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Engineering
Balanced (Symmetrical) Faults
Fault Analysis
Fault?
When the insulation of the system breaks down or a
conducting object comes in touch with a live point, a short
circuit or a fault occurs.
Sources?
This breakdown can be due to a variety of different factors
lightning
wires blowing together in the wind
animals or plants coming in contact with the wires
salt spray or pollution on insulators
Fault Types
There are two classes of faults
Balanced faults (symmetric faults): A Fault involving all the three
phases
system remains balanced;
these faults are relatively rare, but are the easiest to analyze so
well consider them first.
Unbalanced faults (unsymmetric faults): A fault involving only one
or two phases
The majority of the faults are unsymmetrical.
system is no longer balanced;
very common, but more difficult to analyze
Fault Types
Single Line to Ground Fault
Three Phases Fault (Balanced Fault)
IF
IFa
IF
IF
IFb
Transformer
Transformer
IFc
IF
IF
IFb
IF
Transformer
IF
IF
Transformer
IF
IFc
IF
Fault Analysis
Fault Analysis involve finding the voltage and current
distribution throughout the system during fault condition.
Fault currents cause equipment damage due to both
thermal and mechanical processes
Why do we need that?
To adjust and set the protective devices so we can
detect any fault and isolate the faulty portion of the
system.
To protect the human being and the equipment during
the abnormal operating conditions.
need to determine the maximum current to insure
devices can survive the fault
Symmetrical Faults
(Balanced Faults)
Three Phase
Short Circuit
A Fault involving
all the three phases.
Transformer
Symmetrical Faults
(Balanced Faults)
Three Phase
Short Circuit
A Fault involving
all the three phases.
Transformer
V 10
Symmetrical
Fault Calculation
Simple Circuits
Load Ignored
Use Thevenin's Equivalent
1
Three Phase
Short Circuit
Simple Circuits
Load not Ignored
Use Thevenin's Equivalent
Find Pre-fault voltage
2
Transformer
Large Circuits
Construct
The Bus Impedance Matrix
3
T1
G1
3 phase
fault e
G2
2
T2
j 0.15
10
j 0.10
10
G
j 0.20 j 0.16
j 0.23
j 0.23
Example:
A three phase fault occurs in the system as shown in the Figure.
Find the total fault current, the fault level and fault current
supplied by each generator.
G1
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
T1
G2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
T2
2
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
200 km
3 phase
fault e
Solution:
Step 1: Draw a single line diagram for the system.
G1
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
T1
G2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
T2
2
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
200 km
3 phase
fault e
Step 2: Select a common base and find the per unit reactances of all
generators, transformers, etc.
Select the common base as:
100 MVA (100,000 kVA)
11 kV for Transformer low voltage side (LV)
132 kV for Transformer high voltage side (HV)
G1
V Base 132kV
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
T1
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
V Base 11kV
G2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
T2
200 km
3 phase
fault e
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
G1
XG1 j 0.15
G2
XG 2 j 0.1 *
T1
XT1 j 0.1
T2
XT2 j 0.08 *
TL
G1
100
j 0.2
50
100
j 0.16
50
X LINE
100 MVA
( j 0.2 * 200 )
j 0.23
2
Z Base
(132kV )
V Base 132kV
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
T1
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
V Base 11kV
G2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
T2
2
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
200 km
3 phase
fault e
From the single line diagram of the system draw a single line reactance diagram
showing one phase and neutral. Indicate all the reactances, etc. on the single line
reactance diagram.
T1
G1
3 phase
fault e
G2
2
T2
j 0.15
10
j 0.10
10
G
j 0.20 j 0.16
j 0.23
j 0.23
Find the total impedance (reactance) of the system as seen from the
fault side.
j 0 . 25
1 0
1 0
j 0 . 115
j 0 . 36
j 0 . 25
j 0 . 115
j 0 . 36
X Total
X Total
j 0.25 * j 0.36
j 0.115
j 0.25 j 0.36
j 0.2625 pu
j 0.2625
10
IF
10
j 3.8095 pu
j 0.2625
| S Base |3
| I base | L
3 | V Base | LL
100 * 1000
437.4 A
3 * 132
( I F ) Actual ( I F ) pu * I Base
( I F ) Actual j 3.8095 * 437.4 1666.27 90 o A
V Base 11kV
G1
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
T1
V Base 132kV
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
IF
( I F )G 1
G2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
200 km
T2
2
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
( I F )G 2
3 phase
fault e
( I F )G 1
V Base 11kV
j 0.15
10
V Base 132kV
j 0.10
10
G
j 0.20 j 0.16
j 0.23
( I F )Total
j 0.23
( I F )G 2
At 11 kV Side:
( I Base )11kV side
100 * 1000
5248.8 A
3 * 11
( I F )G 1
10
( I F )G 1
G1
( I F )Total
j0.25
T1
j0.36
G
G2
10
T2
( I F )G 2
2
( I F )G 2
( I F )G1 ( I F )T ,11kV
j 0.36
11800.3 90 A
j 0.36 j 0.25
j 0.36
11800.3 90 A
j 0.36 j 0.25
( I F )G 2 ( I F )T ,11kV ( I F )G1
( I F )G 2 8194.7 90 A
j0.115
Example:
Consider the single-line diagram of a power system shown below.
