhythm and music by listening to live and recorded music with a willingness but no obligation to danee, ‘The known anatomy and physiology of the brain suggest that several interconnected areas of the brain are involved in and stimulated by dance. These include the limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia, motor cortex (and other areas of the frontal lobes) and temporal lobes (which contain the auditory cortex).rencePron, Neto penrene OF musnc, fractal gyre) rvseles @: SS BS Crevenent) 1 beta Aataraine oe ie npemey ences REGARDS DANCe vgelh Consotevs mags pen guallisers wep dng oa eye oF egphns m excitation fous Sows toatare Gere ellom (oN Sun + CBrlone. GicENTRATION suscaphtte 1, retain Sed enggesbon se y Sige “Teale "NEUROANATOMY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY NCE Ok HypNomic. UATE OF MUSIC AND DANCE EXCITATION BLiss “srae (Original theory) ELATION Fig. 4:12 Neurophysiology of dancem “stony of these impulses are transmitted to the visual cortex, within the occipital lobes (the posterior part icrsne cortex ofthe brain), where ‘decoding’ of the information occurs, with creation of three-dimensional © sual images’. Some impulses, or action potentials, travel along different circuits, having different ‘important in the mind/body relationship Some impulses are transmitted to other pars of the brain. These include the reticular activating system, Sr imbie system, the sympathetic nervous system, and the pineel. Each of hese parts of the nervous stem algo acts as a gland, producing neurotransmitters and neurohormones at synapses, and, in the case eFthe pineal, by specialised glandular cells (embryologically derived from nerve cells). «hormonal system ofthe body has been, for many years, viewed as somehow disconnected from nl fnenon and electrical activity inthe brain. Tis is clearly not the cae, and the production of Scrmones, by various glands in the body, and bythe brain itself, are intimately related to biorhythms Scesiical and mental activity, conscious, subconscious and unconscious, 1 direct regulation of hormone secretion is complex, and involves many systems. These include the cervous systempthe cardiovascular system in pericular. The ‘master glands’ inthe brain are the civtaty situsted just posterior to, and below the optic chiasma, the hypothalamus, to which the pituitary e connected by the ‘pituitary stalk’, and the pineal in the roof of the third ventricle, posterior to and tly above the pituitary. The pituitary produces several hormones, many under direct stimulation by ‘equlatory factors’ from the hypothalamus, which travel tothe pituitary through the pituitary stalk Sypophysis). The pituitary is divide inc thee lobes; the anterior, posterior, end a small middle lobe AAP terior pituitary produces seven known hormones, which affect, profoundly, literally every cell in 2 body. nese hormones are secreted direct into the blood stream, and likewise hormones from the pineal gland ind hypothalamus. The hypothalamus also produces endogenous opiates (endorphins) as well as various ereee and metabolism influencing actors", ch as “tumor necrosing factor’ (necrosis means cell struction), Fig. 4:6 Photoelectric and neuroendocrine pathways (original flow diagram) NescaRTicAL LiédT) RETINA ore eEnra ' NERVE nee SPE Ena RETICULAR, ACTIVATING SusTEm Yormenes <{RYPETHALAMUS VISUAL CORTEX via optic radiation Pru tARY Mee | Hormones:1 Fig. 4:14 The brain and sound (simplified overview diagram) pituitary hormonal immune control Broca’s area ‘2musical expression includes musical creativity Speech musical perception Emotional reactions vei roa suse pleasure tiene dean) Cain rosion ree rey rm wey oe pineal melatonin production ( sense of timing: biorhythms)be THE MIND-BODY RELATIONSHIP THE MIND: BELIEFS ATTITUDES EMOTIONS ‘THE BODY: THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM (Neuropsychology) including (i) Psychoneurobiochemistry ii) Psychoneurophysiolozy Psychopharmacology THE ORGAN SYSTEMS (Psychophysiology) including (Immune system (Psychoimmunology) (i) Endocrine system (Psychoendocrinology) Gi) Cardiovascular system (Psychocardiology) iv) Digestive system (Psychogastroenterology) STRENGTHENING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THROUGH STRESS REDUCTION (@ Recognising imagined fears and negative preconceptions, challenging such thoughts. Improving attitude towards self, others and the world. Developing mental tranquillity and harmony. Enjoying creative activity. Improving communication and verbal skills (including eye contact). Cooperative rather than competitive atitude. Developing aesthetic appreciation of visual and auditory experiences. Ongoing learning and exploration of knowledge multiirectionally Formation and growth of honest, supportive friendships. Development of realistic optimism: Cniginal (tegmbin TELLaane MIND-BODY HEALING MECHANISM" Seal NS tn Paani GR Vein manner Legica fine thoughh \ : Lingic sustem ¢ aie at Goparine) eaeisteateh EncRene! ane eae wa ae ieenies atthe purine end ndement Sakstatien of min (icgar ve) eee. pom Se Pinect tos lo, oe a = Sertortin ia eggne Ne ba) Serotonin melabnin ce Ee Bred Gimulakng homer oe = s fase 5 xyttion ot ente, StirmuldKng hormone eae) lei wil Be morement ae ga) \e SS “ Pca exdorphint getopegrge "@) ardiorasotor ‘Eight ow Stat "sponse Oege ORswtn sr face Ati ere vabstake pasture) vwomore Rance © 1997 Ronet Srevie fuacki “tin Rehan reno Cee Umeaune Frnckion Seca a8. Teel finckion ‘ison Apophesig Tele w aneer mt Fig. 4:16 Mind-body healing PRPS iticpmenChomash Sane 1246 MAGNETIC FIELDS, THE BRAIN AND BLOOD CIRCULATION (Original theory) lenous Sous Mimogrels hemedyparne ‘The pineal organ is known to be Sensitive to magnetic field change: “The pines organ is In birds, and some other mammal highly vascular and secretes melatonin ts well ar oer hormones mma wisaal eysiem Connecks © the posal end also B widerprendd rts of He ean Seen a ‘espaccall bina Teal cate i _ id Hhalames Melatonin: eee Lae ota cena co Rekewlar echvekaj (9) immune system (Gi) hormone production iv) slespand iene regeneration D)Ateton of nagece Serotonin: ed iets on {@)_dlood temperature @ rene growth Gi) ood and confidence fv Ki 4 3. What are the neurobiochemical consequences of escalating Electromagnetic Radiation production and pollution? Changes in external magnetic fields Have been demonstrated to cause ‘Changes in neurotransmitter levels In experimental animals (mammals) Blood calls will conta charges- sing magpake forces cone 8 He my eee poral bes Treen is 1, Could artificial magnetic fields have deleterious effect on blood coagulability, faret dementia, SS ischaemic heart disease? Iran -Cenbening Weem ould create @ munheally repuiove oped on ee Some Sthialins end attvackve etpect eFast on the and thas the 2. Could confused thoughts create adverse effects on brain physiology, and micro-—iay us circulation through internally-generated ethers This auld have @ avech magnetic field effects? aggluhinathion of ced blood cells dking Coagulahon) af Hood Fig, 4:17 Magnetic fields, circulatic and the brainELECTROMAGNETIC AND MAGNETIC INFLUENCES ON 8 Fagus end AND IN THE BRAIN: INTEGRATED PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY Beplinade, ob dcr sre oo eeey “ry ELECTROCHEMICAL — IMPULSES: pire San. => Gmcnenc Feod) “tit stew CETL maser BINGAL. : Typhephang Serotonin 5 Melatnin ENEREY TRANSDUCTION ST EmR Sond, magaRc, Bed menue. boosh StS 2Bleed woling fie 8Timing of, ~ es caselgne ol dating printers sarees sins) Formanal AR, desires S) Regulation vivelontany Cuucarsiies movements Cee meena ‘SHEED moreno Seq Horeremes : (FsH,ch 7 Ovsradial 4 owes Progestemne ) tases Testesteore! —cacpote HUE Bo moreneS Emarekan REACINEY(Ling MOVEMENTS Geneve, AMleds qaytolagieal funchon : : aver pratense nerrons fysten Sin peyrertabon eT yan ; Got Sinalana ei wale aon CO Ren ao ole mae Tanecgts SE de le ce seeele DEnGHS Glrmane function Cini od soppremionyh tose seh Zoleod end Wyrnphare AETH > GorRSo! (Gem Advenal ctox)f Good “ouetrs B AerioNS cirealation Iitsnoniic WS. @Nerve growl = ney axeral and dendrite uennechons Atfeck: i iekah & me gyrapie Farman oi resh ee es preset os wil as perpreet rene hasleng. (ost) heart te : y immune, funeon @ Mik poauchion Cpnlactin) aad glandular Seerehon C posete) ep al = Jeacogeess B TWssue Crorsth praaleg krgeeet Craok, Hermene (SH) eee econ © Blood quicese level regulahion a one mares é 5 ae ia yasodslafion . Buss and hemneal casa PoseRRUR AS ikon are te Source oF salle w Seals we hotest eB eotpiminy celated aes wosdiense Ly Master WODENCE OF ohTan excretion Pstima nl RE: Bimans ond her oganars ilar WoRLD "AL medern wold are {Was AND titte ana asingeg e7esel eects isa ers oun Sf Feh_laas Fm CS, : tw Candler sacrehor american ic iy DigesF Propel cereals, 06S BEERS tha | stim mamuntaarions Axo Passons fa! AE eur. Fig, 4:18 Integrated psychophysiologyNEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF EMOTIONS” 72% adj 3¥2.99 (original integration and theory) LivBie_syereon conn EmoTionec REACTIONS. Mmeers a (MME DATE PHY OLOGICAL \ BAD mMoeds eeteers Goon needs | trdudes @ chemical changes A reno fansmitiers U Cees and rewmhormones PROERESENVE HAPPINESS @® direct nenrophypiologica) de CONTEATHENT, | changes an co ( paxmes \ ) WLENESS ° / 2 oon adeno hae : Hewen® Cy Inmuntappession Syetem | ae | GiGalrvasenlar Aisex rbukion to 2. ty pothalanes | GbAubimmone diseases tissue calle \ Basal imtory efbects \ : Banga Ree errand rate deh) diovascular effects aris cHaets ae pessare eart sai) A astbevent uge by tae meee ‘ FFects Wetec Immunologie eee appease 3 eu caltcation G@ebvashin ,aicection SH ° C5 protein won fachre goa Endocrine effects (chrulabon and inbieit com eluding “gee neaes ee ad Gkgroxine) digestive efbecte ceretions Inalding, On ee ment Sor shone Deortiedion effeds ver Seen Fig, 4:19 Physiology of emotionsM0 Criginal Teor & Inteymsion PSYCHOIMMUNOLOGY (immune healing mechanisms) (INTEGRATED MODEL) A really asia by ashes, 2 saves Aelia ah ‘aevet 3 eo | es sures oft) if \ fe na Lopes a ne Clear eevee | 32 con Corse! -rnmunongulehr & axnintam matin °) rntests ote b Grange @, Ret Corben Ve) ce eA. 2 Qiher mahtolle bindRint ete) 8” shit eXponse A os CRE release (Fem by yetelamus) A whe, wyfedcone awe aaces Lyng fon ok wah a) mak Ve * nal Gis \\ Beak -vomint Tandon alta anadallony palusoys )\ Ernie posts vac | groin 2 CRB rls Eupokinas ead molenles ce 7 cals eee ee To RSichoaas G= Poe Eick aiBleine “rae G sheabe Tyee ye tree ark iy Eke Es Se Ga teh nd bo vadding PDK, Fig, 4:20 Psychoimmunologyuw A SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORDS ‘PSYCHIC’ AND ‘SPIRITUAL! Communication i$ mulh faceted And Eisenia fo piychalogreal health. Bn vitkack for geod commumiekon with Viletecal er mulkletorel undestarching & driving human Sooteky wards O nin CollecFve conseceusniss and awareness Garadensad by grater payche ond Spin perception . , WHAT 1S PSYCHIC Be » PrartwAc. PERCEPTION 2 / 1 Aoiareness of syndrome 2. Seaing the links mating centers DeeLoP MENT 3. Awareness of others “Honghts City > reythelagel nace Serouben oo : RaTURE Gadestendiag po “ wees ae ee eas teleaniaransss (sepdmiad by Aistance) ire ‘ ‘kt mage \ 2 ee eee ™ Realy vc ; st Spirituat Percephion sare ae victueus L Pavcepiton of beauty sapprercaitin oF Yering CR mony Eéeob)) 2 Resegnton ok tna Gime 3B. Love Sov Self jetrerS Gnd the cosmos Fig. 4:21 Analysis of “psychic” and “spiritual” perception Semesh Seraniame 12071 Nowe Seimiee Mes describe Be Poe 6S 2 thine aye. (Fer pereiviag trae) eee balers 'eco B.C. Neste THOUGHTS CREATING MAGNETIC FIELDS Ledensts eiscortred “Wh ls than 50 yeas 240 (Original theory) sy ce a hor mans cents een Miesoned (S0RT Sessaa ones perth ‘Creal ona $8) Pineal : meLaTonw Speech mental cleck Undersanclin wth Gye one Spe ae Concertrakion 2 Refine Aetvelis Syste oe shied aye sperepiion of wath: ne 2s rmindapness wider Pertephon | “Granicion depth means Analy es & logical caaSonrng, Hele Learning Conscience ~ romliy righ 2 wrens Melaorvin peduehion anos shine eu Alfsals ha Bevin ce pthattay hormones mindbeay “akertnce ze Grd & depertent on PINEAL Funchion = 6 Gooden voneauucer) Wehimin a vik neuohormme dak seein este {fen de was diseovured A AS@ jap when He is Ty '495 Z developed *he that melatonin production by 2 was, eleva ny mackie SS eee vf Smeal & vAlueced by changes Solence fe be a vashgial iscless Jremao ay cde Sallis “ we OS peeve rupklian brains” ° ore oar oun houghts okie Mhelatwin has been shou Y eGulk A “ledtiical movements fp howe nidevarying Pybologeeal opeasiqthe bran ae wens S4°es wich © loging He immone system Gerasing the eitedvensss of Tl. hs. gisSing te Pas pa HinSes AACS Grd wer MDs. * praes ee Be cures age Soa Koning oS “BodchOh “oF hatha hormones 9h ye Wa Sharn CntT the, entre, her meal Gystem’ These wizewde ESCMRTES YesceiBED Kyod shmaleh: rane (contting Le netbAc mie tose sae Oe eae Genet the “ei Kuymeine spo duced by the tyr ge )) )Gomte Bermere 6 eet eanarekon oF weeds (Re cen homens. Sade 1-6 Senter nite" GoM * af “he pot remaking havens (Feet) ana (euknlsing hermes (Li) , Palas oe wih’ Gheaas Milk poducken) , AArenocorneotivptc hemene , zevdollins Mind Ratwnaline Gnd CorkSol production fy he Adrenal and telancase a Fimaclating hormene(MSit) dormekoH Abewt MSH hes ‘been < Aropped ent oF MAveR ‘pmERIChed TE li pedi os Mest mada, Mvetad nase Rion ee Kenays = waste otertin ei ire Coil Seem eeenne Toad emenetion ees) ial eh peaenen pte) fae mefvahmnel fave! pala. gentnt ts See gine apace low eae notes Fig. 4:23 Physiology theory ting halos mod eacecauiistticaa eset ELECTROMAGNETIC ASPECTS OF} PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM TRPEETED BY ATTTURES pad EmoTioNS fe MUL Ag INTENS OMY oF THOUGHTS aren ogre QDs seein Bit nah jt fut eg smrement Goad = ABFECTS §— CHARRAS S = MAGNETIC geusiTiviTy cee. ON PINEAL. ey = % ' Ba ae tues MELATONIN t, a & ‘eaamt) oe es, tay wall Crake poke chert The elec! ackviky wn He nervous System magmakc fold and around He be Ofacking He ow bles) calls and fons th He oe ie cvenlef, ave He body Tse fildt cmvld Se ofgnched by external megnihe pads From clebeteai current (ears) outside He body. Segeel eerste Ponwend Grend ¥s ig. 4:24 We have much more than fivesenses #4 ns od fears Jurdens sell, Cocks ~wontten material Tw PERCEPTION AND HAPPINESS THROUGH THER SENSES a 2 2 comptes i lca, bearing Silas Votes follow ecoled music, (original theory) Srvc Wevid “around US + Taste ieee ene | a svavel vesogniting VesRlelar balance vere ereny exes . st a es é og 4, pre magne Sense Meet pineal? roe through varelves Pineal function (30 eve) \nhachions —intknchaal {eabinge Cnbithins pseudo inhsinions Caprshhess) eas a 3 +eireng) : Sense of Nine Gress ee alte Tsong — on wagin = belials (concepions undéhoed { rembey ats Sopetlon ) julate, Rercaphions = axaence » Wheat fronceps ms heen associakons ~ Seeing tha Links oC Tepetbalamus i Clon : sedan Racognitivon beth ep hi gute eee) PropeiocspRen =postion sense |}, as by Percernons aten dant on # S ALA eek deh op suse OMS me ard dailoprak . Gres a te brain Dow Heo Gated, wind phe aairom = AllenFon + concentaen aan @ lar oO em . oie Focus CReReular adkvahns “ D ee 3 Real : A Proconcebhims + eepectnRené praia Ora ae ragalve yueoncaptions 9 Stress yee Foul la 8 Nunley percephin volves questioning ’ on RES ; and dlenging negate FOEMEPSS mantel gent pappness By danging poration , Ideas dg oaus CHAKRAS, HOPI AND VEDIC CONCEPTS WITH WESTERN: CCIENTIFIC |PSYCHELEEICAL EXPLANATION Rovers CHa RY Spiritual paychie development in akon nay amet sy [apa\—— Bow CHAKRA -eyes -visuel doservahion aestbeNe peas Cag ee = Se hormonal balance cingaqiaRon oF mind-body “links ite crania”nenes SER, TRROAT cnaKcen “Speech inks sith midbeain 3 via email nerves Ek * Se erate radtenen, (eee eae oe hone aed teat ae Sas HEART CHAKRA - os remote -altects eireulaKin ond meavt funchin cmowemert of arms hands Sentahions Sem aber Libs cerenlaken heart -brain axis yragneke affect on blood ABDOMINAL CHAKRA + digeshon = liver anes UPPER SReRAL CHAKRA bond fynchan -evacuakon ‘bladder Anchion LoneR sfc ral CHAKRA sexual funck'm Chakra-based theoretical model Saweee' A Sansa 15 Fig. CHAKRA’ meanings 4 word dtserilaing energy cenkes along He hum vertebral axis, Vedic Feacking , closely similar Hoh Amentean Adian hencring”, suggest sak optimal neath Cherteck heath) pocile onty shen a!) the chalems are Spinning (or vibraNes)) A ) harmeny and Synchrony They also teach et bo Q TB prea) guide Gohewtour srowld be the crown chakra, quidAf othieal decisions,CRON CHEM - Spithuatty emai wai wndentnaaig caster Laces cae Fovelorain jneccew ln (ota nd toes es) Bens CHARA =Vigin Rearing cnhaiteon magecRe Sen Sail memo) ,EmeRans mavemert Bain peidbvan pines , eyes ears, pehet Carded’ Costenis\ erage 1 etes (arte) gered Cate pat sen THaoPr “ZEARAT Speech , ARgnG /Bestning Taste, metab lism (Thyroid Emokins ond threat movements Cd sheesh + $ging) Brock larynk ,pharyns tongue hyretd hacne Parathyrcas (celecsm melebelitm ) had ote Sangh hein Ont bags (eaheretly) HEART” CHAKRA: EmoKons heart arm woemenl SeIAGtS shimalakion ond Feeding, toreathuins (longs) heart Lunas jbreashs arms Auielopmest oF ons emolSenifiord) and dem Ged hand deetavihy branes beading lve ABDOMINAL CHAKRA : AigegRens insulin produce Aednuy filtering funchon “Stomach y Liver jeans, Cpeen ,cmall Snbeshine Whak ene cals how one eelé (igsensithy spate Goer Bea) SrcRAL CHAKRA ) Gkereken -lagebowel bladder 1 80 unetion % evanes SF testes 9 femal Forction & svane ie = waging CS Leg movemenls > where ene goes ‘THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF INDIAN CHAKRA CONCEPT ‘The ‘chakras’ are theoretical Energy centres along the vertebral axis Of the body, common to h (Indian) and American (Hopi In this diagram basic Vedie and Hopi ‘Models are elaborated on, with integration _ of European anatomical and physiological Knowledge and original holistic psychological, Philosophical and metaphysical theory. Fig. 4:26 Chakra-based theoretical model Romes Seresiahre 24-446‘THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM a (OVERVIEW) Preal => melatonin Pavatyraias Rypethalemys => itary cegulatony ab faitior$ arethormone endewplrins Pituitary Paterior lobe : 3H Pd acm Gh FSH ue Msi Posten'er tebe : Oxyfeein os epvessin (ADH) Pancreas =Pinsulin Advenals Reorkuostera Cortex : cortisol aldosterone anavegen steroids medulla : adrenaline noveal/enaline Sopamine Heaney > Renin Testes Sp testosterone (males) Ovaries A> oestogens Gemeied) poagsterne Fig, 4:27 Overview of the endocrine systemPSYCHOENDOCRINOLOGY (INTEGRATED MODEL) Prcan ce | Melatonin Dtiming of ‘elas ear antedor phaitany [eee Kermenes art voter effects ANTERIGR PrTUTARY o enor and aging Med tek |. Thyroid SKrvulating hovmane (si) => Thyroxine bom thyroid inion altecrs Hetabolie le 2. Princkn (el) ad 7 ON Ge bee Gactebion) B.AdvenocerResbephic hermene (aca) > Cortisel ben v Advenal covtex which abfecks immune aysiem A-gucote etabolem 2 GQ _Pegesternne Casogen from ofanies Aya BS rasocterone Jeon testes bones muscles fssues 6, Grows hevmeoni HY wate of 2 <(e8) 2 6 ing War, eiSnays jnbishines mpancres T. Melanoeyfe Skmalating hormone (ust) ical 4. Luteinising, hormone (LH) Follicle Simulating hormone (FSH) PosTERIOR — PITUITARY. Oxytocin 2p skmulates comtaction of ules 1 pregnancy herenone ADH) By water Conservatten 2. Vasopressin Grkdivrene Sy eis Fig. 4:28 Brain control of the endocrine systemDRUGS AFFECTING NEUROTRANSMITTE] These (tegrated metvanai) meio or veo Iealances Pineal beelaenia —— aftechea a-sevoton'n ankae prassants fanquillisers Ruler ackvahing antiiny partersves stem Lenorndvenal! Ae Limbte System ected Paine, &zarteck le Wdapamine fem * anckpsychst ae ane passe « meee jongilleers G biker simotans) artis par tenes 2 ankaepeessants + a, ant hypertensives pth shyulate Sooner 1 Foils, Ruby, Somere ) sepado bs a Peon é oan otteded by ve ernd erie cop hve Leh camo xiten (nolvectex) 3, Geserelin Gelade) 4, enor hanx aie ete om Sy Uthiem 5 am derpressanl® ap Gimulete melanin 2, Lakeinising hov mone pills eet poduchin alee Menge bat chet om et 4 Melancefe Krmalairs Sa: mecchonin | peduckon 5. MrenoterRabephic Hrcmene 7 Hulats corel F ‘ allisers abtede by Presse eqptoxie. amas homens thereby 6, Gaui tarmone 7efecked by maelahrain 5 wshetally during oe +t 7 Prolackin Peels . Fig. 4:29 Meta-analysis of potential neurotoxins180 MEMORY FORMATION inherited fears and attractions genetic memory (2) prenatal experiences 2 Paffect mental potential and neural network development o‘fect of planetary bodies (astrology) postnatal experiences Early experiences Childhood experiences Belief system Adolescent experiences ‘Adult experiences Experiencial memories Leamed concepts and ideas KR Seer Inlerests ‘cLoseD MINOEDNESS Limited experiences and learning Fig, 4:30 Formation of memories “MENTAL PRISON (original theory, 1995) danger of reductionism ‘overspecialisation neglect of emotional growth neglect of new learning & experiences, narrow paradigm splintered/contradictory beliefs ‘Memory has been shown to involve new protein formation*. This is consistent with the formation of new axonal and dendritic connections in the brain, Such new connections have been demonstrated 0 be both forming and atrophying throughout life ‘The brain is the ultimate use i or lose it organ. Memories form in the cortex (frontal cortex, temporal lobes, occipital lobe). | suggest that generally the frontal lobes are involved in conceptual memories, the left temporal lobe in verbal and olfactory memories, the right temporal lobe in musical memories and the occipital \dbe (visual cortex) is involved with visual memories. Of course, in practice there is considerable overlap and interaction between these areas in the action of memory retrieval and perception which is strongly affected (and prejudiced) through memories, which are involved in the formation of preconceptions. “Progress in Psychabiology. Scientific American publ. (1471)Chapter 5 ‘THE MIND AND A NEW PSYCHOLOGY OF HEALTH -Peychoamalysis >. Drug experimentation and biological warfare Macfarlane Burnet Centre and International Health |. "The Melbourne psychiatry hierarchy Offence and defence Friends and enemies ‘Psychiatry and the pineal Causes of divente (meta ysis) Psychology, meaning knowledge about the mind, has become increasingly splintered between different schools of thought, each with different assumptions, theories and approaches to research. They also have different approaches to the brain, ranging from schools of thought which argue that all behaviour is caused by chemicals in the brain to ones that argue that the brain has little to do with thinking or the destiny of individuals, which is preordained by “karmic forces” and “past lives”. Other schools of psychology argue that all (or most) adult psychological distress is related to early childhood traumas, or that psychological problems are usually caused by genetic defects and susceptibilities, or the aftermath of viral infections. Although Sigmund Freud, and other early psychiatrists were medical doctors trained in neurology, they focused on disturbances of thinking as well as dynamic processes affecting the development of the mind generally. Freud is said to have coined the term “unconscious” and he argued that much of an adult's behaviour is governed by largely unrecognised unconscious motives, which it required many years of analysis by an expert psychiatrist (such as himself) to gain insight into. ‘The dependence and other undesirable results of such prolonged “talk therapies” were themselves given names in the new jargon that grew in the new “scientific discipline” of “psychoanalysis” and the practitioners of this style of psychiatry were (and are) called psychoanalysts.PSYCHOANALYSIS Literally speaking, “psychoanalysis” refers to analysis of the mind, and in this sense is an essential prerequisite for understanding the mind and improving mental health in individuals and society as a whole. In practice, however, the therapeutic value of psychoanalysis is dependant on the theoretical assumptions of the psychoanalyst: how the psychoanalyst thinks other people think. This includes assumptions about others motivations and the dynamic processes that shape the minds development throughout life. Behaviour, the observable result of others ‘mental activity can be interpreted in different ways depending on the assumptions, beliefs, hypotheses and theories of the analyst, and can also be misperceived because of prejudices of the analyst. It is also perhaps inevitable, that psychoanalytical theorists would include in their model some aspects of self-analysis, and whilst this sometimes denigrated as ” and thus “not scientific”, mathematical (statistical) analysis of “normal ur” as the “only objective scientific method of study” has obvious limitations and dangers, many of which have become increasingly apparent in recent years. ‘The most influential medical doctor this century to present a model of human mental Processes was probably Sigmund Freud, and he developed his theories through a ‘combination of clinical experience (with asylum inmates and affluent private patients) and self-analysis. This is commented on in the 1944 introductory textbook Great Psychologists (published by Bames and Noble: New York), when the division of European Psychological theory into different (and often conflicting) schools of thought is described with a less than accurate historical perspective: “In a young and growing science intemal disputes often occur. Psychology is no exception. Psychologists have differed about what psychology should or should not include, about what it should emphasize, about what research methods are best. When several psychologists strongly support a certain viewpoint they are called a “schoo!” “Siructuralism traces back to two men, WILHELM WUNDT and EDWARD BRADFORD TITCHENER. Wundt is regarded as the father of experimental psychology since he established in 1879 at Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory. To study with Wundt came young and eager psychologists from many countries. One of these was Titchener, an Englishman, who later came to America to head the psychology department at Comell University for many years. “Following Wundt’s basic ideas, Titchener established the school known as structuralism. Psychology is concemed with studying images, thoughts, and feelings, the three elements forming the structure of consciousness. The proper research method is introspection, performed by trained observers, Leaming, intelligence, motivation, personality, or abnormal and social behavior Titchener ruled out of psychology. He and his students did notable research studies...” “Functionalism is a less systematic and unified school. It grew out of the protests of many psychologists against analyzing consciousness into ideas, images and feelings. The psychologist HARALD HOFFDING, and the American WILLIAM JAMES both emphasised the dynamic, changing nature of mental activity and questioned whether it133 could be analyzed into structural elements. Shortly after 1900 JOHN DEWEY and JAMES ROWLAND ANGELL at the University of Chicago began to stress the ways in which an organism adjusts to environment, Their aim in studying mental functions was to discover how thinking, emotion, and other processes fulfilled the organism’s needs. The views of the functionalists helped to align psychology with biology and to bring about a ‘genetic approach to psychological problems.” ‘The author of the book, Professor S. Stansfeld Sargent (PAD) of Columbia University, fails to mention the word “eugenics” as the outcome of the “genetic approach 0 psychological problems”, although this was common knowledge at the time, nor the atrocities that were being perpetrated by “biological psychiatrists” in Nazi Germany over the years immediately preceding the writing of this book. Although Wilhelm Wunct is described as establishing “the first psychological laboratory”, the ethics of what was done in this “laboratory” and two whom, is not explored in this book, which tends to idolise the “fathers of psychology” who are listed in the preface as “Binet, Freud, Galton, Helmholtz, Hollingworth, James, Thorndike, Watson and Woodworth” followed by “Adler, Cannon, Cattell, Ebbinghaus, Gesell, Goddard, Janet, Jung, Koffka, Kohler, Kraepelin, Lashley, Lewin, Pavlov, Rorschach, Terman, Titchener, and Yerkes” who are said to be “associated primarily with more specialized work”. Of these names a few have grown in fame (and notoriety) over the past fifty years, including Freud, Jung, Galton, Kraepelin, Rorschach and Pavlov. The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung is best remembered for his self-analytical work on dreams, symbolism and philosophy, although he was an active clinical psychiatrist (and physician). Michael Stone writes, in Healing the Mind (1998), of the relationship between Adler, Freud and Jung: “Viennese-born Alfred Adler (1870-1937) was among the small group who met at Freud's house in Vienna on Wednesday evenings to discuss important issues and developments in psychoanalysis, Adler believed that the crucial dynamic motivating human action was the wish for power. He articulated this notion in his 1907 book on Organ Inferiority (the source of his coinage: the inferiority complex) “The first international