DR.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW

UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT- POLITICAL SCIENCE

TOPIC-

INDO-CHINA RELATIONS.

SUBMITTED TO-

SUBMITTED BY-

Mr. Brajesh Mishra

Anuj Kumar
B.A. LLB. (1st sem.)

RMLNLU

Roll no. - 36

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On the successful completion of this project I would like to express my sincere gratitude
towards my subject teacher Mr. Brajesh Mishra for his support and guidance.
Sincere thanks to my seniors and friends for being a great support throughout.
This section cannot be complete without acknowledging Dr. Madhu Limaya Library
(RMLNLU) for providing all useful information that helped me throughout my research.

- Anuj Kumar

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Introduction..............................................................................page no. 4
Indo-China relations- a glimpse of past.................................page no. 6
Indo-China relations present scenario................................page no. 7
Problems in this relation..........................................................page no. 9
Prerequisites for success.........................................................page no. 10
Indo-China geographical overview.....................................page no. 11
Conclusion ...............................................................................page no. 11
Bibliography............................................................................page no. 12

 INTRODUCTION
Long long ago, we all were taught to recite- hindi chini bhai bhai. Today India and China
are two major arising powers of Asia. Both of them are progressing in evry field, be it
economic, security, military strength with leaps and bounds. According to Canadian
business online indo-china relation will strengthen key relationships in the world's
second-largest economy, open doors for our small- and medium-sized businesses to new
opportunities and unlock long-term success for Albertans in China .
Chinese premier Wen Jiabao when visiting India recently when meeting with his
counterpart Dr. Manmohan Singh claimed that "The relationship between China and
India has experienced an unusual course of development over the past 60 years,"
The first footstep started on April 1, 1950 . India was the second country to establish
diplomatic relations with China among the non-socialist countries. In 1954, Chinese
Premier Zhou Enlai and Indian Prime Minister Nehru exchanged visits and jointly
initiated the famous Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Indian Prime Minister,
Rajiv Gandhi's visit to China in December1988, facilitated a warming trend in relations.

REPUBLIC OF INDIA

PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA

POPULATION

1,210,193,422

1,339,724,852

AREA

3,287,240 km

9,640,821 km

POPULATION
DENSITY

382 km2

139.6 km2

G.D.P.

US$ 1.825 trillion

US$ 8.227 trillion

HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
INDEX

0.554

0.669

MILLITARY
EXPENDITURE

US$45.785 BILLION

US$166.107 BILLION

MAN POWER

Active troops 1,325,000

Acctive troops 2,285,000

 INDO-CHINA RELATIONS, A GLIMPSE OF PAST The cultural relations between India and China can be traced back to very early times.
There are numerous references to China in Sanskrit texts, but their chronology is sketchy.
The Mahabharata refers to China several times, including a reference to presents brought
by the Chinese at the Rajasuya Yajna of the Pandavas; also, the Arthasastra and the
Manusmriti mention China. According to French art historian, Rene Grousset, the name
China comes from "an ancient" Sanskrit name for the regions to the east, and not, as often
supposed, from the name of the state of Ch'in," the first dynasty established by Shih
Huang Ti in 221 B.C. The Sanskrit name Cina for China could have been derived from
the small state of that name in Chan-si in the northwest of China, which flourished in the
fourth century B.C. Scholars have pointed out that the Chinese word for lion, shih, used
long before the Chin dynasty, was derived from the Sanskrit word, simha, and that the
Greek word for China, Tzinista, used by some later writers, appears to be derivative of the
Sanskrit Chinasthana. According to Terence Duke, martial arts went from India to
China. Fighting without weapons was a specialty of the ancient Kshatriya warriors of
India. Both Arnold Toynbee and Sir L. Wooley speak of a ready made culture coming to
China. That was the Vedic culture of India.
Until recently, India and China had coexisted peacefully for over two thousand years.
This amicable relationship may have been nurtured by the close historical and religious
ties of Buddhism, introduced to China by Indian monks at a very early stage of their
respective histories, although there are fragmentary records of contacts anterior to the
introduction of Buddhism.
Gerolamo Emilio Gerini (1860 -1913) has said: During the three or four centuries,
preceding the Christian era, we find Indu (Hindu) dynasties established by adventurers,
claiming descent from the Kshatriya potentates of northern India, ruling in upper Burma,
in Siam and Laos, in Yunnan and Tonkin, and even in most parts of southeastern China."
The Chinese literature of the third century is full of geographic and mythological
elements derived from India. "I see no reason to doubt," comments Arthur Waley in his
book, The Way and its Power, "that the 'holy mountain-men' (sheng-hsien) described by
Lieh Tzu are Indian rishi; and when we read in Chuang Tzu of certain Taoists who
practiced movements very similar to theasanas of Hindu yoga, it is at least a possibility
that some knowledge of the yoga technique which these rishi used had also drifted into
China."