The transient reactance of each part of the system is as shown
and expressed in pu on a common 100 MVA base.
Assuming that all generators are
working on the rated voltages, when a
three-phase fault with impedance of
j0.16 pu occurs at bus 5. Find: The fault
currents and buses voltages.
G1
j0.2 G2
j0.1
Bus 2
Bus 1
j0.1
Bus 3
j0.2
Bus 4
j0.8
j0.4
j0.4
Bus 5
j0.1
j0.2
Bus 2
Bus 1
j0.1
Bus 3
G1
j0.2
j0.8
Bus 4
j0.2 G2
j0.1
j0.4
Bus 2
Bus 1
j0.4
j0.4
j0.1
j0.2
Bus 4
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 3
j0.2
j0.8
j0.16
j0.8
Bus 5
j0.4
j0.4
j0.4
j0.4
j0.16
Bus 5
Bus 5
j0.4
j0.2
I FG1
I FG1
Bus 4
Bus 3
I FG2
IF
I FG2
j0.6
j0.4
j0.2
j0.2
j0.34
j0.16
j0.1
j0.16
IF
j0.1
IF
Bus 5
Bus 5
j0.16
Bus 5
IF
Bus 5
j0.16
j0.34
10
j 2.0 pu
j0.5
( I F )G1 I F
( I F )G2 I F
j0.6
j1.2 pu
j0.6 j0.4
j0.4
j0.8 pu
j0.6 j0.4
Prefault Voltages :
V BUS 10 o
&
I G1
V3
j0.4
j0.2
IG 2
Bus 4
Bus 3
VGround 0
Fault Voltage :
j0.2
j0.2
V3 prefault V3
1 0 o 0.24 0.76 pu
j0.1
Bus 5
10
_+
V5 1 0 o ( j 0.16)( j 2.0)
V5
0.68
j0.16
IF
Fault Voltage :
V5 prefault V5
10 o 0.68 0.32 pu
and
Problem:
For the network shown in the figure, find the current flowing between
buses 3 and 4 during symmetrical three phase fault at bus 5 as in the
previous example.
G1
j0.2 G2
j0.1
j0.1
j0.2
Bus 1
Bus 2
Bus 1
j0.1
Bus 2
j0.1
j0.2
Bus 3
j0.2
j0.8
Bus 4
Bus 4
Bus 3
j0.8
j0.4
j0.4
j0.4
j0.4
j0.16
Bus 5
Bus 5
( I F )G1 I F
I G1
j0.6
j1.2 pu
j0.6 j0.4
j0.1
Bus 1
V4
Bus 2
j0.1
j0.2
Bus 3
Bus 4
j0.8
j0.4
j0.8 pu
j0.6 j0.4
IG 2
j0.2
( I F )G2 I F
1 0 o 0.24 0.76 pu
V4 prefault V4
prefault 0 ( j 0.4)( j 0.8)
10 o 0.32 0.68 pu
( I F )34
( I F )34
j0.4
j0.4
( I F )35
j0.16
( I F )45
Bus 5
V5
( I F )35
V3 V5
j0.4
V3 V4
j0.1 pu
j0.8
and
( I F )45
V4 V5
j0.4
Symmetrical
Fault Calculation
Three Phase
Simple Circuits
Load Ignored
Use Thevenin's Equivalent
Short Circuit
Simple Circuits
Load not Ignored
Use Thevenin's Equivalent
Find Pre-fault voltage
Transformer
Large Circuits
Construct
The Bus Impedance Matrix
IM
jXL
jXM
IG I M I L
During fault condition in the system, the generator as well as the load (synchronous
motor) will supply the faulted terminals with power from the energy stored in their
windings.
I FG
jXG
jXL
I FM
IF
G
I G ( I F )G I L
I M ( I F ) M I L
I F ( I F )G ( I F ) M
Example
100 MVA, 11 kV
0.05 pu. Reactance
Generator
G
0.25 pu
On 100 MVA Base
sub-transient
3 phase
reactance
fault
50 MVA, Motor
M 0.2 pu
sub-transient
reactance
Solution:
The network could be represented as
shown in the Fig.