meeting of analysts was organized by Jung in 1908. Freud read his paper on the “Rat Man”, a case of obsessional neurosis, At this time C.G.Jung was Freud's “fairshaired boy”, Freud regarded him as brilliant and, of equal importance, hoped that this Christian physician, the son of a Swiss pastor, would help make psychoanalysis — thus far practiced almost entirely by Jewish professionals in Austro- ‘Hungary — acceptable in the wider, gentile circles beyond the Viennese “inner circle”. Jung himself, wrote of Freud, in Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1961) “Psychiatry teachers were not interested in what the patient had to say, but rather in ‘how to make a diagnosis or how to describe symptoms and to compile statistics. From the clinical point of view which then prevailed, the human personality of the patient, his individuality, did not matter at all, Rather, the doctor was confronted with Patient X, with 1 long list of cut and dried diagnoses and detailing of symptoms. Patients were labelled, rubber-stamped with a diagnosis, and, for the most part, that settled the matter. The psychology of the mental patient played no role whatsoever.154 “At this point Freud became vitally important to me, especially because of bis fundamental researches into the psychology of hysteria and of dreams, For me his ideas pointed the way to a closer investigation and understanding of individual cases. Freud introduced psychology into psychiatry, although he himself was a neurologist.” (p.135) ‘The scientific disciplines of “Neurology”, “Psychiatry” and “Psychology” can be best understood from the Greek roots of these composites of “neuro”, “psyche”, “logos” and 3tr0s”, “Neuro” refers tothe brain and nerves, and the logic based scientific study of the nervous system has long been described as “neurology”. The idea of medical doctors trained in the treatment of the mind but not the brain isa relatively recent phenomenon, and has led to the absurd situation where a “mindless neurology” and a “brainless psychiatry” have become the only choices available for the medical graduate who wishes to undertake further study in the neurosciences. Psyche is variously translated as “mind” ‘or “soul”, but it certainly does not mean “behaviour”, as some modern psychologists and psychiatrists suppose. Logos, translated literally means “word”, however in the context of “neurology” and “psychology” can be used to refer to the total scientific knowledge of the topic next to which the suffix is used. Thus neurology refers to collective human knowledge about the brain and nervous system, whilst psychology refers to collective human knowledge (including that of past times) about the mind, thinking and thought (and even to scientific study of soul, if the term is used unusually broadly). Psychiatry, combining psyche with iatros (treatment) refers to treatment of the mind (and soul) and it is difficult to see how the mind can be rationally and scientifically treated without a rational scientific understanding of both psychology and neurology. Following this introduction to Freud, Jung continues with a description of his psychoanalytical technique at work: “[ still recollect very well a case which greatly interested me at the time. A young woman had been admitted to the hospital suffering ftom “melancholia”, The examination ‘was conducted with the usual care: anamnesis, tests, physical check-ups, and so on. The diagnosis was schizophrenia, or “dementia praecox”, in the phrase of those days. The prognosis: poor. “This woman happened to be in my section. At first I did not dare question the diagnosis. I was still a young man then, a beginner, and would not have had the temerity ‘to suggest another one. And yet the case struck me as strange. I had the feeling that it was not a matter of schizophrenia but of ordinary depression, and resolved to apply my own method. At the time I was much occupied with diagnostic association studies, so I undertook an association experiment with the patient. In addition, I discussed her dreams ‘with her. In this way [ sueceeded in uncovering her past, which the anamnesis had not clarified, I obtained this information directly from the unconscious, and this information revealed a dark and tragic story.” The story, briefly, is that the woman, who “was very pretty” was rejected by the “son of a wealthy industrialist” whom, according to Jung “she ‘thought her chances of catching... were fairly good”. After marrying someone else, her depression had developed suddenly after being told that the wealthy industrialist’s son had “quite @ shock” when she got married, followed by an tragedy when her young daughter died of typhoid fever, and she was thought that the infection had been contracted by the child sucking on a sponge tainted by “impure” river water. In his185 description of the story and his “miraculous” cure of her mental illness by telling her she was a murderer, Jung seems to accept, indeed reinforce the assumption that the child developed typhoid by sucking on this sponge, even though the woman’s litle son drank a glass of the river water without becoming ill: “She was bathing her children, first her four-year-old girl and then her two-year-old son, She lived in a country where the water supply was not perfectly hygeinic; there was pure spring water for drinking, and tainted water from the river for bathing and washing. ‘While she was bathing the little girl, she saw the child sucking at the sponge, but did not stop her. She even gave her little son a glass of the impure water to drink. Naturally, she did this unconsciously, or only half consciously, for her mind was already under the shadow of the incipient depression. “A short time later, after the incubation period had passed, the girl came down with typhoid fever and died. The girl had been her favourite. The boy was not infected. At that moment the depression reached its acute stage, and the woman was sent to the institution, “From the association test I had seen that she was a murderess, and I had learned many details of her secret. It was at once apparent that this was a sufficient reason for her depression, Essentially it was a psychogenic disturbance and not a case of schizophrenia.” It is clear from Jung's writings that, whilst recognising this woman's distress as due to psychological traumas that she suffered in the past, he failed to realise that her predictable feelings of guilt that she had caused the death of her own daughter through “negligence” could have been treated in a much more humane way than by accusing her of being a murderer. He also accepted the diagnosis of “schizophrenia” and an attendant poor prognosis, although he believed the pessimistic prognosis had been misapplied in this case. He fails to realise and evidently failed to explain to his patient that the belief she held that her daughter contracted typhoid by sucking on a sponge with river water in it was not a scientific certainty by any means, and the accidental death of her daughter hardly made her a “murderer”, which by usual definition refers to the intentional killing of another person. The fact that she did not have schizophrenia would seem obvious, but a deeper exploration of why she had been diagnosed as such would have perhaps made more interesting reading than this rather self-indulgent book makes. Jung explains why he considered his “psychoanalytical psychotherapy” technique a success “Ltold her everything I had discovered through the association test. It can easily be imagined how difficult it was for me to do this. To accuse a person point-blank of murder is no small matter. And it was tragic for the patient to have to listen to it and accept it. But the result was that in two weeks it proved possible to discharge her, and she was never again institutionalised.” (p.137) ‘She may have committed suicide after being discharged, Englishman Francis Galton another “Great Psychologist” according to Professor Sargent, was the first cousin of Charles Darwin, and is more notorious for founding the Society for Eugenics with Darwin's son than for any useful psychological work. The German psychiatry professor Emil Kraepelin is still venerated as the father of biological psychiatry in Australia, and acclaimed for his work in formulating the basic classificationof “mental abnormalities” and “deficiencies” that underpins modem medical psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. Rorschach is remembered for devising the ambiguous and unreliable “Rorschach test”, where inkblots are presented to the subject to be analysed and their responses interpreted by the analyst. Pavlov has become a household name (along with Freud) for conditioning (programming) dogs into salivating in response to a bell, but whose experimental legacy also included cruel human experimentation also. Professor Sargent continues his passage on “Schools in Psychology” with a description of “behaviorism”, yet another school of thought regarding thinking: “Behaviorism was founded about 1914 by JOHN B. WATSON, then an animal psychologist at John Hopkins University. He too was impatient with the narrowness of structuralism, but he did not feel that the functionalists went far enough in their criticisms, Watson objected particularly to introspection, which he considered unscientific. Psychology’s real concern, he said, is to study behavior, not consciousness. Expose an animal or a human being to a stimulus and see how he responds; record this behavior objectively and you have real scientific evidence. Watson and his fellow behaviorist experimented on learning, motivation, emotion, and individual development.” ‘According to Professor Sargent, “Psychoanalysis” is just another school of thought out of ‘many competing models, and one that is scientifically suspect “Psychoanalysis stood apart from the other schools. Founded by a physician, SIGMUND FREUD, it grew out of his effort to cure persons suffering from mental and nervous disorders. Psychoanalysis presents amazingly fruitful and provocative theories of motivation, of personality development, and of abnormal behavior. Unlike other founders of schools, Freud made no effort to verify his theories by scientific experiment. Freud's ‘major interpretations and those of his dissident disciples are presented in the chapter called Conflicts and the Unconscious.” (S.Sargent in Great Psychologists, p6) Chapter 13 of this 344 paged small hardcover book, titled “Conflicts and the Unconscious” follows a historically interesting chapter titled “Mental Disease”. Several names are listed in capital letters under the chapter heading: Hippocrates, Weyer, Pinel, Dix, Kraepelin, Bleuler, Griesinger, Beers, Campbell, White, Jackson, Meyer, Rosanoff. and Lennox. The chapter begins with what, taken literally, could be a self-fulfilling threat: “About one person of every twenty in the United States will at some time during his life be treated in a mental hospital. The care and cure of such persons is a tremendous problem.” ‘Then is presented a very misleading reference to the current humane versus the prior inhumane methods involved in the treatment of those deemed mentally ill or mad: “Apparently mental disease has always existed, but only in the last fifly years has it been handled scientifically. We have progressed a long way from the days of cells and chains for the insane. We still have far to go to reach an ideal solution.”137 ‘The supposition that the mentally distressed, confused, upset or disturbed were routinely treated by all countries, nations, governments and families with “cells and chains” is obviously not correct. In fact it is very few of the population at any one time who have been treated in this way, and this sort of treatment has been ordered by only a few people (mainly men) who have had the authority to give such orders and have them implemented. Professor Sargent also fails to mention that the routine treatments given to psychiatric patients who had been diagnosed as suffering “mental disease” (or nfental illness) were much more cruel and punitive than mere “cells and chains”. The imprisoned, chained “Iunaties” (by many names) have been whipped, immersed in cold ‘water or hot water, sensorily deprived, injected with known poisons and infections, made comatose, given electrical shocks to their head, genitals and hands, surgically or chemically castrated, starved and tortured in many other ways, always with the claim that these things were being done for the sake of the “afflicted” individual and the greater society. Inevitably a scientific sounding theory has been used to justify what would otherwise be clearly recognised as unethical and illegal abuse of the population by a “professional elite”. Convincing the increasingly skeptical population of the world that they have a superior understanding of madness and sanity, mental illness and health to other “non-experts” has been a longstanding concem of the psychiatric profession, and a “professional insecurity” can be seen in these and other efforts of “psychiatrists” and “psychologists” to claim a position as “legitimate scientists”. The problem of scientific credibility is addressed by Professor Sargent in the following way: “We have called psychology a science. Is this correct? Astronomy, chemistry, and physics are readily recognized as sciences; they involve careful laboratory work, exact, measurement, rigid laws, and sure-fire predictability. Psychology is concemed with something less definite and tangible, exactitude is hard to obtain and exceptionless laws almost never occur. “However, itis not the definiteness of its material which determines whether a subject is a science. (If it were, biology might be excluded since it studies the great unknown- life.) KARL PEARSON, an English mathematician and scientist, insisted nearly fifty years ago that the criterion of science is not subject matter but the methods of investigation used. If scientific method is used systematically, we may properly speak of a science, whether the object of study is minerals, bacteria, human thoughts and feelings, or social institutions. “Scientific method is no mystery. It is a definite procedure used in trying to answer a question or solve a problem, The problem may be a practical one like “What causes malaria?”, “What causes mental disease?”, “How does alcohol affect behavior?” Or the problem may be inspired by mere curiosity: “Why do objects fall to the earth?”, “How does heredity work?”, “Can animals lean?” It is interesting that Professor Sargent should mention these particular “problems” and “questions” and it is worth looking at the ways in which these scientific, biological and social phenomena