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CHAPTER
LRFD Method
Third Edition
INTRODUCTION TO
BEAMS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
8b
FALL 2002
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
Elastic Design
Q
Slide No. 1
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Slide No. 2
Elastic Design
Q
Slide No. 3
Elastic Design
Q
Rn i Li
i =1
LRFD
Slide No. 4
Elastic Design
Q
Slide No. 5
M y = Fy S
(1)
where
I
c
I = moment of inertia
c = distance from N.A. to outer fiber of cross section
S=
Slide No. 6
Figure 1
b
Slide No. 7
Fy =
M yc
I
M y = Fy S
My
I /c
My
S
bd 3
d
I bd 3 / 12 bd 2
=
, c= S= =
I=
12
2
6
c
d /2
Fy bd 2
M y = Fy S =
6
Slide No. 8
N.A.
d
2
C=
1 d
F db
Fy b = y
2 2
4
T=
1 d
Fy db
Fy b =
2 2
4
2
d
3
d
2
Fy
2
Fy db 2 Fy bd
d =
M y = Force moment arm =
6
4 3
Slide No. 9
M p = Mn
(2)
Slide No. 10
N.A.
d
2
2
d
3
d
2
d
d Fy db d
bd 2
= Fy
= C =
2
2 2 2
4
d
Fy db
T = Fy b =
4
2
Fy
d
F db
C = Fy b = y
2
2
Slide No. 11
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
M p = Fy Z = Fy
4
bd 2
Z=
4
Slide No. 12
Fy Z
Fy S
Z
S
Is also equal to
bd 2
Z
Shape Factor = = 4 2 = 1.5
S bd
6
Slide No. 13
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Shape Factor
Definition
The shape factor of a member cross
section can be defined as the ratio of
the plastic moment Mp to yield moment
My.
The shape factor equals 1.50 for
rectangular cross sections and varies from
about 1.10 to 1.20 for standard rolledbeam sections
Slide No. 14
Shape Factor
The shape factor Z can be computed from
the following expressions:
M
Shape Factor = P
(3)
My
Or from
Shape Factor =
Z
S
(4)
Slide No. 15
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Slide No. 16
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Slide No. 17
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Modulus
Definitions
The plastic modulus Z is defined as the
ratio of the plastic moment Mp to the
yield stress F Y.
It can also be defined as the first
moment of area about the neutral axis
when the areas above and below the
neutral axis are equal.
Slide No. 18
Example 1
Determine the yield moment My, the plastic
or nominal moment Mp (Mn), and the plastic
modulus Z for the simply supported beam
having the cross section shown in Fig. 4b.
Also calculate the shape factor and
nominal load Pn acting transversely
through the midspan of the beam. Assume
that FY = 50 ksi.
Slide No. 19
Example 1 (contd)
15 in.
Figure 4
1 in.
Pn
1 in.
17 in.
15 in.
12 ft
12 ft
8 in.
(a)
1 in.
(b)
10
Slide No. 20
Example 1 (contd)
Elastic Calculations:
1 in.
15 in.
1 in.
N.A.
17 in.
9.974 in.
15 in.
8 in.
3
3
3
3
= 1,672.64 in 4
3
1 in.
S=
I 1,672.64
50(167.7 )
=
= 167.7 in 3 M y = FY S =
= 698.75 ft - kip
c
9.974
12
Ix =
Slide No. 21
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Plastic Calculations:
The areas above and below the neutral axis
must be equal for plastic analysis
A1
1 in.
15 in.
1 in.
N.A.
yN.
A2
17 in.
15 in.
8 in.
A1 = A2
1 in.
15 + 15 y N = 8 + y N
2 y N = 15 + 15 8 = 22
y N = 11 in
11
Slide No. 22
Example 1 (contd)
Plastic Calculations (contd):
Z = 8(1)(11.5) + 11(1)(5.5) + 15(1)(4.5) + 4(1)(2 ) = 228 in 3
A1
1 in.
15 in.
M p = M n = Fy Z =
50(228)
= 950 ft - kip
12
1 in.
N.A.
11 in.
17 in.
15 in.
Shape Factor =
Mn
950
=
= 1.36
M y 698.75
A2
1 in.
Shape Factor =
Z
228
=
= 1.36
S 167.7
Slide No. 23
Example 1 (contd)
In order to find the nominal load Pn, we
need to find an expression that gives the
maximum moment on the beam. This
maximum moment occurs at midspan of the
simply supported beam, and is given by
Pn
M P = M L/2 =
12 ft
Pn L
4
12 ft
12
Slide No. 24
Pn
Example 1 (contd)
M P = M L/2 =
950 =
Pn (24)
4
Pn L
4
Therefore,
4(950)
= 158.3 kips
Pn =
24
12 ft
1 in.
15 in.
1 in.
N.A.
11 in.
A2
17 in.
15 in.
8 in.
1 in.
12 ft
A1
Slide No. 25
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
13
Slide No. 26
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Slide No. 27
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
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Slide No. 28
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Unit Stress, f
Fy
g
ardenin
Strain h
E = Slope =
f
(Elasticity)
Unit Strain,
Slide No. 29
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
15