Maple

Maple Algebra and Calculus

K. Cooper

2012

Maple
Algebra

Simple Tools

We can make more extensive sums or products as required.

Maple
Algebra

Simple Tools

We can make more extensive sums or products as required.

p := sum(sum(sum((i+j+k)*x i*y j*z k, i = 0 .. 2), j =

0 .. 2), k = 0 .. 2) gives something fairly horrible.

Maple
Algebra

Simple Tools

We can make more extensive sums or products as required.

p := sum(sum(sum((i+j+k)*x i*y j*z k, i = 0 .. 2), j =

0 .. 2), k = 0 .. 2) gives something fairly horrible.
product(x-i, i = 1 .. 10)

gives. . .

Maple
Algebra

Simple Tools

We can make more extensive sums or products as required.

p := sum(sum(sum((i+j+k)*x i*y j*z k, i = 0 .. 2), j =

0 .. 2), k = 0 .. 2) gives something fairly horrible.
product(x-i, i = 1 .. 10)
numer(expr)

gives. . .

delivers the numerator of

expr

Maple
Algebra

Simple Tools

We can make more extensive sums or products as required.

p := sum(sum(sum((i+j+k)*x i*y j*z k, i = 0 .. 2), j =

0 .. 2), k = 0 .. 2) gives something fairly horrible.
product(x-i, i = 1 .. 10)

gives. . .

numer(expr)

delivers the numerator of

denom(expr)

gives the denominator

expr

Maple
Algebra

Substitution

Let's review, there are basically two ways to substitute into

an expression.

Maple
Algebra

Substitution

Let's review, there are basically two ways to substitute into

an expression.

subs(var=value,expr)
expression expr.

 substitute

value

for

var

in the

Maple
Algebra

Substitution

Let's review, there are basically two ways to substitute into

an expression.

subs(var=value,expr)
expression expr.

 substitute

eval(expr,var=value)
by value.

 evaluate

value

expr

for

var

in the

when

var

is replaced

Maple
Algebra

Substitution

Let's review, there are basically two ways to substitute into

an expression.

subs(var=value,expr)
expression expr.

 substitute

value

for

var

in the

eval(expr,var=value)  evaluate expr when var is replaced

by value. Said to be more sophisticated than subs, but who
would know?

Maple
Algebra

Substitution

Let's review, there are basically two ways to substitute into

an expression.

subs(var=value,expr)
expression expr.

 substitute

value

for

var

in the

eval(expr,var=value)  evaluate expr when var is replaced

by value. Said to be more sophisticated than subs, but who
would know?

algsubs(var=value,expr)
expression expr. This is

 substitute

value

for

var

in the

more powerful than the others.

Maple
Algebra

Simplify

This does various simplication tasks: function calls, roots,

cancellation. . .

simplify((x 2+2*x+1)/(x+1))

gives

x + 1.

Maple
Algebra

Simplify

This does various simplication tasks: function calls, roots,

cancellation. . .

simplify((x 2+2*x+1)/(x+1))
simplify(sin(x) 2+cos(x) 2)

gives

gives

x + 1.

1.

Maple
Algebra

Factor
Obviously this factors a polynomial.

factor(x 2+2*x+1

gives

(x + 1)2 .

Maple
Algebra

Factor
Obviously this factors a polynomial.

(x + 1)2 .

factor(x 2+2*x+1

gives

factor(x 3-2)

x3 2.

gives

Maple
Algebra

Factor
Obviously this factors a polynomial.

(x + 1)2 .

factor(x 2+2*x+1

gives

factor(x 3-2)

x3 2.

gives

factor(x 3-2,2
(1/3))

gives

x2 + x 3 2 + 22/3 x + 3 2 .

Maple
Algebra

Factor
Obviously this factors a polynomial.

(x + 1)2 .

factor(x 2+2*x+1

gives

factor(x 3-2)

x3 2.

gives

factor(x 3-2,2
(1/3))

gives

x2 + x 3 2 + 22/3 x + 3 2 .
If the second argument is neglected, then

factor

assumes

you want it done over the obvious eld. E.g. when all
coecients are integers,

factor

factorization over the integers.

assumes you want

Maple
Algebra

Factor
Obviously this factors a polynomial.

