Electricity and Magnetisme Homework V Solution

Roald K. Wangsness, Electromagnetic Fields 2nd Edition, Chapter 19

by Chalis Setyadi
1. Exercise 19-15 : A point dipole m is located at the origin, but it has no
special orientation with respect to the coordinate axes. (For example,m
is not parallel to any of the axes.) Express its potential A at a point r in
rectangular coordinates, and find the rectangular components of B. Show
that B can be written in the form
B(r) =

0
[3 (m r) r m]
4r3

(19 55)

and compare with (8-84).

Solution : In rectangular coordinate, we can write :
m

+ my y
+ mz z

= mx x

= x
x + y
y + z
z

= |r| = x2 + y 2 + z 2

1/2

(1)

Then inserting equation (1) to equation (19-55) we get

B(r)

=
=

B(x, y, z)

0
[3 (m r) r m]
4r3

0 3 (m r) r m
3
4
r5
r
#
"
+ my y
+ mz z
)
0 3 (mx x + my y + mz z) (x
x + y
y + z
z) (mx x

5/2
3/2
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(2)

And we can write

Bx
By
Bz

0
4

"

0
4

"

0
4

"

3 (mx x + my y + mz z) x
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

5/2

3 (mx x + my y + mz z) y
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

5/2

3 (mx x + my y + mz z) z
5/2

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

mx
3/2

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

my
3/2

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

mz
3/2

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

(3)

Then we will show that we can get expressions in equation (3) from B =
A in rectangular coordinat.
The first problem in this exercise is expressing potential vector A in rect-

angular coordinat. We can can do it using the terms in equation (1)

A =
=
=

0 m r
4 r3
+ my y
+ mz z
) (x
0 (mx x
x + y
y + z
z)
3/2
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
+ (mz x mx z) y
+ (mx y my x) z

0 (my z mz y) x
3/2
2
2
2
4
(x + y + z )

(4)

(5)

Using expression A in equation (4) and vector triple product in equation

(1-121) in the book, we can write B



0 m r
0
r
B = A=
=

4 r3
4
r3
r

0 h
r
ri
r
=
3 m ( m) 3 + 3 m (m ) 3
4
r
r
r
r
(6)





We know that the second term ( m) rr3 and the third term rr3 m
of equation (6) are zero (0) because m is constant (not a function of any
variable) as it can be seen from equation (1). The fisrt term is also zero
because rr3 = 0 as we can check it in rectangular coordinat:
!



x
x + y
y + z
z
r
+
+

x
y
z
3 =
3/2
r
x
y
z
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
!
!

x
y
+
=
x (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
y (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
!

z
+
z (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2

!
3 x2 + y 2 + z 2
3
=

=0
(7)
3/2
5/2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
Then the remaining term of equation (6) is the last term
ri
0 h
(m ) 3
B =
4 "
r
#


0

x
x + y
y + z
z
=
mx
+ my
+ mz
4
x
y
z (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
We can solve equation (8) using two methods.

(8)

(a) Direct calculation in rectangular coordinate

For the x component of B
"
!#

0

x
Bx =
mx
+ my
+ mz
3/2
4
x
y
z
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
"
#
0 3x (mx x + my y + mz z)
mx
=

(9)
5/2
3/2
2
2
2
2
4
(x + y + z )
(x + y 2 + z 2 )
The y and z component of B can be calculated using the same method
#
"
0 3y (mx x + my y + mz z)
my
By =

5/2
3/2
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
"
#
0 3z (mx x + my y + mz z)
mz
Bz =

(10)
5/2
3/2
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
Comparing equation (9) and (10) with equation (3), we can see that
thats all are the same expression. QED.
(b) Using tensor notation
We can write equation (8) in tensor notation as
0 h
ri
B =
(m ) 3
4 "
r
#


0

xj ej
mi
=
4
xi (x2j )3/2
"
!
!#
0 mi
xj
ej

1
=
+ xj ej
4
xi (x2j )3/2
xi (x2j )3/2
"
!
!#
x
3xj xji
0 mi
ej
=
ij
+ xj ej
4
(x2j )3/2
(x2j )5/2
"
!
!#
0
ej
3mi xj ij
=
mi ij
+ xj ej
4
(x2j )3/2
(x2j )5/2
"
!
#
0
3mj xj
mj ej
=
xj ej

4
(x2j )5/2
(x2j )3/2


0 (3m r) r m
=

4
r5
r3
0
=
[(3m r) r m] QED
(11)
4r3
2. Exercise 19-10 : A point dipole m1 is located at r1 and another point
dipole m2 is at r2 . Either by direct calculation or by transcription of the
corresponding results for the electric case, show that the potential energy
3

of m2 in the induction of m1 is given by the dipole-dipole interaction

energy


i
0 h
0

UDD
(m

m
)

3
m

R
m

R
(19 56)
=
1
2
1
2
4R3
where R = r2 r1 . Similarly, find the force F2 on m2 .
Solution : Magnetic field produced by m1 in position m2 can be calculated from equation (19-55)

i
0 h 
R
m1
3
m

R
B1 =
(12)
1
4R3
with
R = r2 r1
|R| =
=

(x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2 + (z2 z1 )2

1/2
x2 + y 2 + z 2

1/2
(13)

Then the potentioal energy of m2 is

0
UDD

=
=
=

m2 B1
h

 i
0
R

3
m

R
2
1
1
4R3 h


i
0

(m

m
)

3
m

R
m

R
1
2
1
2
4R3

(14)

and the force on m2 is

F2

0
= UDD
= (m2 B1 )

