Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Technical
Technical
Introduction
Introduction to
to CDMA
CDMA
IS-95 CDMA and a few details of CDMA2000 1x
February, 2003
132 - 1
Course Outline
Basic CDMA Principles
Coding
Forward and Reverse Channels
CDMA Operational Details
Multiplexing, Forward and Reverse Power Control
CDMA Handset Architecture
CDMA Handoffs
CDMA Network Architecture
CDMA Messaging and Call Flow
Optional Topics
Wireless Multiple Access Technologies
Overview of Current Technologies
Capacity; CDMA Overlays, Spectrum Clearing
February, 2003
132 - 2
Section A
How
How Does
Does CDMA
CDMA Work?
Work?
Introduction
Introduction to
to Basic
Basic Principles
Principles
February, 2003
132 - 3
Claude Shannon:
The Einstein of Information Theory
The core idea that makes CDMA
possible was first explained by
Claude Shannon, a Bell Labs
research mathematician
Shannon's work relates amount
of information carried, channel
bandwidth, signal-to-noise-ratio,
and detection error probability
It shows the theoretical
upper limit attainable
In 1948 Claude Shannon published his landmark
paper on information theory, A Mathematical
Theory of Communication. He observed that
"the fundamental problem of communication is
that of reproducing at one point either exactly or
approximately a message selected at another
point." His paper so clearly established the
foundations of information theory that his
framework and terminology are standard today.
Shannon died Feb. 24, 2001, at age 84.
February, 2003
SHANNONS
CAPACITY EQUATION
C = B log2 [
1+
S
N
B = bandwidth in Hertz
C = channel capacity in bits/second
S = signal power
N = noise power
132 - 4
CDMA
AMPS: +17 dB
TDMA: +14 to +17 dB
GSM: +7 to 9 dB.
CDMA: -10 to -17 dB.
CDMA: Eb/No ~+6 dB.
February, 2003
132 - 5
Direct Sequence
Frequency
Frequency
User 1
+
=
February, 2003
Code 1
Composite
132 - 6
At Originating Site:
Input A: Users Data @
19,200 bits/second
Input B: Walsh Code #23
@ 1.2288 Mcps
Output: Spread
spectrum signal
At Destination Site:
Input A: Received
spread spectrum signal
Input B: Walsh Code #23
@ 1.2288 Mcps
Output: Users Data @
19,200 bits/second just
as originally sent
February, 2003
Originating Site
XOR
Exclusive-OR
Gate
Destination Site
XOR
Exclusive-OR
Gate
132 - 7
Slow
Information
Sent
TX
Slow
Information
Recovered
RX
SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband
Signal
Slow
Information
Sent
Slow
Information
Recovered
TX
Fast
Spreading
Sequence
RX
Fast
Spreading
Sequence
February, 2003
132 - 8
February, 2003
21 db
18 db
15 db
12 db
16
9 db
32
6 db
132 - 9
Chips
February, 2003
132 - 10
Users
Analog
Summing
1
if 0 =
if 1 =
BTS
Demodulated
Received
CDMA Signal
Despreading Sequence
(Locally Generated, =0)
Received energy: Correlation
Decision:
matches
+10
opposite
-26
Time
Integration
Matches!
(=0) 1
Opposite
( =1)
-16
132 - 11
DESTINATION
Spread Data Stream
Input
Data
Recovered
Data
Spreading
Sequence
Spreading
Sequence
February, 2003
132 - 12
Mailer
FedEx
Data
Receiving
FedEx
Shipping
Mailer
Data
February, 2003
132 - 13
DESTINATION
X+A
Input
Data
Recovered
Data
X
Spreading Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence Sequence
February, 2003
132 - 14
0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
#
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
In CDMA2000, user data comes at various speeds, and different lengths of walsh codes can exist.
See Course 332 for more details on CDMA2000 1xRTT fast data channels and additional Walsh codes.
February, 2003
132 - 15
February, 2003
132 - 16
I
Q
I-sequence
RF: cos t
Walsh
users
symbols
Same
information
duplicated
on I and Q
Q-sequence
Short PN
Scrambling
QPSKmodulated
RF
Output
RF: sin t
QPSK
Serial to
Parallel
Output
Walsh
symbols
the two sequences scramble
+
the information on the I and Q
Different
phase channels
+
Information
Q-sequence
on I and Q
Figures to the right show how one
sin t
users channel is built at the bTS
RF
Complex Scrambling
February, 2003
132 - 17
clock
Every phone and every BTS channel element has a Long Code generator
Long Code State Register makes long code at system reference timing
A Mask Register holds a user-specific unique pattern of bits
Each clock pulse drives the Long Code State Register to its next state
State register and Mask register contents are added in the Summer
Summer contents are modulo-2 added to produce just a single bit output
The output bits are the Long Code, but shifted to the users unique offset
February, 2003
132 - 18
PERMUTED ESN
fixed
SUMMING REGISTER
fixed
AC# PC#
BASE_ID
SUMMING REGISTER
February, 2003
PILOT PN
132 - 19
FORWARD CHANNELS
REVERSE CHANNELS
00000000000
+LC
Msg
+LC
Msgs
User+msg +LC
User+msg
+LC
My tfc+msg+LC
User+msg +LC
User+msg
BTS
SHORT PN CODE
AT UNIQUE PN OFFSET
scrambling
+LC
W0
W32
W1
W2
PIlot
Sync
Paging
anothers traffic channel
W15
W23
W24
My traffic channel
anothers traffic channel
W63
February, 2003
IS-95 mobile
answers page
W00 W51 W07 W11
Information carried
as walsh symbols
Information carried
as walsh symbols
SHORT
PN
LONG CODE
CODE @ACCESS CH
@ ZERO
PN OFFSET
OFFSET
Access
CH msg
SHORT
PN
LONG CODE
CODE @ my phones
@ ZERO
PN OFFSET
OFFSET
My TFC
+ msgs
IS-95 mobile
during call
Each mobile uses its ESN to determine its own unique Long PN
offset. There are at least 2^32 offsets possible, plus additional
optional private long code offsets. The limit really depends on S/N.