(x + 1)2 .

factor(x 2+2*x+1

gives

factor(x 3-2)

x3 2.

gives

factor(x 3-2,2
(1/3))

gives

x2 + x 3 2 + 22/3 x + 3 2 .
If the second argument is neglected, then

factor

assumes

you want it done over the obvious eld. E.g. when all
coecients are integers,

factor

assumes you want

factorization over the integers.

factor(x 3-2,real)

x2

(x 1.25992104989487319)


+ 1.25992104989487319 x + 1.58740105196819936
gives

Maple
Algebra

Collect

This tries to collect terms as in a polynomial.

collect((x-a)*(x-b),x)

gives

x2 (a + b)x + ab.

Maple
Algebra

Collect

This tries to collect terms as in a polynomial.

collect((x-a)*(x-b),x)

gives

x2 (a + b)x + ab.

collect(exp(x)+4*exp(x)+x*exp(x)+x*exp(2*x)+exp(2*x),
[exp(x), exp(2*x)]) gives (5 + x)ex + (x + 1)e2x .

Maple
Algebra

Expand

Yes, this expands an expression

expand((x+1)*(x+1))

gives

x2 + 2x + 1.

Maple
Algebra

Expand

Yes, this expands an expression

expand((x+1)*(x+1))

gives

x2 + 2x + 1.

(5+x)*exp(x)+(x+1)*exp(2*x)

5 ex

xex

(ex )2 x

(ex )2 .

gives

Maple
Calculus

Integration

int(x 2,x)

gives

int(x 2,x=0..3)

1 3
3x
gives 9

int(x 2,x=0..sin(2))

gives

Int(x 2,x=0..sin(2))

gives

Int

is the

inert

form of

1
3

sin(2)3

R sin(2)

int.

x2 dx

It can be used to delay

evaluation for any reason: algebraic manipulation, or

waiting for a numerical method.

evalf(Int(x 2,x=0..sin(2)));

gives 0.2506089816

Maple
Calculus

Dierentiation

di(expr,x$n)
di(x 2,x)
Di(x 2,x)
D(f )

takes the

gives

nth

derivative of an expression

2x; di(x 2,x$2)

gives 2

d 2
gives
dx x

creates a new function that is the derivative of the

function

f:=x->x 2; h:=D(f );
D(f )(3)
D(D(f ))

gives

h(x) = 2x,

and

h(3)

gives 6 as well.
gives a constant function with value 2

gives 6.

Maple
Calculus

Limits

limit(sin(x)/x,x=0)

gives 1

limit((x 2-4)/(x+2),x=-2)
Limit((x 2-4)/(x+2),x=-2)
another inert form

gives -4
gives

limx2

x2 4
x+2 ;

Maple
Calculus

Series

Maple can do Taylor series:

s:=series(exp(x),x=0,5)

1 + x + 12 x2 + 16 x3 +

gives

1 4
24 x

+ O(x5 ).

Maple
Calculus

Series

Maple can do Taylor series:

s:=series(exp(x),x=0,5)

1 + x + 12 x2 + 16 x3 +

gives

1 4
24 x

+ O(x5 ).

We can convert this to a Taylor polynomial using

ps:=convert(s,polynom)

Maple
Calculus

Series

Maple can do Taylor series:

s:=series(exp(x),x=0,5)

1 + x + 12 x2 + 16 x3 +

gives

1 4
24 x

+ O(x5 ).

We can convert this to a Taylor polynomial using

ps:=convert(s,polynom)
We can convert that to a function using

fps:=unapply(ps,x) ;

Maple
Calculus

Simple plots

We can plot the exponential with its Taylor polynomial

using

plot([exp(x), fps(x)], x = -4 .. 4)

Maple
Calculus

Simple plots

We can plot the exponential with its Taylor polynomial

using

plot([exp(x), fps(x)], x = -4 .. 4, 0 .. 10)

Maple
Calculus

Simple plots

We can plot the exponential with its Taylor polynomial

using

plot([exp(x), fps(x)], x = -4 .. 4, 0 .. 10, thickness = [2, 1])

Maple
Calculus

Simple plots

We can plot the exponential with its Taylor polynomial

using

plot([exp(x), fps(x)], x = -4 .. 4, 0 .. 10, thickness = [2,

1],color=[blue,green])

Maple
Calculus

Simple plots

We can plot the exponential with its Taylor polynomial

using

plot([exp(x), fps(x)], x = -4 .. 4, 0 .. 10, thickness = [2,

1],color=[COLOR(RGB,.5,.5,1),green])