= B1 ( m2 ) + m2 ( B1 ) + (B1 ) m2 + (m2 ) B1
(15)
The first and third term of equation (15) are zero because m2 is contant.
The second term is also zero because the source of radiation B1 is in m1
but our integral is over m2 , so there are no source of magnetic field (J = 0)
enclosed by the integral
Z
I
( B1 ) da2 = B1 ds2 = 0 J = 0
(16)
Then the remaining term for F2 is
F2

= (m2 B1 ) = (m2 ) B1



i

0 h 

=
m2x
+ m2y
+ m2z
3
m

R
R

m
1
1
x2
y2
z2
4R3



0

3 (m1 R) R m1
=
m2x
+ m2y
+ m2z
3 (17)
4
x2
y2
z2
R5
R

There are two methods to solve equation (17).

4

(a) Direct calculation in Cartesian coordinat

The x component of F2 are



0
m1x

3x (m1x x + m1y y + m1z z)

F2x =
2
m2x
+ m2y
+ m2z
4
x
y
z
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )3/2


2
0
3 (2xm1x + ym1y + zm1z ) 15x (xm1x + ym1y + zm1z )
3xm1x
=
m2x

+ 2
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )7/2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )5/2


0
15xy (xm1x + ym1y + zm1z )
3ym1x
3xm1y
+

+ 2
m2y
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )7/2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )5/2


0
15xz (xm1x + ym1y + zm1z )
3zm1x
3xm1z
+

+ 2
m2z
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )7/2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )5/2


0 3m1x (xm2x + ym2y + zm2z ) 3m2x (xm1x + ym1y + zm1z )
=
+
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2


0 3x(m1x m2x + m1y m2y + m1z m2z )
+
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2


0 15x(xm2x + ym2y + zm2z )(xm1x + ym1y + zm1z )

(18)
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )7/2
Using the same method, y and z components of F2 are


0 3m1y (xm2x + ym2y + zm2z ) 3m2y (xm1x + ym1y + zm1z )
F2y =
+
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2


0 3y(m1x m2x + m1y m2y + m1z m2z )
+
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2


0 15y(xm2x + ym2y + zm2z )(xm1x + ym1y + zm1z )

4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )7/2


0 3m1z (xm2x + ym2y + zm2z ) 3m2z (xm1x + ym1y + zm1z )
F2z =
+
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2


0 3z(m1x m2x + m1y m2y + m1z m2z )
+
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2


0 15z(xm2x + ym2y + zm2z )(xm1x + ym1y + zm1z )

(19)
4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )7/2
Then
F2

+ F2y y
+ F2z z

= F2x x


30
+ (m1 R)m

=
(m1 m2 )R
2 + (m2 R)m1 5(m1 R)(m2 R)R
6
4R
(20)

(b) Using tensor notatation

We can write equation (17) as



0
m1k ek

(3m1j xj )xk ek
F2 =

m2i
4
xi
(x2k )5/2
(x2k )3/2

 



0

xj xk
1
=
e

m
m
ek
3m2i m1j
k
2i
1k
4
xi (x2k )5/2
xi (x2k )3/2



0
xj
xk
xj
xk

1
=
+
ek
3m2i m1j
+
x
x
j k
4
xi (x2k )5/2
xi (x2k )5/2
(x2k )5/2 xi


0

1
ek

m2i m1k
4
xi (x2k )3/2


0
xk
xj
xj xk (5xk ki )
0
3xk ki
=
3m2i m1j ji
+

+
ek
m2i m1k
ek
ki
4
4
(x2k )5/2
(x2k )5/2
(x2k )7/2
(x2k )5/2


0 3m2i m1i xk
3m2k m1j xj
15m2i m1j xj xi xk
0 3m2i m1k xi
ek +
=
+

ek
4
4 (x2k )5/2
(x2k )5/2
(x2k )5/2
(x2k )7/2


15(m1 R)(m2 R)R 3(m2 R)m1
0 3(m1 m2 )R 3(m1 R)m2
+

+
=
4
R5
R5
R7
R5


30
+ (m1 R)m

=
(m1 m2 )R
(21)
2 + (m2 R)m1 5(m1 R)(m2 R)R
6
4R
3. Exercise 19-12 : A circular ring of radius a lies in the xy plane with
the origin at its center. It carries a current I circulating clockwise when
viewed from a point on the positive z axis. A point dipole m = m
z is on
the z axis. Find the z component of the force on m.
Solution : Magnetic field produced by I in the dipole m position is
I
Ids R
0
(22)
B=
4 C
R3
with
R = z
z (x
x + y
y) = z
z (a cos
x + a sin
y)


1/2
R = a2 + z 2
ds
ds R

= dx
x + dy
y = a sin d
x + a cos d
y
= a (z cos
x + z sin
y + a
z) d

(23)

and because the current I circulates clockwise, it has negative sign, so

Z
0 Ia 2 z cos
x + z sin
y + a
z
B =
d
4 0
(a2 + z 2 )3/2
0 Ia2

=
z
(24)
3/2
2 (a2 + z 2 )
The potential energi of dipole m is
U

m B

m
z

0 Ia2

0 mIa2

z
=
3/2
3/2
2 (a2 + z 2 )
2 (a2 + z 2 )
6

(25)

Then the force on m is

F

= U =
=

30 mIa2 z
2 (a2 + z 2 )

5/2

0 mIa2
3/2

2 (a2 + z 2 )

(26)