have been researched in the years since this book was written, and ‘what conclusions have been reached by “the scientific community” about them. It is also worth looking at the medical research that was occurring in institutions associated withss Columbia University where S. Stanfield Sargent was employed as “Associate Professor ‘of Psychology” during the Second World War, ‘The first question, “What causes malaria?”, can be answered easily on the most obvious level: infection with the malaria parasite, which is carried by mosquitoes, and transmitted into the blood through the skin by mosquito bites, usually from Anopheles or Culex ‘mosquitoes, This is, however, only a partial explanation of what causes malaria, Firstly, not everyone who has malaria parasites injected into their skin will develop malaria, and Secondly, not everyone who has contracted malaria has done so by being bitten by ‘mosquitoes. Some have been given infections by deliberate transfusion of infected blood to test new antimalarial drugs, We AUSTRALAY DRUG EXPERIMENTATION AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE — CON NiCT(GN ‘The drug trials, on interred Italians and Jewish refugees, as well as wounded servicemen, ‘were reported in the Australian newspapers over SO years after they occurred, and was hardly commented on by the scientific press or politicians in the country in which these terrible abuses occurred. These experiments, on what were described in the articles as “human guinea pigs”, were done during the Second World War and for several months after the official cessation of hostilities, driven by the military and financial motive of testing new antimalarial drugs developed in Germany for toxicity by “the Allies” on captive populations. Its difficult not to see this as a hostile act against Australia and the Australian people, as well a the Italian and Jewish people who were subjected to torture, which was then denied. Even with the revelation of details ofthese cruel and unnecessary ‘acts by the Australian and British Governments of the day (who ultimately hold responsibility for their armed forces), the deliberate infection and poisoning of these people was not described as torture by the Age newspaper, although the reporters did describe the incident as “abuse”. The Murdoch owned newspapers in Victoria (The Australian and The Herald Sun) take not take the issue up, and The Age did not persist ‘with the “historical story” or make the necessary connections with contemporary medical science and research activity in Australia (and Melbourne, in particular) to understand why Guy Noleh may have written in the editorial of Australasian Science that “little has changed in $0 years” when commenting on biological warfare suggesting that the fault lies not with “the scientists” but “the masters who control them". ‘The drug Paludrine was being tested for ICI chemicals, a lange British-based company which continues to market the drug today, and the director of ICI Australia, Professor Ben Lochtenberg, hes been, for several years, the director of the Mental Health Insitute in Parkville, Melbourne. “ICI”, which is an acronym for “Imperial Chemical Industries” which was founded in 1926, a year before the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 2 time, between the two World Wars, that has been referred to as “The Depression”. Around the same time as the revelations about the infection and treatment “wials", ICI pharmaceuticals was transformed into Zeneca pharmaceuticals, which earlier this year ‘became amalgamated with the Sweden based Astra pharmaceuticals, forming a new giant139 drug company called “Astra-Zeneca”. The huge non-pharmaceutical operations of ICI continued as ICI chemicals, unaffeéted by the merger, according to the Information Service provided on a 1800 number by Astra-Zeneca. The phone message of the old Astra-Zeneca number in Melbourne announced, on 1.9.99, that the Melbourne office of Astra-Zeneca has closed, and the head office relocated to Sydney. The malaria infections, which occurred in remote North Queensland, under the auspices of the Red Cross, Royal Australian and British Military involved deliberately exposing physically and psychologically stressed individuals to extraordinarily high doses of malaria through specially bred mosquitoes and transfusions of blood infected with malaria. The infected people were then subject to physical trauma such as exposure to cold and then given massive doses of the chemicals to be tested, observing for toxic effects. After the war ended, according to the newspaper reports, pressure fom the American drug company Winthrop (producers of Panadol) and ICI resulted in the trials being shifted to the Heidelberg Military Hospital in Melbourne, which had orchestrated the Australian trials Heidelberg Military Hospital became the Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, affiliated with the University of Melbourne and later a major teaching hospital and public hospital in the north-east of Melbourne. On 1.9.99, the Age newspaper in Melbourne announced in an article headlined titled “Coalition pledges $1b for health” that, “the coalition’s announcement came as the Opposition launched its health strategy, promising to spend an extra $270 million building and upgrading hospitals ~ including $155 million to ensure the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre remained in public hands.” ‘The Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre has never really been in public hands. It was initially a British Military Hospital, which coordinated medical military activity during the Second World War (in the 1940s). The name of the hospital (which has since been changed from the German “Heidelberg” to the American “Austin”) gives some indication of the political loyalties that have operated in both Melbourne and Australia in the area of ‘medical research and treatment. This is the hospital that coordinated the malaria experiments on interred Italian and Jewish people during the WWII, and treated “veterans” for shell-shock (later termed “post-traumatic stress disorder”) after this war and all the wars Australia has been involved in since then. These include the wars in Korea, Vietnam, New Guinea, and will do so again in Timor if those gunning for a war over this little island and its people have their way. Wars make a lot of money for some industries, notably the mining industry, chemical industry, drug industry and medical ‘treatment industry. In recent wars, the increasingly influential “humanitarian aid” industry has also become a noticeable profiteer. All these industries are now set up along “corporate” lines, and “compete” with each other for credibility, sales and size. Many of the “humanitarian aid” and “charity organizations” have completely betrayed the noble ideals expressed in their titles and do the very opposite of what they are claimed by their “public relations departments” to do. Although on paper these may be “non-profit organizations”, this is merely because in Australia and America “non-profit organizations” including “religions” do not have to pay tax. Australia is, in other words, a tax haven for corrupt religious organizations, and the training people receive in Universities regarding philosophy, economics, marketing, politics, sociology, medicine and psychology are designed to corrupt ideals of truth,honesty, justice, kindness, generosity and peacefulness. The reason for this is simple. With the corporatization of the tertiary education system in Australia, the focus has been ‘on training young people to get a job, beat other people (compete ruthlessly), make more ‘money and be “compliant consumers” ‘The change of status from “inmates” to “patients” to “consumers” has been an official ‘one overseen by senior members of the psychiatric profession in Australia, along with other changes of name, such as “mental hygeine” to “mental health”, and “human-rights” to “anti-psychiatry”. Others, such as “eugenics” and “biological warfare” have disappeared from the vocabulary of doctors in Australia, to be replaced by “psychiatric genetics"(when applied to local practices) or “ethnic cleansing” (when applied to the Allies” military opponents). In the recent attempt at invasion of Timor by “UN peace- keeping forces"(with armoured amphibious tanks and submachine guns), the actions of the “Indonesian militias” has been described in the Australian media as “political cleansing”, again along racial and cultural lines. The television in Australia showed images of young Javanese men on new motorbikes, with new machine-guns, drinking Australian beer, on a “lawless rampage”, in which the East Timorese “capital city” Dili has been left in ruins. Desperate friends and families of people who were living or ‘working in Timor have been terrorised into asking the source of the terror and violence to send “restore law and order” in Timor, and have doubtless been assured that “minimum force necessary” will be used. One wonders, however, how mimimal force can be achieved when the “peacekeeping” forces are equipped with armoured tanks, guns, missiles, battleships and bombs, and trained in following orders (regardless of violence), obeying a patriarchal military hierarchy, racism, and emotional disconnection from the violent acts they commit. It is important to discriminate legally between patriotic freedom fighters and paid killers (mercenaries). It is also of concern that the Australian armed forces are notorious for producing racist, violent, men with major drug and alcohol problems, and this is not surprising, given the orders and training they receive. The ‘mercenary incentive, and the fact that they consider themselves obliged to “follow orders” (via a chain of command) make Australian and other “Commonwealth” mercenary fighters a global danger, regardless of how ignorant they remain of the line between patriotic national defence and offensive military aggression. How many Australian and New Zealander soldiers would go to Timor if they were not paid to do so? The elaborate system of psychological “training” that soldiers are programmed with to “stop thinking about it” and “keep fighting without questioning orders”, has profound effects on their behaviour during “action” (fighting and supporting “the war effort”), as well as afterwards, when they find it impossible de-program themselves and “return to civilian life". This is where the “repatriation” and “veterans” hospitals have developed and extraordinary system of “blame the victim” psychiatry. The “veterans” were said to suffer from “mental illness” or “nervous disorders” and discharged from the armed forces, sometimes on a pension from the “Commonwealth Department of Veterans Affairs”. Alcoholism, aggression, violence, drug addiction, gambling, nightmares, depression and chronic anxiety are all common problems amongst “retumed soldiers” and are the real fruits of war.161 ‘The Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre in Heidelberg, Melbourne, is the Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, and proposals have been made recently to privatise the hospital (sell the hospital to individuals and corporations), as has been done with several ex- military hospitals around Australia in recent years, One such hospital is the Repatriation Hospital at Greenslopes in Brisbane, which was sold to Ramsay Health Care, who claim, in their glossy 1997 prospectus that: “Ramsay Health Care was established in 1964 and has grown to become one of the largest and most successful private hospital operators in Australia. The origins of Ramsay Health Care were in the field of psychiatric healthcare where it achieved a reputation for innovation in many areas of psychiatry and for providing high quality care, The same culture and principles apply in all its healthcare operations, which now encompass a diverse range of medical/surgical hospitals in addition to psychiatric hospitals.” ‘The prospectus also announces that the company, which “owns and operates 11 hospitals located in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Wester Australia, with a total of 1,351 beds” had signed contracts in May 1996 with TF Woolham & Son Pty Ltd “to construct a new 30 bed psychiatric ward at Greenslopes Private Hospital for the sum of $1,515,011” and Transfield Constructions Pty Ltd (for $11,035,597) to build four more hospital wards at the “Hollywood campus” in Westen Australia. In May, 1996, the prospectus reports, Kilcullen& Clark was engaged to design and construct a psychiatric unit on the Hollywood campus for the sum of $2,489,749. In Victoria, the main centre of Paul Ramsay’s huge private psychiatric empire is the “Albert Road Clinic” in Inner Melbourne. The prospectus explains: “Albert Road Clinic was opened in July 1995 and in part was a conglomeration of three existing psychiatric hospitals owned by Ramsay Health Care, These hospitals were closed upon the opening of Albert Road clinic. Albert Road Clinic is an 80 licensed bed facility which is recognised throughout Melbourne as a major specialist referral centre. The clinic specialises in the treatment of eating disorders, adolescent disorders and elderly assessment and through its mood disorders programme, has formal links with the University of Melbourne.” Simultaneously, in a contract that has been kept secret by the Victorian State Government, a “135 bed forensic psychiatry hospital” is being constructed at Yarra Bend, adjacent to the Fairfield Hospital and previous home of the Macfarlane Burnet Virology Institute, which has relocated to the Alfred Hospital premises in Prahran. The Macfarlane Bumet Centre, which advises the National and State Govenements on HIV, AIDS and AIDS prevention, is run by their Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director the American Professor John Mills, who heads the “Children’s Virology Department”, according to their 1998 Annual Report, as well as being CEO of the company. Possibly presenting a major conflict of interest, Professor Mills is also described as the Director of AMRAD pharmaceuticals, which has recently constructed a massive new complex also in prime land by the Yarra River.162 AMRAD corporation, Macfarlane Burnet Centre, the Alfred Hospital and Forensic Psychiatry Hospital, as well as the Austin Repatriation Hospital all have formal and informal links with the University of Melbourne, Melbourne’s oldest university, and one of only two in the State of Victoria authorised to produce medical graduates and train them in various areas. This includes the training of medical specialists including psychiatrists and specialists on public health, including international