132 - 20
00000000000
+LC
Msg
+LC
Msgs
User+msg +LC
User+msg +LC
User+msg +LC
a users
fast data
User+msg
BTS
REVERSE CHANNELS
Long code
data
scrambling
+LC
SHORT PN CODE
AT UNIQUE PN OFFSET
1xRTT
Sector
+LC
W0
W32
W1
W17
W25
W41
PIlot
Sync
Paging
a fundamental channel
My Fundamental Channel
a fundamental channel
W3
Supplemental Channel
(used on demand for
fast data bursts toward
individual data users)
W53
a fundamental channel
Information carried
as walsh symbols
any mobile
originating
SHORT
PN
LONG CODE
CODE @ACCESS CH
@ ZERO
PN OFFSET
OFFSET
Access
CH msg
IS-95 mobile
in call
Information carried
as walsh symbols
Pilot+PwrCtrl
Fund. CH
Suppl. CH
Access, DCCH
SHORT
PN
LONG CODE
CODE @ my phones
@ ZERO
PN OFFSET
OFFSET
My TFC
+ msgs
1xRTT mobile
in call
W0
W4
W1, 2
W6,8
SHORT LONG
Pilot+PC
CODE
PN
pri+msgs
@ my
CODE phones
fast data
@ ZERO
PN
OFFSET OFFSET stdby ctrl
132 - 21
Section B
IS-95
IS-95 CDMA
CDMA Forward
Forward and
and
Reverse
Reverse Channels
Channels
February, 2003
132 - 22
Short PN Code
PN Offset 246
I Q
cos t
FEC
x
Walsh #32
Sync
FEC
x
sin t
Walsh #1
Paging
FEC
Walsh #12
Vocoder
FEC
Walsh #23
Vocoder
FEC
a Channel Element
Walsh #27
Vocoder
FEC
Walsh #44
Vocoder
more
more
February, 2003
FEC
Transmitter,
Sector X
A Forward Channel
is identified by:
its CDMA RF
carrier Frequency
Q the unique Short
Code PN Offset of
the sector
the unique Walsh
Code of the user
more
Technical Introduction to CDMA v3.23 (c) 2003 Scott Baxter
132 - 23
Walsh 0
Paging
Walsh 1
Walsh 11
Walsh 19
Walsh 6
Walsh 20
Sync
Walsh 32
Walsh 37
Walsh 41
Walsh 42
Walsh 55
Walsh 56
Walsh 60
February, 2003
132 - 24
BSC,
BTS (1 sector)
CBSC,
Access Long Code Gen
Manager
Access Channels
Channel Element
Channel Element
Long Code Gen
Vocoder
Long
Code
offset
Receiver,
Sector X
Channel Element
a Channel Element
Channel Element
Long Code Gen
more
Vocoder
Channel Element
more
more
February, 2003
Long
Code
offset
Long
Code
offset
Long
Code
offset
Long
Code
offset
132 - 25
REG
1-800
242
4444
Although a sector can have up to seven paging channels, and each paging channel
can have up to 32 access channels, nearly all systems today use only one paging
channel per sector and only one access channel per paging channel.
February, 2003
132 - 26
REVERSE CHANNELS
W0: PILOT
W32: SYNC
BTS
W1: PAGING
ACCESS
TRAFFIC
Wn: TRAFFIC
Existing IS-95A/JStd-008 CDMA uses the channels above for call setup and
traffic channels all call processing transactions use these channels
traffic channels are 9600 bps (rate set 1) or 14400 bps (rate set 2)
IS-2000 CDMA is backward-compatible with IS-95, but offers additional
radio configurations and additional kinds of possible channels
These additional modes are called Radio Configurations
IS-95 Rate Set 1 and 2 are IS-2000 Radio Configurations 1 & 2
February, 2003
132 - 27
FORWARD CHANNELS
F-Pilot
Includes Power
Control Subchannel
F-Sync
1 to 7
PAGING
Access Channel
(IS-95B compatible)
Enhanced
Access Channel
0 to 8
F-BCH
0 to 3
F-QPCH
F-CPCCH
Common
Power Control Channel
How many 1
Possible:
1
0 to 4
BTS
0 to 7
0 to 7
Users:
0 to many
1
Broadcast Channel
F-CACH
Common
Assignment Channel
F-CCCH
Common
Control Channels
F-TRAFFIC
F-FCH
Forward
Traffic Channels
Fundamental Channel
Dedicated
Control Channel
0 or 1
F-DCCH
0 to 7
0 to 2
F-SCH
Supplemental
Supplemental
Channels RC3,4,5
Common
Control Channel
R-Pilot 1
R-ACH or
R-EACH
R-CCCH 0 or 1
R-TRAFFIC
Reverse Fundamental
Channel (IS95B comp.)