 INDO-CHINA RELATIONS, PRESENT SCENARIO

We can say that the approach of India towards china changed from Blind Optimism to
Cautious pragmatism.
To understand the importance of this relation better, let us first examine the main reasons
so as why is this relationship so important for both of these countries. Well these are also
the reasons so as why there has always been strain between relation of these countries.
Chinas quiet but steady plans of increasing its military capabilities are not going
unnoticed! Reports emanating from the Pentagon, early last week, have confirmed that it
has successfully deployed long range CSS-5 missiles close to the Indian border while also
having developed contingency plans to move airborne forces to the region at very short
notice. Quite naturally, this is of serious concern to India, considering the long standing
not-so-friendly relations that both countries have shared over the years, a culmination of
which was witnessed in 1962 when Chinese aggression against India came at a very
unexpected time, at the backdrop of the Indo-China cooperation effort that was supposed
to spearhead the beginning of a warm bilateral relationship between both nations!
It may be recalled that, not very long ago, China tried to block a $2.9 billion loan that
India had sought from the Asian Development Bank, citing that it was purported for use
in Arunachal Pradesh, a region China claims to be part of its territory! Such concerted
attempts by the Chinese are not few or far apart these days and seem to be well
orchestrated as is its view of emerging India and its imminently rising socio-economic
status! China has, during the recent past, engaged in massive infrastructure development
along the border with India, strengthening road and rail networks, aimed to augment
operations by the PLA in the possible hope of arm-twisting its neighbour and gaining
superiority in the region! So long as such projects continue to be undertaken unbridled,
there is a looming danger of Chinese incursions on a large and more determined scale and
the Government of India needs to ensure that steps are taken to recognize such threats by
putting into place countermeasures of deterrence, or in the present circumstances, defence
at least!
Alarmingly, the Indian side remains yet to be strengthened by dependable road and rail
networks that could help mobilization of troops and resources in the event of a Chinese
misadventure. That Chinese incursions are happening in a very slow and inch-by-inch
manner does not mean that they are not happening at all. China is also supplying the local
populace with essential commodities and supplies fully aware of the sheer scale of
neglect by the Indian side. By doing this, it hopes to gain confidence of the people in the
region, another threat that the Government of India must recognize immediately.
Furthermore, Chinas record of completing strategic projects well ahead of schedule and
the fact that contingents of the Indian army need to walk for days together to reach the
border are not helping the Indian side in any manner.

 INDIA India, meanwhile, has launched its first aircraft carrier, unveiled on Monday. Thats
a challenge to China, the Global Times editorialized. China should speed up its construction
of domestic aircraft carriers, it said. The earlier China establishes its own aircraft carrier
capabilities, the earlier it will gain the strategic initiative.
India has tripled military spending over the past 10 years and in February announced more
spending, with a 14 percent increase in defense outlays. The border dispute between India
and China isnt as hot as the one between Japan and China, but it involves much more land:
India says China is occupying 38,000 square kilometers of Indian territory in Jummu and
Kashmir (the much-disputed region in the north of India that is also claimed by Pakistan).
China says India is occupying 90,000 square kilometers of Chinese territory in Arunachal
Pradesh (a state in northeastern India near Bhutan and Tibet).
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in July approved the deployment of 50,000 more troops
near the Chinese border, according to a report by the Press Trust of India. The new strike
force would include C-130J Hercules aircraft made by Lockheed Martin (LMT). One
problem: the price tag. Adding that many more troops could cost as much as 650 billion
rupees ($10.5 billion). A few days later, a Defence Ministry official told Bloomberg News of
a plan for an additional strike force near the Chinese border in the state of West Bengal.

PROBLEMS IN THIS RELATION PROBLEM IN VIEW POINT

There has always been a perception problem amidst these two countries. In India, media has
always portrayed China as a dangerous competitor while in China, India is always viewed by
some nationalists express a strong dislike towards India. They need to realise that India needs
to be viewed as a strong economic and global power. The mutual distrust between the two
peoples has undoubtedly affected the development of the relationship between their countries
and may continue to do so.
BORDER ISSUES
The India-China border and other territorial disputes, along with the issue of Tibet, restrict
the establishment of political trust. Such a bilateral security dilemma is difficult to solve and
is not conducive to co-operation. India has been concerned with Chinas infrastructure
building in Tibet, which it views as a strengthening of Chinas strategic advantage in the
region. According to the Indian media, Prime Minister Singh agreed to station an additional
90,000 troops along Indias border with China in 2012. Although India has officially
recognised that Tibet is part of China, it still hosts the Tibetan independence force. Moreover,
given that China and Pakistan maintain a quasi-alliance, while India and Pakistan are still
hostile to each other, the power-balance game is still being played in the region. China is also
very sensitive about Indias recent involvement in oil exploration in the South China Sea and
its actions to strengthen maritime co-operation with Japan, which has disputes with China
over islands in the region. The so-called String of Pearls strategy, which suggests that
China is constraining India by constructing ports and bases in the Indian Ocean region, has
been heavily covered by the Indian media.
THE PAKISTAN FACTOR
China, sensing the presence of a viable buffer to India's strengthening position in
the subcontinent, in the geographically vast and populous nation of Pakistan,
moved to make clear overtures to the country's leaders in a bid to win them over.
Pakistan, with the animosity towards India that it had inherited at its very
inception, was ideal to keep India tied up in conflict and to prevent its ascent,
especially as a nuclear power in Asia.
TIBET
While the border issue has remained more central to India, the concerns over
Tibet have always been more pertinent for Beijing. India had to concede its
privileges in Tibet to China, post its independence as granted by British
administrators, which included the right to maintain a small diplomatic mission in
some Tibetan territories. When China invaded and occupied Tibet in late 1949,
the Indian leadership remained silent of that, too, fearing Chinese belliger ence