IG
j0.05
IM
j0.25
j0.4
M
40 MW
2636.4 A
3 ( 10.95 kV )( 0.8 )
( I L ) pu
2636.4
0.502 pu
5248.88
j0.05
10.95
0.995 pu
11
(V M ) pu 0.995 0 o pu
j0.25
j0.4
VM
M
VG I L ( j 0.050 ) VM
j0.05
VG ( 0.9799 j 0.0201 ) pu
X TH
( j 0.25)( j 0.45)
( j 0.25) ( j 0.45)
j 0.1607 pu
X TH
X TH
j0.4
(I F ) pu
0.9799 j 0.0201
j 0.1607
j0.05
(I)G
(I)M
j0.25
j0.4
G
IF
(I F ) pu (0.125 j 6.09) pu
j0.45
j0.45 j0.25
(I F )G (0.08 j 3.91) pu
G1
T1
Vf
4
G2
T2
3
If a 3 phase short circuit
occurs a bus 2.
G1
T1
2 Vf
1
Then, the system can be
analyzed using the reactance
circuit.
I "f
A huge current
will run in the system
during the fault
condition.
3 phase
fault e
T2
G2
4
I "f
During the three-phase fault, the voltage between bus 2 and the
reference becomes zero. Therefore, the 3 phase fault at bus 2 can be
simulated by making the voltage between bus 2 and Ref. is equal to
zero during the fault condition.
3
I "f
4
V f
Vf
This means that, the Fault current I "f during the three-phase short
circuit results from the voltage source (V f )
2
1
I "f
V1
V
2
V3
V4
V1
Vf
V3
V4
V f
''
Z
Z
Z
Z
22
23
24 I f
21
Z 31 Z 32 Z 33 Z 34 0
41 Z 42 Z 43 Z 44 0
Z
Z BUS
Note:
Vi is the voltage difference between node i and the reference node
due to the current I "f .
Or
V1
V
2
V3
V4
V1
Vf
V3
V4
Z12 I''f
''
Z 22 I f
''
Z
I
32 f
Z 42 I''f
I 'f'
Vf
Z 22
V
2
V3
V
4
V1
Vf
V 3
V
4
Z12
Z V f
22
V f
Z
32
Vf
Z 22
Z 42
Vf
Z 22
Vi ( Bus i
Vi
voltage )
V f ( Pre fault
voltage ) Vi
V1
V
2 =
V3
V4
V
f
V f
V f
V
f
V1
+ V2
V3
V4
Z12
1 Z
22
V f Z 32
1
Z 22
Z
1 42
Z 22
Example:
A three-phase fault occurs at bus
2 of the network shown in the
Figure.
Determine:
1. the sub-transient current
during the fault,
2.the voltages at all the buses
3.The current flow during the
fault from buses 3-2, 1-2 and 4-2.
3
G1
T1
3 phase
fault e
T2
G2
2 Vf
3
j0.25pu
Solution:
j0.2 pu
j0.1pu
j0.25pu
2
j0.125pu
1
Construct the bus impedance
Matrix (ZBUS)
j0.4 pu
4
j0.2 pu
ZBUS
j0.2436
j0.1938
j0.1544
j0.1456
j0.1938
j0.2295
j0.1494
j0.1506
j0.1544
j0.1494
j0.1954
j0.1046
j0.2up
j0.1pu
j0.1456
j0.1506
j0.1046
j0.1954
NOTE:
Constructing ZBus will be discussed later.
Since there are no-load currents, the pre-fault voltage at all the buses is equal to
1.0 pu. When the fault occurs at bus 2,
3
I ''f
Vf
Z 22
V1
V = V
f
2
V3
V4
V1
V
2 = V
f
V3
V4
G1
1.0
j 4.357 pu
j 0.2295
Z 12
1 Z
22
1 Z 32
Z 22
1 Z 42
Z 22
Z 12
1 Z
22
0
1 Z 32
Z 22
Z
1 42
Z 22
2 Vf
3 phase
fault e
T1
T2
G2
j0.2436
j0.1938
ZBUS
j0.1544
j0.1456
j0.1938
j0.2295
j0.1494
j0.2295
j0.1506
j0.2295
0.155
= 0
0.349
0.343
j0.1938
j0.2295
j0.1494
j0.1506
j0.1544
j0.1494
j0.1954
j0.1046
j0.1456
j0.1506
j0.1046
j0.1954
3
j0.25pu
j0.2 pu
j0.1pu
0.1556
j 0.125
j0.25pu
2
j0.125pu
I 12 j 1.2448 pu
1
j0.4 pu
j0.2 pu
j0.2 pu
j0.1pu
I "f
V3 V1
j 0.7736 pu
j 0.25