Dedicated
Control Channel
R-FCH
R-DCCH 0 or 1
Reverse
Supplemental Channel
R-SCH 0 to 2
February, 2003
132 - 28
GPS
Access Manager
or (C)BSC
BTS
GPS
GPSR
SLM
CM
GPSR
BSM
TFU1
DMS-BUS
CDSU
LPP ENET
LPP
CDSU
DS0 in T1
DTCs
Vocoders
Selectors
CDSU DISCO
TFU
CDSU
DISCO 1
CDSU
Packets
DISCO 2
Ch. Card
ACC
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
SBS
IOC
CDSU
Vocoder
Txcvr
A
Txcvr
B
Txcvr
C
RFFE
A
RFFE
B
RFFE
C
Chips
Channel
Element
RF
PSTN
February, 2003
132 - 29
symbols
chips
I PN
CHANNEL ELEMENT
9600 bps
4800 bps
R = 1/2
19.2
2400 bps
ksps
Convolutional
1200 bps
Encoding and
or
Symbol
Repetition
14400 bps
Puncturing
28.8
7200 bps
ksps (13 kb only)
3600 bps
1800 bps
(From Vocoder)
User Address
Mask
(ESN-based)
February, 2003
Power
Control
Bit
Scrambling
Block
Interleaving
Walsh
function
M
U
X
1.2288
Mcps
19.2
ksps
1.2288
Long PN Code Mcps
Generation
19.2
ksps
Decimator
Decimator
Q PN
800 Hz
132 - 30
I PN
9600 bps
4800 bps
2400 bps
1200 bps
or
14400 bps
7200 bps
3600 bps
1800 bps
(no offset)
R = 1/3
Convolutional
Encoder &
Repetition
28.8
ksps
Block
Interleaver
28.8
307.2
ksps Orthogonal kcps Data Burst
Randomizer
Modulation
1/2 PN
Chip
Delay
D
R = 1/2
User Address
Mask
February, 2003
1.2288
Mcps
Long
PN Code
Generator
1.2288
Mcps
Q PN
(no offset)
Direct
Sequence
Spreading
132 - 31
Section C
IS-95
IS-95 Operational
Operational Details
Details
Vocoding,
Vocoding, Multiplexing,
Multiplexing, Power
Power Control
Control
February, 2003
132 - 32
24/36
1/8
February, 2003
Messaging)
activation, etc)
132 - 33
BTS (1 sector)
Pilot
Transmitter,
Sector X
Sync
Paging
User 1
User 2
Vocoder/
Selector
Help!
Forward
RF
I Q
Short PN
User 3
more
132 - 34
BSC
BTS
Stronger than
setpoint?
Bad FER?
Raise Setpoint
Setpoint
Reverse
RF
RX RF Digital
Open
Loop
Closed
Loop
TX RF Digital
Occasionally,
as needed
Handset
February, 2003
132 - 35
Subscriber Handset
BTS
LNA
DUP
TXPO
Rake
R
IF
LO
Viterbi
Decoder
Open Loop
IF
Long PN
x
IF Mod
x
x
Q
Orth
Mod
Vocoder
FEC
<<Transmitter
Typical TXPO:
+23 dBm in a coverage hole
0 dBm near middle of cell
-50 dBm up close to BTS
February, 2003
PA
LO
x
Receiver>>
0 dB
-10 dB
-20 dB
Time, Seconds
132 - 36
CDMA
CDMA Network
Network Architecture
Architecture
February, 2003
132 - 37
64,512
DS-3
= 28 DS-1
= 672 DS-0
OC-192 10 Gb/s
32,256
OC-96 5 Gb/s
16,128
8,064
4,032
2,016
DS-0
OC-1
= 28 DS-1
= 672 DS-0
FIBER
1.544 Mb/s
DS-1/T-1
E-1
= 24 DS-0
= 28+2 DS-0
64 kb/s
64 kb/s
DS-0
DS-0
February, 2003
132 - 38
SUPPORT
FUNCTIONS
BASE STATIONS
Voice Mail System
SWITCH
PSTN
Local Carriers
Long Distance
Carriers
February, 2003
BASE STATION
CONTROLLER
Mobile Telephone
Switching Office
ATM Link
to other CDMA
Networks
(Future)
132 - 39
GPS
BSC-BSM
BTS
GPS
GPSR
SLM
CM
GPSR
BSM
TFU1
DMS-BUS
CDSU
LPP ENET
LPP
CDSU
DS0 in T1
DTCs
Vocoders
Selectors
CDSU DISCO
TFU
CDSU
DISCO 1
CDSU
Packets
DISCO 2
Ch. Card
ACC
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
SBS
IOC
CDSU
Vocoder,
Selector
Txcvr
A
Txcvr
B
Txcvr
C
RFFE
A
RFFE
B
RFFE
C
Chips
Channel
Element
RF
PSTN
February, 2003
132 - 40
GPS
BSC-BSM
BTS
GPS
GPSR
SLM
CM
GPSR
BSM
TFU1
DMS-BUS
CDSU
LPP ENET
LPP
CDSU
DTCs
IOC
Vocoders
Selectors
R-P
PSTN Interface
Internet
VPNs
CDSU DISCO
TFU
CDSU
DISCO 1
CDSU
Packets
DISCO 2
Ch. Card
ACC
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
SBS
February, 2003
CDSU
Selector
Txcvr
A
Txcvr
B
Txcvr
C
RFFE
A
RFFE
B
RFFE
C
Chips
Channel
Elements
RF
(FCH, SCH)
PDSN
132 - 41
Section D
A
A Quick
Quick Introduction
Introduction to
to
CDMA
CDMA Messages
Messages and
and Call
Call Processing
Processing
February, 2003
132 - 42
Messages in CDMA
In CDMA, most call processing events are driven by messages
Some CDMA channels exist for the sole purpose of carrying
messages; they never carry users voice traffic
Sync Channel (a forward channel)
Paging Channel (a forward channel)
Access Channel (a reverse channel)
On these channels, there are only messages, continuously all
of the time
Some CDMA channels exist just to carry user traffic
Forward Traffic Channel
Reverse Traffic Channel
On these channels, most of the time is filled with traffic and
messages are sent only when there is something to do
All CDMA messages have very similar structure, regardless of the
channel on which they are sent
February, 2003
132 - 43
EXAMPLE:
A POWER MEASUREMENT
REPORT MESSAGE
Field
Length
(in bits)
MSG_TYPE (00000110)
ACK_SEQ
MSG_SEQ
ACK_REQ
ENCRYPTION
ERRORS_DETECTED
POWER_MEAS_FRAMES
10
LAST_HDM_SEQ
NUM_PILOTS
6
0-7
132 - 44
Sync Channel
No Messages
Paging Channel
Access Parameters Msg
Order Msg
BTS
Access Channel
Registration Msg
Order Msg
Mobile Station Acknowldgment
Long Code Transition Request
SSD Update Confirmation
many others..
