Heat Pump

A heat pump is a device which applies external work to extract an amount

of heat QC from a cold reservoir and delivers heat QH to a hot reservoir. A
heat pump is subject to the same limitations from the second law of
thermodynamics as any other heat engine and therefore a maximum
efficiency can be calculated from the Carnot cycle. Heat Pumps are usually
characterized by a coefficient of performance which is the number of units
of energy delivered to the hot reservoir per unit work input.

There is a theoretical maximum CP, that of the Carnot cycle :

For a refrigerator, however, the useful quantity is the heat extracted, Q C ,

not the heat exhausted. Therefore, the coefficient of performance of a
refrigerator is expressed as

Note: In calculating the coefficient of performance, or any other heat-engine

related quantities, the temperatures must be the values in Kelvins.
Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
Air conditioners and heat pumps are heat engines like the refrigerator.
They make good use of the high quality and flexibility of electric energy in
that they can use one unit of electric energy to transfer more than one unit
of energy from a cold area to a hot area. For example, an electric resistance
heater using one kilowatt-hour of electric energy can transfer only 1 kWh of
energy to heat your house at 100% efficiency. But 1 kWh of energy used in
an electric heat pump could "pump" 3 kWh of energy from the cooler
outside environment into your house for heating. The ratio of the energy
transferred to the electric energy used in the process is called its coefficient
of performance (CP). A typical CP for a commercial heat pump is between 3
and 4 units transferred per unit of electric energy supplied.

For consumer refrigerators in the U.S., the coefficient of performance for

refrigerators is typically recast into a number called the Energy Efficiency
Ratio.
Energy Efficiency Ratio
The efficiencies of air conditioners and heat pumps sold in the United
States are often stated in terms of an energy efficiency ratio (EER):

This peculiar ratio can be compared to the more straightforward coefficient

of performance by converting BTU/hr to watts:

Coefficient of Performance
The coefficient of performance (CP) for a heat pump is the ratio of the
energy transferred for heating to the input electric energy used in the
process. In reference to the standard heat engine illustration, the coefficient
is defined by

Therefore CP = EER x 0.292. The range of EER's for air conditioners is

typically about 5.5 to 10.5 with those units for which EER>7.5 being
classified as "high efficiency" units. This is a range of 1.6 to 3.1 in CP.

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