public health. This training is a prolonged process involving in six years of undergraduate study, a years internship in the public hospital system, and a variable number of years in the public (‘teaching”) hospital system during which they are examined by senior specialists and, if they satisfy various criteria, allowed to call themselves specialists also (and claim both authority and increased fees). The same system, with some variations is in operation throughout the world, including Britain, where it originated, the USA, New Zealand, Europe, Australia and Japan. Predictably, given the history of Australia, the medical and scientific institutions in Australia maintain close philosophical and political links with the old English Universities Oxford and Cambridge in addition to an increasing influence from Harvard, Yale and other universities in the USA. It is usual practice, and often considered obligatory, that as part of their “higher education” graduates spend at least one year in Britain or the USA before receiving their specialist qualification. It is also the ‘case that many doctors with medical qualifications obtained in the United Kingdom and New Zealand are practising in Australia, without any particular qualification in the ‘unique health problems and psychology of the Australian people or a knowledge of their history or culture, Extraordinarily, many of these doctors, some of whom also qualified in other Commonwealth Countries, such as Sri Lanka, India and Canada, are working in the area of clinical and academic psychiatry, where a sensitive approach and detailed knowledge of the diverse cultures and languages of Australia is surely essential. MACFARLANE BURNET CENTRE AND INTERNATIONAL HEALTH ‘The 1996/7 Annual report of the Macfarlane Burnet Centre (MBC), states that it's ‘major corporate sponsors were HIH Winterthur (insurance) with $112,000, Rio Tinto (mining) and Smith Kline Beecham (pharmaceuticals and vaccines), however these “corporate gifts” together with other donations comprised only 7% of the Centre's income. The MBC also received grants from the Commonwealth Government (27% of their declared income), National Health and Medical Research Council (38%) and other grants, as well as interest from interest and dividends. The Macfarlane Burnet Centre Company retained profits at the end of the financial year, according to their annual report of $ 3,776,231 increasing their operating revenue to $ 13,424,863. This has allowed the company to expand their activities in South East Asia, South Asia, New Guinea, the Pacific Islands and Africa (Eritrea and Southern Africa) with new projects centred on needle and condom promotion and distribution (ostensibly for AIDS prevention) and vaccine experimentation. ‘The International Health Unit of the MBC, which is conducting joint projects with AusAID and the Red Cross, mention the following projects in the Annual Report for 1996/97; ‘193 HIV/AIDS and STD prevention and care in Indonesia; a $20 million joint project between the Australian and Indonesian Governments through AusAID, which is worryingly focused “with specific reference” to “three Eastern Indonesian Provinces- Bali, NTT and South Sulawesi. The project involves training from the MBC International Health Unit staff given to the Indonesian Government Departments controlling “education, manpower and employment, religious affairs, social affairs and family planning” and includes “a policy to provide HIV/AIDS and sexual health education in all Indonesian schools”. The MBC report states that “HIV/AID programming is now an established part of the strategic plans of all six departments, with dedicated budgetary allocations from the national planning board. “Pioneering” the use of “a novel, prefilled, non-reusable injection device (Uniject) to deliver hepatitis B and tetanus toxoid vaccines” to pregnant women, infants and their mothers in Lombok, another Eastern Indonesian island with a large non-Javanese indigenous population who have been seeking independence from Javanese rule in recent years Training “health personnel engaged in the care of women and newborn children, at levels in the [eastern] Provinces, down to the village”. These are the eastern provinces of NTB and NTT, and it is acknowleged that these eastem areas are characterised by “cultural, social and religious diversity” distinct from the western parts of Indonesia. Establishment of the first needle exchange program in India, in collaboration with the Emmanuel Hospitals Association, despite the fact that unlike in Australia, most of the cases of AIDS in India, South East Asia and Africa, do not affect intravenous drug self-injectors ‘Short courses (programming) in Primary Health Care and HIV/AIDS in India, Studying the incidence, morbidity and mortality of hepatitis E infection in pregnant women in Northern India (a newly discovered viral infection that apparently causes a 20% mortality in pregnant women who become infected with it) Development of the National HIV/AIDS/STD plan in Laos in collaboration with the Joint United Nations Program on AIDS (UNAIDS), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Government of the Lao Democratic Republic. This included advice from Bruce Parnell, who has a Masters degree in Public Health from Monash University in Melbourne, and was “engaged as a policy development specialist for six months as part of a larger project”, to expand existing programs in ‘the South-East Asian nation “in scope, and be complemented with further programs in provincial areas and in sectors other than the health sector”. Comparing combined versus separate Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTP) and Hepatitis B (HIB) vaccines in Thailand. Although no indication is given that hilltribe people are at risk of any of these infections, “funding was obtained for a subproject to164 strengthen EPI delivery in hilltribe areas”, because the rate of seroconversion was “somewhat lower in hilltribe people”. Seroconversion can only be detected by repeated blood tests, which presumably these people were subjected to, without proper evaluation of their environment, diet and the real causes of health problems in this population. 9. Community Health and Development in Vietnam, in collaboration with World Vision Australia and AusAID, which is introduced in the Annual Report with a revealing perspective on MBCs views of the modem “global economy”: “The introduction of a free market economy presents great challenges to models of primary health care (PHC) developed under communist rule. This project involved Dr Peter Deutschmann, who has a medical degree from the University of Melbourne advising cn the health of women and children and the implementation of “public health” measures, (predictably centred on immunization, many of which are available from the Macfarlane Burnet Centre’s largest pharmaceutical sponsor, Smith Kline Beecham, 10. HIV/AIDS Education and Awareness Project in Vietnam, also by Peter Deutschmann in collaboration with World Vision and AusAID. The synopsis reads: “Youth in Vietnam are vulnerable to the transmission of HIV through sexual practices and experimentation with drug use. The development of the first Vietnamese curriculum for sexual health education for youth in schools and the introduction of sex and HIV education to out of school youth provided the major focus of this project.”(p.53) 11, Strengthening Immunization and Malaria control in Vietnam, in collaboration with the University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the Walter & Eliza Hall Institute (an immunology and medical research institute in Melbourne, located at the Royal Melbourne Hospital). 12, Development of a National AIDS strategy in Papua New Guinea, again by Peter Deutschmann in collaboration with UNAIDS. 13. Development of National Drug Policy and standard treatment guidelines in Eritrea in North East Africa. 14, Development of “community-based HIV/AIDS prevention and care and malaria control projects in Southern Afriea (Malawi and Zimbabwe). 15. “Youth and women’s health project in six Pacific Island countries” 16. “Development of a regional strategy for the prevention and control of STD/AIDS in Pacific Island Countries and Territories”. 17. “The control of Hepatitis B infection in Pacific Island Countries”. 18. “Developing national drug policies in Fiji and fifteen Pacific Island countries,168 19, HIV/AIDS program evaluation in South-East Asia (by Bruce Pamell and Kim Benton in collaboration with the Australian Red Cross). 20. Integrated management of childhood illness (in collaboration with the World Health Organization) 21. “Project Male-call”: this involved training a “project team in recruiting strategies to access men who have sex with men for a national telephone sexual behaviour survey and implementation of the strategy in New Zealand”, 22. “Vietorian Aboriginal Health Service Youth Health Promotion Project: risk reduction in the Melbourne aboriginal community”, the objective of which is claimed as “to establish a longitudinal study of a cohort of young Aboriginal people in order to describe their health problems, explore the interrelated causes, of these problems, and describe factors associated with adolescent resilience and vulnerability”. The data collection will, according to the research synopsis, “include administration of an appropriate questionnaire which has been programmed for computer use”, a health check, and blood and urine testing. (Not the sort of information that one would want falling in the wrong hands), 23. HIV/AIDS policy development (Bruce Pamell, in collaboration with the Australian Federation of AIDS Organizations). 24, “SexDrive I condom usage study (involving Mike Toole, Roger Pole and others in collaboration with Enersol Engineering Consultants, the University of Melbourne Department of Public Health and Community Medicine and the La Trobe University Centre for Study of STDs). The synopsis of this project provides some details which give an indication of the MBCs strategic direction: “The aim of this study was to replicate an earlier study comparing the performance of two types of condoms in actual use; one that met the Australian and ISO standards for condom quality and one that met the more stringent Swiss Quality Seal requirements; and to compare condoms used for anal and vaginal sex. “Packs of 12 condoms were allocated at random to 101 participants from Metropolitan ‘Melbourne as each man entered the study and a pack of 12 alternative condoms was sent ‘out when the first batch of diary sheets were received. There were 1895 condoms used by 101 men over seven months. There was an overall breakage rate of 2.1% and no significant difference was found in the overall performance of the condoms. “Compared with the earlier study, the overall breakage rate is smaller (2.1% versus 2.9%) and the breakage rates for anal and vaginal sex were smaller than in the previous study. The suggestion of a difference in breakage rates between the two types of condom remains, but other, larger, or differently designed trials are necessary to confirm its existence.” (Is this really what we want our health research budget spent on?)166 During 1987, when I worked as a senior resident doctor and junior registrar at the Royal Childrens’ Hospital, I worked as a senior resident for Professor John Pear (who became Head of the Department) and Dr Barry Appleton (paediatric neurologist). Both were ‘unusual men who were abnormally rigid in their movements and obsessed by irrelevant details, protocols and hierarchy. Barry Appleton’s teaching rounds were frightening experiences to go on, since he aggressively quizzed medical students and humiliated them if they gave answers different to what he believed to be the case, or “took too long to answer”. He was said to have failed his exams several times before qualifying as a neurologist, however he had an extraordinary amount of information stored in his brain. It was very jumbled, and contradictory, however. It surprised me to read recently, in the rug-company sponsored “Current Theraputics” journal that Barry Appleton is also a senior officer in the Australian Military, specifically, in the Royal Australian Air Force. John Peam, who authored the article about “Military Medicine”, regarded himself, when I worked in the same hospital as a “paediatric geneticist”, and was obsessed by family trees, and reasons to add fluoride to water supplies. He also stood out from the other professors by always wearing full whites, and driving a convertible sports car. His general knowledge of medicine, science and clinical paediatrics was apalling, and his ostentatious obsession with “having people at his Grand Rounds” was a standing joke at the hospital It astounded me then, to read that John Pear is now the Chief of the Australian ‘Commonwealth Military Medicine Department of the Department of defence, in addition to continuing to work as a professor of paediatrics at the Royal Childrens’ Hospital. His official military and political title is “Surgeon General”, but he still doubles as a “Professor of Paediatrics”. These are some of the strange contradictions of Australian military and medical politics. THE MELBOURNE PSYCHIATRY HIERARCHY The medical education system in Australia has, since its inception, been rigidly hierarchical, with professors at the top and medical students at the bottom, and the ladder is climbed by the acquisition of degrees and publications, together with less easily identified factors, which come into operation in the mysterious “upper echelons” of the academic world, an area where global politics plays a greater role than most people realise ‘The Mental Health Research Institute in Parkville, Melbourne is Victoria's biggest psychiatry research institution, affliated with the University of Melboume and several public psychiatric hospitals in Melbourne, The institute is positioned adjacent to the recently closed Royal Park Hospital. Executive Director of the Institute is the engineer Ben Lochtenberg, who is also director of ICI, and Capral Aluminium, other Board Members including the director of the Banking Law Association (Andrew Mansour} director of Channel 7 and Country Road (Dulcie Boling), the former Chairman of TAB (lawyer Peter Redlich of Holding Redlich solicitors), and the Dean of the Faculty of ‘Medicine at Monash University, Professor Robert Porter. Porter is also, according to the Institutes Annual report, “Board Member, Southern Health Care Network, Member of Council, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Board Member, Medical Practitioners’ Board of Victoria, Chairman, National Expert Advisory