Extended System
Parameters Msg
Channel Assignment
Msg
Origination Msg
Extended Neighbor
List Msg
Global Service
Redirection Msg
Authentication
Challenge Msg
Authentication Challenge
Response Msg
TMSI Assignment
Completion Message
Null Msg
February, 2003
132 - 45
Alert With
Information Msg
Origination
Continuation Msg
Authentication
Challenge Msg
Authentication Challenge
Response Msg
Service Connect
Completion Message
TMSI Assignment
Completion Message
Service Option
Control Msg
Parameters Response
Message
Power Control
Parameters Msg.
Flash With
Information Msg
Flash With
Information Msg
Power Measurement
Report Msg
Order Message
Analog Handoff
Direction Msg
Extended Handoff
Direction Msg
Pilot Strength
Measurement Msg
Neighbor List
Update Msg
Mobile Station
Registered Msg
In-Traffic System
Parameters Msg
February, 2003
132 - 46
Section E
CDMA
CDMA Handset
Handset Architecture
Architecture
CDMA
CDMA Handoffs
Handoffs
February, 2003
132 - 47
Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx
RF
Open Loop
Duplexer
Transmitter
RF Section
February, 2003
Packets
Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx
AGC
RF
Viterbi Decoder,
Convl. Decoder,
Demultiplexer
Audio
Messages
Pilot Searcher
PN xxx Walsh 0
CPU
Vocoder
Audio
Messages
132 - 48
Rake Receiver
PN Walsh
PN
Walsh
PN
Walsh
Searcher
PN
W=0
Voice,
Data,
Messages
Pilot Ec/Io
February, 2003
132 - 49
Switch BSC
Sel.
RF
BTS
BTS
Rake Receiver
PN Walsh
PN
Walsh
PN
Walsh
Searcher
PN
W=0
Voice,
Data,
Messages
Pilot Ec/Io
February, 2003
132 - 50
February, 2003
PILOT SETS
Active
6
Candidate 5
Neighbor 20
Remaining
Min. Members
Reqd. By Std.
HANDOFF
PARAMETERS
T_ADD
T_TDROP
T_DROP
T_COMP
132 - 51
Softer Handoff
Handset
Switch BSC
Sel.
BTS
RF
Rake Receiver
PN Walsh
PN
Walsh
PN
Walsh
Searcher
PN
W=0
Voice,
Data,
Messages
Pilot Ec/Io
February, 2003
132 - 52
What is Ec/Io?
Ec/Io
cleanness of the pilot
foretells the readability of
the associated traffic
channels
guides soft handoff decisions
digitally derived: ratio of good
to bad energy seen by the
search correlator at the
desired PN offset
Never appears higher than
Pilots percentage of serving
cells transmitted energy
Can be degraded by strong
RF from other cells, sectors
Imperfect orthogonality,
other PNs are ~-20 dB.
Can be degraded by noise
February, 2003
Ec/Io
Ec
Io
dB
Energy of
desired pilot alone
132 - 53
Section F
CDMA
CDMA Call
Call Processing
Processing
February, 2003
132 - 54
Example 1
Lets
Lets Acquire
Acquire the
the System!
System!
February, 2003
132 - 55
824 MHz.
845
849
870
825
890
880
869
846.5
894
891.5
1850MHz.
E F
unlic. unlic.
data voice
1910MHz.
E F
1930MHz.
1990 MHz.
FREQUENCY LISTS:
HISTORY
LIST/MRU
Last-used:
Freq
Freq
Freq
Freq
Freq
etc.
PREFERRED
ROAMING
LIST/PRL
System1
System2
System3
System4
System5
etc.
132 - 56
Start
Preferred
Only Bit
MRU
PRL
Acq Idx
Yes
Go to last
Strongest
Is SID
frequency
PN, read
permitted?
from MRU
Sync
No Signal
Denied SID
Is better
SID
available?
No
Read
Paging
Channel
CDMA Ch
List Message
HASH using
IMSI
Global Svc
Redir Msg
my ACCOLC?
redirect
F3
F2
F1
Config
Messages:
remain
Legend
Steps from
the CDMA
standards
Steps from
proprietary
SDAs
February, 2003
Proprietary
SDA
databases
to Analog
Typical Mobile
System Determination Algorithm
132 - 57
Ec/Io
-20
Chips 0
PN 0
32K
512
SYNC CHANNEL MESSAGE
Rake Receiver
F1 PN168 W32
RF
F2 PN168 W32
F3 PN168 W32
LO
Srch PN??? W0
February, 2003
! Rake Fingers
"
#
Reference PN
132 - 58
132 - 59
Ec/Io
-20
Chips 0
PN 0
Read the
Configuration Messages
32K
512
Active Pilot
Handset
Rake Receiver
F1 PN168 W01
RF
F2 PN168 W01
F3 PN168 W01
LO
! Rake Fingers
"
#
Extended System
Parameters Msg (*opt.)