towards their own borders, which was to be avoided at all cost in the Cold War
conditions of the time.

PREREQUSITES FOR SUCCESS -

The key to achieving this partnership is to abolish both the Cold War mentality and the
concept of sphere of influence. India and China should not see South Asia or East Asia as
being solely under their respective spheres of influence. For its part, India should understand
that China respects the special role that India plays in South Asia and work with Beijing to
promote the development and stability of the region. Chinas active approach in South Asia
and the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation does not aim at eliminating the
influence of India; its involvement concerns the fact that it shares borders with South Asian
countries. If we judge a country geographically, China could also be seen as a South Asian
country, in the sense that the South Asian-influenced Tibetan Plateau comprises a quarter of
Chinas overall territory. Historically, culturally and geographically, China has had close ties
with South Asian countries and India does not need to be nervous about Chinas engagement
with the region. Taking economic development as an example, Chinas south-western
provinces, such as Sichuan and Yunnan, have strong interests in promoting business
connections with South Asia, as they see this region as a major market and investment
destination. Chinas investment in the ports of the region ispurely for commercial purposes.
This investment is important because China needs commercial ports on the Indian Ocean for
transportation across the region, which is very important for Chinas trade and its energy
supplies.
In turn, China should also accept the reality that India is an important player in East Asia.
India, as an emerging power, has been seen as an economic opportunity by many regional
countries. For example, the prime minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong , once commented
that the historical origin of Singapore was due to trade between China and India. It now
seems that history is repeating itself, as an opportunity exists for Singapore in linking the two
countries. It is natural for India to pursue its interests in the region, as East Asia is the most
robust economy in the world, particularly since the Global Financial Crisis.
Some Chinese intellectuals have expressed concern that India could ally with the US to
constrain China. Judging from developments since 2010, however, there is no evidence that
India has formed a strong alliance with the US to compete with China. For example, India
refused to join in the proposed quadrilateral security mechanism comprising the US, Japan,
India and Australia. Regardless of the effort the US has put into trying to draw India closer by
emphasising shared values and democratic institutions, Indian policymakers have remained
as neutral as possible and developed foreign policy based on Indias own national interests.
India has its own goal of great power status and understands that a good relationship with
China is the key to achieving it. Both countries are latecomers to the international system and
passive receivers of the existing international norms and rules. Hostility between these two
countries will only weaken the alliance between the emerging countries in attempting to
reform the global order

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 INDO-CHINA GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW

China and India are separated by the formidable geographical obstacles of the Himalayas.
China and India today share a border along the Himalayas with Nepal and Bhutan acting
as buffer states. Parts of the disputed Kashmir region claimed by India are claimed and
administered by either Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit and Baltistan) or by the PRC
(Aksai Chin). The Government of Pakistan on its maps shows the Aksai Chin area as mostly
within China and labels the boundary "Frontier Undefined" while India holds that Aksai Chin
is illegally occupied by the PRC.
China and India also dispute most of Arunachal Pradesh at the far eastern end of the
Himalayas. However, both countries have agreed to respect the Line of Actual Control here;
the area just north of Tawang is seen as a potential flashpoint.

CONCLUSIONIn conclusion I would like to say that, even after years of independence, India is surrounded
by such silent enemies. Where a step mistaken can lead to war.
Ek tooti hui zanjeer ki fariyaad hai hum;
Aur duniya samajhti hai ki aazad hai hum,
Is daur-e-tarakki ne kya diya hume;
Kal bhi barbaad the aur aaj bhi burbaad hain hum.
Indian government should pay heed to its relation with China and both of the countries need
to understand that they are prerequisites to each other and good relations need to be
maintained mutually.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHYBooks

China and India: A New Asian Drama.

China and India in the age of globalization.

Websites

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Indo-china-Relations
http://www.cnas.org/asian-power-web
http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-08-16/china-japan-and-indias-asian-arms-race
http://www.mindworkzz.in/recent-developments-in-indo-china-relations.aspx
http://www.hinduwisdom.info/India_and_China.htm

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