Group on Safety and Quality in167 Health Care, Former Chairman, Medical Research Advisory Committee, Former Board Member, National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC], Former Board Memiber, Alffed Group of Hospitals, Former Board Member, Baker Medical Research Institute [heart research at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne], and Former Board Member, Monash Medical Centre. The Institute was initially set up at Royal Park psychiatric hospital in the 1950s, shortly after, as was revealed in the press recently, several Nazi ‘scientists’ were smuggled into Melbourne afier bombing of Japan and surrender of the Japanese and German armies to the Anglo-British “allies’. It is of note that the venerated Major General John Monash, after whom Monash University and Monash Medical Centre are named, commanded the “Australian Corps” for the British in the first World War, sending young Australian men to certain death in Gallipoli, troops over which he had direct command, The previous medical director of Royal Park Hospital, the psychiatrist Norman James has, since the closure of Royal Park, been appointed Chief Psychiatrist of Victoria by Jeff Kennett, (a government appointment), replacing the Sri Lankan psychiatrist Carlisle Perera who held the position for many years, Norman James, a small bespectacled man in his 60s, is one of the most politically powerful people in Australia, however, like other senior psychiatrists is hardly known outside the medical profession, police and judicial system. James wrote the opening chapter in the undergraduate textbook Fowidations of Clinical Psychiatry (1994) titled “A Historical Context? Init he writes: “It was in the asylums that the first widely available and effective biological treatments were developed. Freud himself trained in neurology and recognised that the severely mentally ill required organic forms of treatment. The discovery of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) by Cerletti and Bini who worked in a mental hospital in Rome in 1938 led to a simple and readily applied treatment for those who suffered from severe depressive illness and related disorders. Despite the advent of World War TI, ECT was rapidly adopted as a treatment internationally. “The discovery of lithium in 1949 as a treatment for mania and as a prophylaxis for bipolar disorder (manic depression) was made by Dr John Cade, a distinguished Australian Psychiatrist. This was soon followed by the development of major tranquillisers, the neuroleptics, by Delay and Deniker in Paris in 1952, although the initial idea of their application in psychiatry occurred in a general hospital when it was noted that they were effective tranquillisers for patients undergoing surgery. Shortly after this ‘Nathan Kline made the discovery that a drug being tested for its effect in tuberculous patients had an antidepressant action and thus the first specific antidepressants were discovered, again in a large mental hospital and this time in Orangeburg, New York”. Professor Edward Shorter, in A History of Psychiatry (1997) gives more details of John Cade's less than exacting methodology in his rapturous description of the “medical discovery” of lithium:188 “The story began in 1949 with John Cade, the 37-year-old superintendent of the Repatriation Mental Hospital in Bundoora, Australia [Victoria]. Cade, like Neil Macleod in late-nineteenth-century Shanghai, had not lost his scientific curiosity despite his provincial isolation. He was determined to see if the cause of mania was some toxic product manufactured by the body itself, analogous to thyrotoxicosis from the thyroid. ‘Not having any idea what, exactly, he might be searching for, he began taking urine from his manic patients and, in a disused hospital kitchen, injecting it into the bellies of guinea pigs. Sure enough, the guinea pigs died, as they did when injected with the urine of controls. Cade began investigating the various components of urine — urea, uric acid and so forth — and realized that to make urine soluble for purposes of injection he would have to mix it with lithium, an element that had been used medically since the nineteenth century (in the mistaken belief that it could serve as a solvent of uric acid in the treatment of gout). “Then Cade, on a whim, tried injecting the guinea pigs with lithium alone, just to see what would happen, The guinea pigs became very lethargic. “Those who have experimented with guinea pigs”, he wrote, “know to what degree a ready startle reaction is part of their makeup. It was thus even more startling to the experimenter that after the injection of a solution of lithium carbonate they could be tumed on their backs and that, instead of their usual frantic righting reflex behavior, they merely lay there and gazed placidly back at him. “Cade had stumbled into a discovery of staggering importance, yet he was able to develop it only because of his resoluteness in taking the next step. He decided to inject ‘manic patients with lithium... he injected 10 of his manic patients, 6 schizophrenics, and 3 chronic psychotic depressives. The lithium produced no impact on the depressed Patients; it calmed somewhat the restlessness of the schizophrenics, But its effect on the manic patients was flamboyant: All ten of them improved, though several discontinued the medication and were still in hospital at the time Cade wrote his article late in 1949, Five were discharged well, though on maintenance doses of lithium.” (p.256) No mention is made in this book, or in Professor James’ account, of the toxicity and risks associated with swallowing (or injecting lithium), which are, in particular damage to the kidneys and thyroid. So dangerous is this drug, that regular blood tests must be done to guard against acute and chronic toxicity. According to the MIMS Annual (1993), its “adverse reactions”, better described as “dangers and toxicity”, are briefly described as follows: “Administration of lithium carbonate may precipitate goitre requiring treatment with thyroxine, but this regresses when treatment is discontinued The ECG [electrocardiograph] may show flattening of the T wave. Hypercalcaemia, hhypermagnesaemia, weight gain and oedema may occur, and skin conditions may be aggravated. The toxic symptoms are referable to the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. These must be known by the patient and his or her nurses and relatives. Those referable to the gastrointestinal tract are anorexia, nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal discomfort and diarthoea. Those referable to the central nervous system are lassitude, ataxia, slurred speech, tremor (marked) and agitation. If none of these are present, the patient is not intoxicated. Patients suffering from lithium toxicity look sick, pale, grey, drawn and asthenic. It is vital to bear in mind that lithium can be fatal, if169 prescribed or ingested in excess...At serum lithium levels above 2 to 3 mmol/L, increasing disorientation and loss of consciousness may be followed by seizures, coma and death.” ‘Norman James, a New Zealand graduate from the University of Otago, is one of several ‘New Zealanders in senior professorial positions within the Victorian Public Psychiatric System, others including Professor Graham Burrows (Chairman of the Mental Health Foundation and head of the psychiatric department at the Austin Hospital in Heidelberg as well as many other influential positions), Professor Daniel O'Connor (professor of geriatric psychiatry at Monash University), Professor Jeremy Anderson (Professor of Psychiatry at Monash University), Associate Professor Ross Martin (associate professor of psychiatry at Monash and intermittently acting head of the adult psychiatry department of Monash Medical Centre) and others. In addition to being New Zealanders by birth and medical training, these men, who wield much power over the lives of Victorians behind the scenes, are all middle aged, Caucasian and university educated. They, and their professional colleagues, not all of whom are Caucasian, but almost all of whom are male, and none of whom are young, Aboriginal or from impoverished areas of Asia or Africa, live privileged lives in comparison to most of the world’s inhabitants, if privilege is to be measured in salary, financial investments and material possessions. They are also privileged if this is measured by access to information about the world and others. This is a matter of importance not just to State politics and human rights, but to National Security and the regional security of this part of the world, given recent events in Timor, New Guinea and South-East Asia, OFFENCE AND DEFENCE, It is important, from a legal point of view, to recognise the difference between offence and defence. This applies to the individual as well as to individuals nations and groups of nations. This is evident from military jargon, familiar from the media appearances of NATO, American and Australian military spokesmen during the recent wars in the Persian Gulf area and Yugoslavia, At these times, bombs dropped on civilians in other countries were justified as necessary for the defence and protection of other civilians in the same country as well as “protection of neighboring states”, A few times the American Military spokesmen admitted that a major driving force was “America’s National Security Interest”. The military, regardless of how aggressive, is euphemistically called “the defence forces", in Australia and New Zealand as well as in Britain and the United States of America, the latter countries having close military ties with the Royal Australian Ammy, Airforce and Navy. This is evident from the military history of Australia’s involvement in the First World War, Second World War, Korean War, Vietnam War and Persian Gulf Wars.170 The cover story in The Bulletin (August 1999) is announced as “Defence, Our New Policy Revealed” and titled “Operation Backflip” by the magazines National Affairs Editor, John Lyons. The article explains that the Australian Defence forces are gearing up for a more aggressive and offensive approach: “Despite the fact that events had overtaken the assumptions contained in them six months earlier, the government's two reviews premised on continued” economic expansion in the region were used as justification for not cutting Australia’s S11 bn-a- year defence budget. Our regional neighbours - so the logic went ~ would continue to ‘expand their military capabilities. “Now, an investigation by The Bulletin has uncovered classified Defence Department documents which show that Australia has been developing a dramatically different defence policy — in secret. Since the end of the Vietnam War, Australia had placed priority on defending the “sea-air gap” across northern Australia, Our desire for “forward operations”, such as Korea or Vietnam, had dissipated with defeat in Vietnam. “But what is occurring now is an historic change in the country’s defence policy. Australia’s defence force is becoming more integrated into the American military machine and has begun purchasing equipment with less relevance to its own defence needs “The reality is clear: Australia is now moving towards a forward defence policy, by stealth.” (p.21) It is relevant then to ask what a “forward defence policy” could involve and include. ‘What weapons and strategies are being developed by stealth in Australia under the guise of “national defence”? This question can be approached historically and by a survey of contemporary popular science magazines. The September 1999 edition of Australasian Science, a Control Publications glossy popular science magazine, contains an editorial comment by Guy Nolch in defence of the 127 Nazi scientists who were smuggled into Australia after the Second ‘World War, ostensibly to “keep military knowledge out of Soviet hands” as well as an article by Jacinta Kerin, based at the Murdoch Institute in Melbourne, titled “Biological Weapons from Genetic Research”, which is to be the first in a “new serial” on biowarfare according to the editorial. Guy Nolch ends his editorial with the following: “Last month Dr Ken Alibek, who defected from Russia in 1992, told the Intemational Virology Conference in Sydney about Russia's secret bioweapons program, which employs more than 60,000 scientists in 200 laboratories. His comments follow those of Laurie Garrett, author of The Coming Plague, who in Melbourne in May described how a laboratory sample of smallpox ~ which has been eradicated from the wild — has gone missing. The Russian bioweapons laboratories are the prime suspect. “It seems little has changed in 50 years. But should we really be blaming the scientists for these evils, or the masters who control them?” In “Biological Weapons from Genetic Research”, Kerin writes: “The role of genetic engineering in biological warfare can be divided into two main areas, The first is genetic manipulation of either bacteria, viruses or toxins in order to ‘maximise their suitability for biological warfare. Before molecular genetics, candidate biological warfare pathogens were selected on the basis of a number of naturallym ‘occurring properties that render them hazardous to human health. For example, resistance to environmental degradation, high infectivity, short and predictable incubation period and resistance to antibiotics and/or vaccines are some of the factors that might be ‘considered in choosing a pathogen as a bioweapon. “DNA manipulation raises the possibility that the list of candidate pathogens could be substantially expanded should some of these properties be genetically engineered into them. Alternatively, such technology gives us the means of fine-tuning any of the properties already identified in order to maximise their utility for a given attack.” (p 40) Most people in Australia had not heard about biological warfare until the late 1990s, when the media ran several stories describing the activities of “UN Weapons inspector Richard Butler”, who was maintaining that by developing “biological and chemical weapons capabilities”, Saddam Hussein, the political leader of Iraq was defying the “International Community” (and International Law, by inference), posing a major threat to the world, since these “biological and chemical weapons” are potential “weapons of mass destruction”. This argument was used by the US military to justify dropping bombs on Iraq, with the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, as well as Australian Prime Minister, John Howard, repeating that although “unfortunate”, this drastic action was necessary because “Saddam Hussein had ‘weapons of mass destruction” and was “defying” the “International Community”. (On Saturday, 18th April 1999, The Age ran an article by Tania Ewing based on an “exclusive” talk with “UN envoy” Richard Butler, titled “Irag: Weapons chief warns of looming Gulf showdown". The article begins with the caption “continued secrecy over biological weapons could trigger another gulf crisis” and a small, slightly blurred picture of Richard Butler with what looks like a smile on his face, beneath which is written in bold print, “Mr Butler: Angry”. ‘The article begins “Iraq has breached its United Nations agreement to reveal details of its biological ‘weapons program, including the location of missing warheads, a UN inspection team has found.” This team was that headed by Richard Butler, who claimed independence from American influence because he was Australian, and therefore “independent”. This obviously false supposition, given Australia’s new military policy, was repeated in various ways in mass media around Australia during the bombing of iraq which followed Mr Butler's pronouncement by only a few days, and has continued since. Mr Butler has also been a guest of honour at the University of Melbourne since he was removed from the position of “UN weapons inspector” amidst global outrage at the selective blindness and deafness that he demonstrated in this role. In the article, Mr Butler, who is quoted as saying that he was “frustrated and angry” and ‘that “Iraq had the chance to offer “full and complete declaration” of past biological ‘weapons programs and where they stood now.” He is also quoted as saying “We gave ‘them the opportunity and they blew it”. The article continues:m “After the agreement between Mr Annan and the Iraqi Government, the Security Council voted to threaten Iraq with the “severest consequences” if it obstructed inspectors.” What constituted “obstruction” in the eyes of Mr Butler is evident from later sections of the article: “Mr Charles Duelfer, the deputy head of the UN Special Commission and one of the inspection team, warned that Iraqi officials planned to ban future access to the palaces, in direct contravention of the agreement between the UN and Iraq. ~ “While the UN team did not expect to find prohibited material there, the inspections were designed to set up a precedent of unrestricted access.” It is worth speculating about how restricted access is to American Military installations in ‘Australia such as that at Pine Gap, not just to Iragis, but to Australians. It is obvious that ‘Australian medical research institutions and those in New Zealand, England and America also have the scientific and technological knowledge necessary to develop biological weapons. Can these institutions be readily inspected by their declared enemies, or even by their declared friends and allies? FRIENDS AND ENEMIES During the bombing of Yugoslavia earlier this year, several references were made in the Australian media to “the Allies”, meaning those nations which were considered “the Allied Forces” in the Second World War, with minor differences. The historical reasons for this identification with American and British military objectives as consistent with our own is obvious, but dangerous, since evidence that has surfaced in recent years that proves beyond doubt that “the Allies” have repeatedly betrayed Australia and the Australian people in numerous ways by involving this nation in wars that need not have cost Australian lives. Australia could, if it had strong pacifist leadership at the time, have contributed significantly to the cessation of hostilities in the region. This is the case now as well, and has been since the establishment of “defence forces” in Australia and New Zealand by the British Government earlier this century. ‘The names of the Royal Australian Army, Navy and Airforce alone testify to the historical connection between the Australian armed forces and the British Monarchy (and Government). Australia remains to this day a “constitutional monarchy” although there is discussion of “a new constitution” and a “presidential system” of Government. Interestingly, three important words have been routinely omitted from the “constitutional debate”: freedom, independence and democracy. Some might suppose that these are already widespread in Australia, and others that they are ideals which cannot, and have never been achieved in the past, in Australia, or anywhere else. Whilst both arguments have some validity, the first can be criticised as being naive and the second as unnecessarily pessimistic and defeatist. The evidence suggests that Australia contains a marked difference between individuals and groups of people regarding freedom and independence, and that true democracy has173 never existed in Australia, although most of the governments of the world, including those of Australia have declared themselves “democratically elected” and thus “ruling by will of the people”. In reality, the fact that social and financial inequities exist in extremes in Australia (and elsewhere) result in some people having far more influence ‘over government policy than others. It is also a well-accepted fact that large corporations, religious organizations, charity organizations and other non-democratic bodies also have the ear of Government policy makers and implementers, and presumably have an influence on decisions that are made. If several of these voices repeat the same thing this is likely to have an even more convincing effect on the minds of politicians and other government employees. If similar things are said by “recognised experts” with “professional qualifications”, the beliefs in the minds of politicians and others becomes more firmly cemented, Some of these beliefs are core philosophical beliefs, including ‘ones relating to friends and enemies, Allies are not necessarily friends, but may be allied against a common enemy. Thus England and France, which were previously considered “traditional enemies” witnessed by the Napoleonic and other wars, became “allied” against German military expansion in the 1930s. Australia, which had previously suffered the fate of losing many young lives in Gallipoli (Turkey) less than 20 years earlier, was called upon to support “the Allied effort”, rather than work out for itself who were its friends and who were its enemies. The immediate threat to Australia in the 1940s came not from Germany, but from Japan and the United States of America, and these came to the Southem Continent in the form of military craft: submarines, ships and aircraft, and also human beings hostile to the interests and needs of the Australian people and land, It is often mentioned in records of the Second World War in Australia, that the Japanese bombed Darwin, with an inference that this was the beginning of an attempt to destroy or colonise Australia and the Australian people. Thus it is assumed that had not Australia fought with the “Allies” we would have been “ruled by Japanese masters” and accepted that whilst tragic, the nuclear bombs which were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were unavoidable and overall in the best interests of peace, since after these bombs were dropped the Japanese “surrendered”. Likewise the loss of thousands of young Australian lives in various parts of Asia were, and still are, regretted as terrible, but necessary for preservation of the freedom and democratic way of life we enjoy today. The facts are that we have never enjoyed a truly democratic way of life in Australia and our personal and national freedom is being constantly eroded by the nations that credit themselves with “winning the Second World War”, the United States of America and United Kingdom. The psychiatric system in operation in Australia is one of the ways in which this erosion of freedom is occurring, and political changes that have occurred in the name of “globalization” has created a disastrous situation where the worst abusers of hhuman rights and freedoms are in positions where they can directly advise on the interpretation of human rights laws and the development and implementation of social policy, including the making of new laws Each State in Australia has different mental health laws, which is one of the confusing things about human rights in Australia, Australia also lacks any national human rights174 laws, and as the recent high court ruling confirms, does not even have national laws precluding genocide, In Victoria the current Mental Health Act was passed in 1986, with significant, but largely unnoticed amendments in 1995, which greatly expanded the ctiteria for which people could be incarcerated and forcibly treated in this State. The changes were centred on subtle changes to the wording of the act including the addition of the term “mental disorder” to include the term “mental illness” in the 1986 Act. ‘The reason for the addition of the term mental disorder was claimed, at the time, to provide for the forced treatment of a small number of “self-mutilating” people who, suffering from what is psychiatrically termed a “personality disorder® rather than a “mental illness” are excluded from forced treatment under the existing law. However events in the psychiatric literature at the time and since suggest far greater possibilities for application of this new reason for involuntary treatment. One is “Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder”, another is “Conduct Disorder” and yet another, “Oppositional Defiant Disorder”, all new “mental disorders” announced in the 1994 edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV). ‘The American Psychiatric Association is not a democratic organization, nor has it a history of supporting freedom, independence, human rights or friendship. The head on the emblem of the APA seal is that of the white supremacist and medical charlatan Benjamin Rush, who is regarded by the APA as “the founding father of American Psychiatry”. In addition to a legendary obsession with self-promotion, Rush had theories that “black skin is caused by disease” and “all mental illness is caused by abnormality in blood vessels of the brain”. Based on his simplistic theory, Rush advocated “blood letting” as the treatment necessary for a range of “mental illnesses” and also devised or implemented several torture devises such as spinning chairs and beds, immobilization chairs and other cruel punishments and then justified their use with scientific-sounding reasons. None of this is mentioned in the DSM IV, which does not mention Rush other than the words “Benjamin Rush 1844” under the portrait of this infamous man ‘The DSM does, however have a brief section titled “Historical Background”, which gives some indication of the perspective the organization would like to give of itself and psychiatry: “The need for a classification of mental disorders has been clear throughout the history of medicine, but there has been little agreement on which disorders should be included and the optimal method for their organization. The many nomenclatures that have been developed during the past two millennia have differed in their relative emphasis on phenomenology, etiology and course as defining features. Some systems have included only a handful of diagnostic categories; others have included thousands, Moreover, the various systems for categorizing mental disorders have differed with respect to whether their principle objective was for use in clinical, research, or statistical settings. Because the history of classification is too extensive to be summarized here, we focus briefly only on those aspects that have led directly to the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and to the “MentalDisorders” sections in the various editions of the /nfernational Classification of Diseases (ICD). . “In the United States, the initial impetus for developing a classification of mental disorders was the need to collect statistical information. What might be considered the first official attempt to gather information about mental illness in the United States was the recording of the frequency of one category — “idiocy/insanity” in the 1840 census. By the 1880 census, seven categories of mental illness were distinguished — mania, melancholia, monomania, paresis, dementia, dipsomania, and- epilepsy, In 1917, the Committee on Statistics of the American Psychiatric Association (at that time called the American Medico-Psychological Association [the name was changed in 1921]), together with the National Commission on Mental Hygeine, formulated a plan that was adopted by the Bureau of the Census for gathering uniform statistics across mental hospitals Although this system devoted more attention to clinical utility than didprevious systems, it was still primarily a statistical classification. The American PsycHiatrie Association subsequently collaborated with the New York Academy of Medicine to develop a nationally acceptable psychiatric nomenclature that would be incorporated within the first edition of the American Medical Association’s Standard Classified Nomenclature of Disease, This nomenclature was designed primarily for diagnosing inpatients with severe psychiatric and neurological disorders. “A much broader nomenclature was later developed by the U.S. Army (and modified by the Veterans Administration) in order to better incorporate the outpatient presentations of World War II servicemen and veterans (e.g., psychophysiologieal, personality, and acute disorders). Contemporaneously, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the sixth edition of ICD, which, for the first time, included a section for mental disorders. ICD-6 was heavily influenced by the Veterans Administration nomenclature and included 10 categories for psychoses, 9 for psychoneuroses, and 7 for disorders of character, behavior, and intelligence.” (p.xvii) Both the ICD and DSM classifications are mentioned in the 1995 World Health Organization publication series titled: “The Management of Mental Disorders”. Volume 2 of the series, subtitled “Handbook for the Schizophrenic Disorders”, suggests that: “There is no single specific symptom that is required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia In other words, the symptoms experienced by one person may not be exactly the same as the symptoms experienced by another person. However, as a group, people with schizophrenia display an identifiable set of symptoms. If someone exhibits one or more of these symptoms for a specified length of time, he or she may then be regarded as having a diagnosis of schizophrenia.” This “specified length of time depends on whether one is living in Europe, America or Australia, because, according to this WHO manual: “In DSM-IV, the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia differ slightly [!] ftom ICD-10 in relation to the duration of time for which symptoms are required to have been present prior to diagnosis. DSM-IV requires a minimum duration of six months, including a prodromal or residual phase, while ICD-10 requires the persistence of symptoms for only one month. The “most important symptoms and signs” of schizophrenia, according to the book are: hallucinations, delusions, thought disturbances, disordered thinking and negative symptoms.Fig, 5:1 Criteria for diagnosis of “Unusual Thoughts” as defined in the World Health Organization’s “Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale” (BPRS), repeated from Handbook for the Schizophrenic Disorders (WHO 1995) 11, UNUSUAL THOUGHT CONTENT: Unusual, otd, stange, or bizarre thought content. Rate the degree of unusualness, not the degree of disorganization of speech. Delusions are patently absurd, cleary false or bizarre ideas that are expressed with full conviction. Consider the individual to have full conviction if he/she has acted as though the delusional belief was true. Ideas of reference/persecution can be differentiated from delusions in that ideas are expressed with much doubt and contain more elements of reality. Include thought insertion, withdrawal and broadcast. Include grandiose, somatic and persecutory delusions even if rated elsewhere. Note: if Somatic Concem, Guilt, Suspiciousness or Grandiosity are rated 6 or 7 due to delusions, then Unusual Thought Content must be rated 4 oF above. 