(Extended*) Neighbor
List Msg
Global Service
Redirection Msg (*opt.)
Srch PN??? W0
132 - 60
February, 2003
132 - 61
NEIGHBOR LIST
98/05/24 23:14:11.486 [PCH]
MSG_LENGTH = 216 bits
MSG_TYPE = Neighbor List Message
PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index
CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 0
PILOT_INC = 4 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 220 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 52 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 500 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 8 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 176 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 304 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 136 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 384 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 216 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 68 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 328 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 112 Offset Index
RESERVED = 0
February, 2003
132 - 62
Example 2
Lets
Lets do
do an
an
Idle
Idle Mode
Mode Handoff!
Handoff!
February, 2003
132 - 63
132 - 64
Ec/Io
-20
SRCH_WIN_A
Chips 0
PN 0
F1 PN168 W01
Active Pilot
Rake Fingers
SRCH_WIN_N
Reference PN
32K
512
Mobile Rake RX
!
"
#
F2 PN168 W01
F3 PN168 W01
Srch PN??? W0
Neighbor Set
132 - 65
Origination Msg
ACCESS
Success!
BTS
MS
Probing
an Access Probe
a Probe Sequence
an Access Attempt
PAGING Base Sta. Acknlgmt. Order
FW TFC TFC frames of 000s
PAGING
FW FC
FW TFC
Call is Established!
February, 2003
132 - 66
Example 3
Lets
Lets Register!
Register!
February, 2003
132 - 67
Registration
Registration is the process by which an idle mobile lets the system
know its awake and available for incoming calls
this allows the system to inform the mobiles home switch of
the mobiles current location, so that incoming calls can be
delivered
registration also allows the system to intelligently page the
mobile only in the area where the mobile is currently located,
thereby eliminating useless congestion on the paging channels
in other areas of the system
There are many different conditions that could trigger an obligation
for the mobile to register
there are flags in the System Parameters Message which tell
the mobile when it must register on the current system
February, 2003
132 - 68
An Actual Registration
SYSTEM PARAMETERS MESSAGE
18:26.826 [PCH] System Parameters Message
Pilot_PN: 32
CONFIG_MSG_SEQ: 14
SID: 16420
NID: 0,
REG_ZONE: 0 TOTAL_ZONES: 0 Zone timer length (min): 1
MULT_SIDS: 0 MULT_NIDS: 0
BASE_ID: 1618 BASE_CLASS: Reserved
PAG_CHAN: 1 MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX: 2
HOME_REG: 1
FOR_SID_REG: 1
FOR_NID_REG: 1,
POWER_UP_REG: 1
POWER_DOWN_REG: 1
PARAMETER_REG: 1 Registration period (sec): 54
Base station 00000.00 Lon., 00000.00 Lat. REG_DIST: 0
SRCH_WIN_A (PN chips): 28
SRCH_WIN_N (PN chips): 100,
SRCH_WIN_R (PN chips): 130 NGHBR_MAX_AGE: 2
PWR_REP_THRESH: 2
PWR_REP_FRAMES (frames): 15
PWR_THRESH_ENABLE: 1 PWR_PERIOD_ENABLE: 0,
PWR_REP_DELAY: 1 (4 frames) RESCAN: 0,
T_ADD: -14.0dB
T_DROP: -16.0dB
T_COMP: 2.5dB,
T_TDROP: 4s
EXT_SYS_PARAMETER: 1
EXT_NGHBR_LIST: 1
GLOBAL_REDIRECT: 0
February, 2003
132 - 69
Example 4
Lets
Lets Receive
Receive
an
an incoming
incoming Call!
Call!
February, 2003
132 - 70
132 - 71
February, 2003
132 - 72
132 - 73
132 - 74
February, 2003
132 - 75
Example 5
Lets
Lets make
make an
an Outgoing
Outgoing Call!
Call!
February, 2003
132 - 76
132 - 77
Origination
ORIGINATION MESSAGE
The mobile sends an
origination message
on the access
channel.
February, 2003
132 - 78
February, 2003
132 - 79
132 - 80
Example 6
Lets
Lets End
End aa Call!
Call!
February, 2003
132 - 81
Ending A Call
A normal call continues until one of the parties hangs up. That
action sends a Release Order, normal release.
The other side of the call sends a Release Order, no reason given.
If a normal release is visible, the call ended normally.
At the conclusion of the call, the mobile reacquires the system.
Searches for the best pilot on the present CDMA frequency
Reads the Sync Channel Message
Monitors the Paging Channel steadily
Several different conditions can cause a call to end abnormally:
the forward link is lost at the mobile, and a fade timer acts
the reverse link is lost at the base station, and a fade timer acts
a number of forward link messages arent acknowledged, and the
base station acts to tear down the link
a number of reverse link messages arent acknowledged, and the
mobile station acts to tear down the link
February, 2003
132 - 82
February, 2003
132 - 83
Example 7
Lets
Lets receive
receive Notification
Notification
of
of aa Voice
Voice Message!
Message!
February, 2003
132 - 84
Feature Notification
FEATURE NOTIFICATION MESSAGE
98/06/30 21:16:44.368 [PCH] Feature Notification Message
MSG_LENGTH = 144 bits
MSG_TYPE = Feature Notification Message
ACK_SEQ = 0
MSG_SEQ = 0
ACK_REQ = 1
VALID_ACK = 0
ADDR_TYPE = IMSI
ADDR_LEN = 56 bits
IMSI_CLASS = 0
IMSI_CLASS_0_TYPE = 3
RESERVED = 0
MCC = 302
IMSI_11_12 = 00
IMSI_S = 9055170325
RELEASE = 0
RECORD_TYPE = Message Waiting
RECORD_LEN = 8 bits
MSG_COUNT = 1
RESERVED = 0
132 - 85
Example 8
Lets
Lets do
do aa Handoff!
Handoff!
February, 2003
132 - 86
Ec/Io
-20
Chips
10752
PN 0
14080
32002
168 220
Active Pilot
Mobile Rake RX
F1 PN168 W61
Rake Fingers
F2 PN168 W61
F3 PN168 W61
Srch PN??? W0
Reference PN
T_ADD
!
"
#
500 512
32K
132 - 87
February, 2003
132 - 88
February, 2003
132 - 89
February, 2003
132 - 90
132 - 91
Ec/Io
-20
Chips
10752
PN 0
14080
168 220
!
F1 PN168 W61
F3 PN220 W20
Rake Fingers
"
T_DROP
Srch PN??? W0
Reference PN
Neighbor Set
T_ADD
Continue checking each ACTIVE pilot. If any are less than T_DROP and remain
so for T_TDROP time, send Pilot Strength Measurement Message, DROP IT!!
Continue looking at each NEIGHBOR pilot. If any ever rises above T_ADD, send
Pilot Strength Measurement Message, ADD IT!
February, 2003
32K
500 512
Active Set
Mobile Rake RX
F2 PN500 W50
32002
132 - 92
Ec/Io
-20
Chips 0
PN 0
SRCH_WIN_A
Rake Fingers
SRCH_WIN_A
"
Active Set
Pilots of sectors
now used for
communication
T_DROP
T_DROP
T_ADD
Reference PN
Candidate Set
SRCH_WIN_N
Pilots requested
by mobile but not
set up by system
32K
512
Mobile Rake RX
F1 PN168 W61
F2 PN500 W50
F3 PN220 W20
Srch PN??? W0
Neighbor Set
Pilots suggested
by system for
more checking
Remaining Set
T_ADD
SRCH_WIN_R
February, 2003
132 - 93
Section G
Deeper
Deeper Handoff
Handoff Details:
Details:
Search
Search Windows
Windows &
& Timing
Timing
February, 2003
132 - 94
R
R
NR
R
R
R
N
R
February, 2003
Only 3 of 112 remaining set pilots have been checked thus far!
132 - 95
PROPAGATION DELAY
SKEWS APPARENT PN OFFSETS
33
4
Chips
Chips
A
BTS
B
BTS
If the phone is locked to BTS A, the
signal from BTS B will seem 29 chips
earlier than expected.
If the phone is locked to BTS B, the
signal from BTS A will seem 29 chips
later than expected.
132 - 96
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1.06
1.52
2.12
3.03
4.55
6.07
7.59
9.86
12.1
17.1
24.3
34.3
1.71
2.44
3.42
4.88
7.32
9.77
12.2
15.9
19.5
27.6
39.1
55.2
132 - 97
SITUATION 1
A
Locked to distant
site, cant see
mo
un one nearby
tai
ns
B
12
80 mile
Ch s
ips
BTS
SRCH_WIN_N = 130
BTS A is reference.
1 mi.
BTS B appears (7-80) chips
7 Chips
early due to its closer distance.
vel
This is outside the 65-chip window.Tra
Mobile cant see BTS Bs pilot, but its
strong signal blinds us and the call drops.
BTS
SITUATION 2
A
Locked to nearby
mo site, cant see
un distant one
tai
ns
B
12
80 mile
Ch s
ips
SRCH_WIN_N = 130
BTS
BTS B is reference.
1 mi.
BTS A appears (80-7) chips
7 Chips
late due to its farther distance.
l
This is outside the 65-chip window. Trave
Mobile cant see BTS As pilot.
BTS
132 - 98
February, 2003
132 - 99
Section I
Introduction
Introduction to
to Optimization
Optimization
February, 2003
132 - 100
Introduction to Optimization
Course RF200 provides detailed information on CDMA system
performance optimization, and is intended for all personnel who
are responsible for improving system performance. RF200
presents:
Performance Indicators and Problem Signatures analysis
Review of tools and stats available on the system
Review of mobile tools and how to interpret test drive data
How to analyze drive-test data with post-processing tools
Real-life examples of problems for hands-on analysis
Optimization is important enough that everyone should understand
what it is and how it is usually performed. The following slides
provide a general perspective on optimization and are intended for
everyone with technical responsibilities, even if not directly
involved in performance optimization
February, 2003
132 - 101
February, 2003
132 - 102
ibu
tion
Capital
Co
s
Complex!!!
ts
Profits
TaLosses
xe
s
Management
Dis
tr
ce
n
a
vice
r
e
S
io n
t
c
e
S el
Lea
ses
ing Purchasing S
s
i
up
er t
pli
s
n
o
v
ti
la
e
R
r
Labo
ers
Ad
Test Shopper
Simpler
Con
ven
ienc
Price
e
System
are Administration
w
t
f
o
S
TransProvisioning
mission
nce
Phone
e
r
e
f
r
Inte
a lls
C
d
ppe
o
r
D
Switch CBSC
Simpler
Complex!!!
Data C
apture
PSTN TrunkingData
Analys
is
ts
is
BTS
Neighbor L
Configuration
Acces
s
Cov
erag
e
Failur
es
Field Tools
132 - 103
Messaging
11500
Aeronautical
Investigations
Flight Data Recorder
CDMA
Investigations
BTS
Temporal Analyzer Data
To study the cause of an aeronautical accident, we try to recover the Flight Data
Recorder and the Cockpit Voice Recorder.
To study the cause of a CDMA call processing accident, we review data from the
Temporal Analyzer and the Layer 3 Message Files -- for the same reasons.