2 Very mild Ideas of reference (people may stare or may laugh at him), ideas of persecution (people may mistreat him). Unusual beliefs in psychic powers, spirits, UFOs, or Unrealistc beliefs in one’s own abiiifes, Not strongly held. Some doubt. 3 Mild ‘Same as 2, but degree of realily distortion is more severe as indicated by highly ‘unusual ideas or greater conviction. Content may be typical of delusions (even bizarre), but without full conviction. The delusion does not seem to have fully formed, but is considered as one possible explanation for an unusual experience. 4 Moderate Delusion present but no preoccupation or functional impairment. May be an ‘encapsulated delusion of a firmly endorsed absurd beliet about past delusional croumstances. 5 Moderately Severe Full delusion(s) present with some preoccupation OR some areas of functioning disrupted by delusional thinking. Severe Full delusion(s) present with much preoccupation OR many areas of functioning are ? Management of Mental Disorder: Handbock fr the Schizophrenic DisordosFig, 5:2. Poychiatry, the pineal and truth m (ironie comment) Vedic philosophy and Science descrbes He opine phe ony ghuchare wh He baw aS thar third £4f far Seng (Gntng press) fh perceiving bth snvelves insight + intuitie PSYCHIATRY AND THE PINEAL unpairac Tiyphplaan v rempleke wibilstea by 964 ¥ RE ank lepeessans een =p: Bb Prose | ZOLOFT ck ee malatonin ab Ruin Doar Ss PROFITS » Boed levels being pcagurdd WA rea” 4 “alepwesiten : prarmacaReal use bet Rveskgeted wh 19408 Coronas vedverity) ? boy 8D. 2 For pt (94 Bier thSomnla, Pyeumreic DoCTRAES ROUT! TRUTH * | Pwosorey of ONBERETAND INE TRUTH Bh gaqiniatne ult 1 aelation is RU delusion ean iE Tengpiesjby teincdonee, & be corrack We Lethe qayainer ie alongs mph : a Coaneshens end WWES are. “all Caineiien® Ui “ngght” aceepbenee oF a” debecve Whe en 1 pegenal DEAE ard SlseneRions iS an Namarnnal’ form oF aagoning, rz Opinions most be eb) vo Ousshons ck ‘ine! ane Padlotoxiny mor peyenaly 1 peyduay is noverasless , Seienk fe GD A delusion io Aalse Fixed beliet (iy Beet ah special power, pry abilikes ond urs ave delat (Weip tavisible, menbel Winastes Ore the product oF disordered “train dhemishy’ best Fuaked ey chammiels + shoes (iy mantel waFer ovhy these families are more Uihealy Bk cw Aeadernie Success and Reamoiel Swscess reflec 5 pens lpr pees ie saked (aver cragy are He Mest determi 3 Py experts yyere rigsorginal Analyse Phoned Seatesirae - CAUSES OF DISEASE from unhealthy mutations (Meta-analysis) & vecivring constanty . ramaily been deseribead by qunekcrtts 08 “randem’ (oraeRe * roy eequires Oras look ab Hace conte) ects aE SS ass oa 1 @rcinegens NB. = Cell chiviein 1b Chemveal Toxins -“4 es a. Mil foning eqrtutela “led pelivinnts Cet Dison fuel Comet ak Seder, EEE) 4, longing racteckeon tes \giradioacive meterich) be ches imewaclegeeal NArovt 6. Biological Marla Cons vatiare poyotogiea marine MUTATIONS é Clie eveurce li Greomotere) mmikaing and he duylopmank of cancers SB what caus Ke nbn and uahare. da Hay Have He MEE Byihine oF erect olepandts ow eott ace divin Ard ste (aallwur Cite) 4 mateon Senieus otgect ¢ ae SicuQanT $1765, He! TeenRS + Laks = si Gein = str enor get © Gerd _ond lyre sutton : Nahin creams (oa tireless) Riera; coop rode of cal division (tamover | | aLoPOGAS Fenty ao . @uawe ef GT Cee Jes oe eo ad ie Saar.) i ane canteen ote log iS ye tot) : @ luneslicaras rear Sieg mas arene ~engedte, Cag ev inmone egtem «= frcin Nae re Se nites s — Spores F Typprecgts Yuieus razognon ete Poe eG: (aah yagi OS™ Paap % Prtanis of eng Leniatelinenae 5 Cee Enrece Seger. scidbinn wboductin —$ NecPIIE stewie. beahana regnthion « sar a wh nto Iekeeeken @ Kier 7 Ranzapition ord ontiuckin ; Sodly mito eas Biaacene, : Eeeteaen, Cages et Jt a rl grein! macin neeveenics + Racer mice etting coe on Rie ro cals fale se Sarna a CESS E. Blech masrZRe ee) @ Gerads. ice tS Tyamany) OF -tates « sparm produ “Pageral meas, RAS mutebes gern cole ® sues ee tag agg on iy at mony Sg Geka akaon 44, pring APNE Fig. 5:3 Causes See meron eres : < 2 ones 6mm tor a Lfitine ert Poser ob tha Khe oF bir disese A HE meler hex Te Chern “to Araatntt rniekin On ETPOS “a aE neni domage «CAUSES OF CANCER 1. BREAST CANCER ji) RADIATION (ii) CHEMICALS (poisoning) (iii) GENES (including mutations) (iv) PSYCHOLOGICAL 2. LUNG CANCER (i) CIGARETTE SMOKE (ii) | RADIATION (iii) CHEMICAL EXPOSURE 3. LEUKAEMIA (i) | IONIZING RADIATION (ii) | ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD DISTURBANCE (iii) CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS A.Ingested toxins B.Inhaled toxins C.Skin exposure 4. SKIN CANCER jw SKIN CONTACT WITH TOXINS (ii) RADIATION (EMR & IONIZING)180 HOLISTIC CURE FOR CANCER: Psychological and Dietary Factors © Pratoimmonovoeica FCTERS © Beoshing te Immune sySem th feakiere opkmnitm idenkiying + eliminating Sars. ye oe vaphiong si Pagcrologial healing 1s negakie pracemephen’ wut ak 86 image, toed thas attibutds a althides Berne vor boelief paste : anal Yucperences choked gray winced aucun — sacking SEES devloyner © PsyeroPHmowercm PheTeRS Seppe oe aa vast ce " a wait te ReKuiog Reh. ( ttankion Be Coneerheston ar pants Lipid bCvagm) Broadtned reese end appreciation ie Merlot Relaxabion Lue Baas cocking? Cetafie thought and RekviRy cae Pn < Fercephion et tat and real perception emt oF cowed Arne and rhajthnn (tad & iirc) @ DeHRY FACTORS Diatny factor helade prepa end purity ct food & meter /Arink reparation widudes « geiag cian vegelables fruits heres nuts, cereals Or s Neeming te cock @ Avast venge wh dest malt + eakng fev need nak greed + focus om Adve! Aner and broadens? teste Oke Te a rege oF. ee ‘e og @ dew xi ca TION Ridding the Gedy of chemical xing Ino He mind ob meal Bains ae ects Chemical KRME Relude + chemitals whalad nd ingeerad Cee luis Feed polludents elude snoke Fepmones 25303. % foul Sine ankbiones ade ES: ra e oe Oa tare eee lee Chenteal exertion cecurs naheraly Gy TEE Tir keys, Skin «erst Al dhe body needs & deen wate?” and deen amr. “Tre mind Reeds < (ot more ivemoral ch indedhinakon peejuoki Fnqutening emevli and pastimishe: Imaginings ces imitansCAUSES OF ADDICTION 1.ADVERTISING 2.HYPNOTIC MARKETING 3.ADDICTION PROGRAMS 4.DRUG WARFARE 5.PAIN 6.EUGENICS 7.GREED 8. WEAKNESS 9.SORROW 10.HABIT 11.CHEMICAL OBSESSION182 CURRENT STRATEGIES FOR HEART DISEASE Current ‘public health’ measures, and those over the past 20 years, ostensibly to prevent heart disease have been designed with no appreciation of the mind-body relationship, and, through increasing anxiety about a range of ‘risk factors’, without empowering the people to change the habits that lead to these and other problems, has increased, rather than decreased the incidence of and total debility caused by heart disease. Established risk factors for the development of ischaemic heart disease (IAD), which leads to angina (heart pain), myocardial infarction (MI, y called ‘heart attacks’) and heart failure (failure of the of the heart), were widely promoted after the American Framingham study of the 1960s. In this extensive statistical study, involving thousands of subjects followed for several years, a number of now well-known risk factors were identified that predispose people to atherosclerosis (‘hardening of the arteries’) which is a disease process underlying ischaemic heart disease as well as cerebrovascular disease (which leads to ‘strokes’) and peripheral vascular disease (which can lead to blockage in arteries providing oxygenated blood to the legs and feet, causing peripheral ischaemia (lack of blood flow) and gangrene). These risk factors include: 1. Elevated blood pressure (hypertension) Elevated blood glucose (diabetes mellitus) igh serum cholesterol level (hypercholesterolaemia) Cigarette smoking (only tobacco cigarettes were studied) Obesity Family history of heart disease “Type A personality” (this concept has now been discredited) RAP aeD Although most of these risk factors are treatable through psychological change (particularly anxiety reduction and change in eating and drinking habits), nowadays the focus of prevention of heart disease by the medical profession (led by cardiologists and the pharmaceut industry), is on drug treatment of risk factors. Drugs used include antihypertensives, cholesterol lowering drugs, and hypoglycaemic agents. These are not without risks and adverse effects.CAUSES OF HEART DISEASE — 1.FEAR & ANXIETY 2.ANGER AND HATRED 3.GREED AND OBESITY 4.IMPATIENCE 5. INTOLERANCE 6.PESSIMISM 7.LACK OF LOVEneha ss 1 7 Doctae! sng Fig. 5:4 Indoctrination of Australian Psycho logical Dectors into American Corporate Psychology screening on agenda | esvcHotoaicaL seeing of GP will help GPs oetcarieny bese gE EE Ost Ua ad te Ua “Taaduing’ the’ biomadi¢al | deletion process for ie RACGP seer FERS ve cain ma! oF he 144 | tang progam song ese oma ins pea cue ae TAD | Sem ie ctogs aned sober Sins to help GPs cope mith ora Fem uibmeonservatie | Se . Pcie | Sod rebeesse poliRea-mlllg” | yin tore ad fer "The graduate eerie in general | Scienhe commoniftes ch 442” | Modine, sid the mecical taining eect prea nadia | USA, Ue aeayar 2 tesRng | maw nndwa teste oat “Tome RACGP ane Raya Aue | Ge~E for" expenmmantad mags, | See hee (ar Sinan Now nd ko) Ashok Sates rey Tse cna sas a ees Hat | mieneaa Wom de ee amber It was developed in response to | Tat Paradiqn Spbe: ‘Guring their postgraduate taining daz on eves of mena | menial nese @ Aewwable tre § plea or pe fst ie Aca age | pru iSe ngs at es comaclng Portion of ease it sen in gery | sil wextnct™ Dr Willa Ea stings Aa] | Stn poics wd by ner Bbaag and check Weebonor ee Lest freatmat fw Ke. Psych course “ag con es atechentee poco cee ou ee gontleregie Secon at 3 Soi ies fea gene Gouies eager 0 Rave GPs become — “Thar lies Le “poten mbt pce pens ow THe, cxtexin of jhe PSM ICD) "eetrmliemamas fasta Sea ees ore HiaGioscar Sratsenedly nEom et ° ny ooking pay toogcl pois whieh ae doe ‘tr noes pons Himes pa hoy 9 sei ‘hologel eng poses, “Tower, aquston ase dhe swheber we want sate he pple Behan or of ngs Dr Wills si was uniely |] esis soul be segs From the propa ss areal pychaoge kealiacse fete oes era ‘ui te pom (6 “we're good potion Reducing symptoms and disturbed : : ji ms evILLISER VEE FOR | igcmity the tesiment if necessary.” behaviour oot miseetet | Seale a ‘ mee ee st rma chee ae pcteag Biological interventions “wseeted, \PERATE | Shin condtions whi peent | eros aan a oral gear pace | tice rhe than being asym of | | Suaratnieee Sateen sor Sia af ng $0, Sytem! Nee Sram elnwaga Melon deca, 37 Osa 1937 Drug ‘Brand namels Wlowever omens ight be ‘Low potency drugs rig actos bereanet acess cRipramase Targa, Patan mance ieee de ene Trodanne Meter, Adazine cy ian pl as 3 MaTe® tons of peycbolgicl tsi an a ee OLA ERE cso epalppecays Tuphenazine Aoalersa [RACGP tet genet haloperidol ‘Serenace Lp aS" _ + (education and waining) Dr Richard ose = oBeromues | rote w dacs perence ora Saeed pcg he ilvoneraine Stelazine, Caimazine | sy ese Longa dope ioctons , Se ata uphenazine decanoale —_[Modecate The movechic twhile | sions Bo a Tuperihiol decancate ——[ Fluaneal “onan Hean Taloperdl decaroaie [aldol pres Tet nerve. ond + — 7‘THE ROAD TO SANITY: “wees Ae Bchca phecophy af pesca fessforaston ageesion [Fear ~conardice feregence fae in ont CONMTONINE . J TEE — [itt i toe nalre oy soucery [ome ee Aiaes | Seip ant maindedne 8S —— . rat are other people “men [bomen a) crenvinisen ctear fale > Taek Grhar calhares Petanctenkis children [old peoplesagiem J BEANS Sheet RE who do | weak te be with 2°" Prapicohons -ichas em | wheedad ot vwskat do [ wiaat R achieve 2 chee te pact be? ” aw What do ® look Uke? - Belree = wahat “eats 7 a whek ie de hed 2 ONMEMTRY + crane + ances “tahat & good 27,7, cease oe co ~uskak is voverg ? - mocha happend wa pas? wheal is iiepotont 2 y ~ what & god? ' \ - what am T bRe? CO weaeeer 2t, Feaniorr ral m imaginad bean a Bre. = weorrect belies Joelieh eyes eatural prycreses Shared delusions = unk Juncealitite ospreRons and” desi res ——- NULHEALTH a abies ditows 6 db a186 PROGRESSION FROM DELUSION TO PERCEPTION OF REALITY : oe F . « ee : . pape oes y Felgheds . Gulla +. Shad delusional 7 = Temill beliefs . ™ Peteciedt > Individual delusional bells colleckisn of beliats z Ze oo eh, : . Ss This medal Gr ba applied sr re ey Sree eras or hotsRealy Ue, ete Rgae em Reson & & tetelly deli eQ We oa 5 Dee Person & has some correct and Fome, 7 Veorreck belides “ Persen D Was a small bud” sane enone & Reson C yesiing fom delusion to Se. : ry supersani My Ces -etaly correct tone) ee by ring shins 6 apitomalogy Sper tinge et aa 6b due? PT ARue Shei oy requires On what basis do 2 belie bt be bue? the recogniKen of wicenvedt [6 te relative tad o absolute buh? belies (delusions) and recogni Ken Gc 1s Uikely? Gertany vs te ory V-hapotasis) oF what ene 2 ae aie Cis vay’ ve paki ¢ ake Pogasrive. mevement of he ls & legtau ? ming vito a closer pevdepfion C.” — Hews dots ‘ik link With cher Knowledge /oeiefs ? A ralily B both posse ond Ce Here cay contin dichchs ? apa fav mented health. (- | ted Gn Hey be resolved ? bteqretion oF cbiirdored knowledge