February, 2003
132 - 104
132 - 105
132 - 106
February, 2003
132 - 107
CM
Switch Data
LPP
ENETlogs
LPP
pegs,
DMS-BUS
DTCs
CBSC
GPSR
TFU1
CDSU
CDSU
SBS
IOC
Vocoders
Selectors
Various
External
Analysis
Tools
BTS
IS-95/J-STD-8
Messages
GPSR
BSM
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
DISCO 1
DISCO
2
System
CDSU
Ch. Card
DISCO
TFU1
ACC
Txcvr A
Internal Messages
Txcvr B
RFFE A
RFFE B
Txcvr C RFFE C
Handset
Messages
IS-95/J-STD-008 Messages
Unix-based,
PC-based
Data Analysis
Post-Processing
Tools
PC-based
Mobile Data
Capture Tools
PC-based
Mobile Data
Post-Processing
Tools
132 - 108
Qualcomm
HewlettPackard
Comarco
PN Scanners
HewlettPackard
Berkeley
Varitronics
SAFCO
Grayson
LCC
Qualcomm
132 - 109
February, 2003
132 - 110
132 - 111
132 - 112
February, 2003
132 - 113
February, 2003
132 - 114
Post-Processing Tools
Post-Processing tools display drive-test files
for detailed analysis - Faster, more
effective than studying data playback
with collection tools alone
Actix Analyzer
Imports/analyzes data from almost
every brand of drive-test collection
tool
Grayson Interpreter
Imports/analyzes data from Grayson
Wireless Inspector, Illuminator, and
Invex3G
Agilent OPAS32
Imports/analyzes a variety of data
Nortel RF Optimizer
Can merge/analyze drive-test and
Nortel CDMA system data
Wavelink
Comarco "Workbench" Tool
Verizon/Airtouch internal tool
February, 2003
OPAS32
COMARCO
132 - 115
PN Scanners
PN Scanners are faster than phones and
more reliable finding rogue pilots
Berkeley Varitronics (GPS-referenced)
full-PN scan speed 26-2/3 ms.
2048 parallel processors for very fast
detection of transient interferors
Hewlett-Packard (GPS-referenced)
full-PN scan speed 1.2 sec.
Integrated with spectrum analyzer and
phone call-processing tool
Qualcomm (BTS-referenced)
lowest-cost solution
also acts as test phone with user-set
T_Add, T_Drop, etc.
Grayson Wireless (BTS-referenced)
scan speed 6.3 sec.
integrated with phone & call-processing
data collection tool
a high-end version is also available
using Berkeley Scanner (GPS-locked)
February, 2003
132 - 116
Drive-Tests: Phones
Maintenance
Maintenance Features
Features of
of
CDMA
CDMA Handsets
Handsets
February, 2003
132 - 117
February, 2003
132 - 118
See This:
continue:
See This:
MAIN MENU $
1:Volume
2:Call Info
3:Security
DEBUG 0$
1:Screen
2:Test Calls
3:CDMA Only
DEBUG 0$
4:Errors
5:Clr Errors
6:13K Voice
FEATURES 4$
1:AutoAnswer
2:AutoRetry
3:Scratch
0
1
D
318 2 9D
X A
7F
ENTER FIELD
SERVICE CODE
******
0 0 0 0 0 0 *
(* or correct code, if different)
February, 2003
See following
legend for
maintenance
display values
132 - 119
Enter 111111
Press dial in for OPTIONS
Dial to FIELD DEBUG, press
enter Field Debug Security Code
press Screen
February, 2003
132 - 120
Receive State
318 2 94
X A
7F
PN Offset
Receive Power
February, 2003
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-64
-67
-72
-77
-82
-87
-92
-97
-102
-106
132 - 121
132 - 122
111111
Jog > Options
Jog > Debug
Open flip to continue
Enter Code
000000
OK
SCREEN
February, 2003
132 - 123
See This:
continue:
SVC
SVC
Main Menu $
1:Call Logs
2:Phone Book
Menu
See This:
Debug Menu $
1:Screen
2:Test Calls
SVC
Debug Menu $
3:Errors
4:Erase Error
SVC
Setup $
1:Auto Retry
2:Anykey Ans
1
0
SVC
Service Code
??????
0 0 0 0 0 0 *
(* or correct code, if different)
February, 2003
SVC
S04379 SI0 1
T-63 D105-06
P016 CH0600
See following
legend for
maintenance
display values
132 - 124
February, 2003
132 - 125
svc
Processing State
Receive
Power,
dbm
S04379 SI0 1
T-63 D085-06
P016 CH0600
Transmit
Gain Adjust,
db
Ec/Io, db
(primary PN only)
Frequency
(channel #)
PN Offset
Transmit Power Output Calculation:
TXdbm= -73 -RXDBM - TXADJdb (800 MHz)
TXdbm= -76 -RXDBM - TXADJdb (1900 MHz)
February, 2003
132 - 126
Receive
Vocoder
Rate
Walsh
code
assigned
Processing State
TV1 RV8 08 7
T-63 D085-06
P016 CH0600
Transmit
Gain Adjust,
db
Receive
Power,
dbm
svc
Ec/Io, db
(primary PN only)
Frequency
(channel #)
PN Offset
Transmit Power Output Calculation:
TXdbm= -73 -RXDBM - TXADJdb (800 MHz)
TXdbm= -76 -RXDBM - TXADJdb (1900 MHz)
February, 2003
132 - 127
February, 2003
D
CBV: 3957
ABU: 3954 ABT: 031
ARF: 0000 CCL: 01
SID: 04157
NID: 00001
CH: 0100 RSSI: 093
DPN: 084 TX:-46
BFRM:0000000968
TFRM:0000135712
FER:% 000.71
LT: 036:06:36
LG: -086:45:36
EC: -16 -63 -63
PN: 084 084 084
FNGLK: Y Y N
WLSH: 01 01 01
ACT: 084 484 096
-01 -01 200
CND: 220 332 200
200 332 NGH: 076
080 340 068 196
O56 320 220 316
344 488 196 200
392 124 128 084
224 008 084
132 - 128
February, 2003
D
CBV: 3957
ABV: 3954 ABT: 031
ARF: 0000 CCL: 01
SID: 04157
NID: 00001
CH: 0100 RSSI: 093
DPN: 084 TX:-46
BFRM:0000000968
TFRM:0000135712
FER:% 000.71
LT: 036:06:36
LG: -086:45:36
EC: -16 -63 -63
PN: 084 084 084
FNGLK: Y Y N
WLSH: 01 01 01
ACT: 084 484 096
-01 -01 200
CND: 220 332 200
200 332 NGH: 076
080 340 068 196
O56 320 220 316
344 488 196 200
392 124 128 084
224 008 084
132 - 129
press menu 7, 0
Menu
318 2 94
X A
7F
3 3 2 8 4 6
February, 2003
132 - 130
February, 2003
132 - 131
132 - 132
3
1
0
8
7
6
8
E
Ec/Io
2
8
2
V
February, 2003
0
1
4
6
8
0
1
# Cand.
5
3
1
5
1
C
4
0 0 1
8 3
0 0
Current SID
Current TX dbm
2
4 5 0
O N
B R
2 7
0 1
3 1
2 6
Current NID
Current FER
NI
MR
BR
TC
L2
NC
N5
BS
WO
MP
PC
RR
??
132 - 133
NeoPoint Phones
Although NeoPoint went out of business in
June, 2001, there are still many NeoPoint
handsets in general use
Press the M (menu) key
Select Preferences (using the up-arrow key)
Enter 040793
Choose Debug Screen [Select]
Now youre in maintenance mode!
February, 2003
132 - 134
GoldStar TouchPoint
To enter maintenance mode, just key in:
# # D E B U G SAVE
February, 2003
132 - 135
February, 2003
132 - 136
February, 2003
132 - 137
Screen 1: General
CS State
Idle: PN Offset
TFC: #Actv, FER
RSSI dBm
Paging Channel #
RX power, dbm
TX power, dbm
Operator Selected
(1=A, 2=B, 3=both
132 - 138
February, 2003
132 - 139
February, 2003
132 - 140
February, 2003
132 - 141
Whats
Whats New
New in
in CDMA2000?
CDMA2000?
February, 2003
132 - 142
132 - 143
1G
AMPS
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
30 kHz.
1
Data
Capabilities
None,
2.4K by
modem
Features:
Incremental
Progress
First
System,
Capacity
&
Handoffs
February, 2003
2G
IS-95A/J-Std008
1250 kHz.
20-35
14.4K
First CDMA,
Capacity,
Quality
CDMA2000/IS-2000
2G
2.5G or 3?
3G
3G
IS-95B
IS-2000:
1xRTT
IS-2000:
3xRTT
1xEV:
HDR or
1Xtreme
Improved
Access
Smarter
Handoffs
153K
307K
230K
Enhanced
Access
Channel
Structure
2.4 Mb/s
1.0 Mb/s
(HDR)
5 Mb/s
(1Xtreme)
132 - 144
PILOT
ACCESS
SYNC
BTS
PAGING
TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC
F-Pilot
F-Sync
PAGING
F-BCH
F-QPCH
F-CPCCH
BTS
F-CACH
F-CCCH
F-TRAFFIC
F-FCH
F-DCCH
February, 2003
R-Pilot
R-ACH or
R-EACH
R-CCCH
R-TRAFFIC
R-FCH
F-SCH
R-DCCH
F-SCH
R-SCH
132 - 145
PDSN
Foreign Agent
fiber - ATM
Backbone
Network
SECURE TUNNELS
PDSN
Home Agent
AAA
Authentication
Authorization
Accounting
(C)BSC/Access Manager
Switch
PSTN
t1
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC
rf
R-P Interface
t1
Fast!
BTS
CE
SEL
t1
POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS
Wireless
Mobile Device
132 - 146
February, 2003
132 - 147
3G
3G Information
Information Resources
Resources
Bibliography
Bibliography -- Articles
Articles -- Web
Web Links
Links
February, 2003
132 - 148
132 - 149
More Bibliography,
3G Air Interface Technologies
The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology by Dr. Jonathan P. Castro, 354
pp. 2001 John Wiley, ISBN 0 471 81375 3, $120. An excellent, well-organized, and
understandable exploration of UMTS. Includes radio interface, channel
explanations, link budgets, network architecture, service types, ip network
considerations, a masterful tour de force through the entire subject area. Very
readable, too!
WCDMA for UMTS by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, 322 pp. 2000 Wiley, ISBN 0
471 72051 8, $60. Very good overall treatment of UMTS. Excellent introduction to
3G and summary of standardization activities, every level of UMTS/UTRA. Good
overview of CDMA-2000, too!
The GSM Network - GPRS Evolution: One Step Towards UMTS 2nd Edition by
Joachim Tisal, 227pp. paperback, 2001 Wiley, ISBN 0 471 49816 5, $60. Readable
but not overwhelming introduction to GSM in all its aspects (140pp), DECT (11pp),
GPRS (6pp), UMTS (7pp), WAP (25pp), EDGE (10pp).
February, 2003
132 - 150
February, 2003
132 - 151
February, 2003
132 - 152
February, 2003
132 - 153
February, 2003
132 - 154
132 - 155