Phenylalanine may be converted to Cinnamic acid

NH2
CO2H

CO2H

Tyrosine may be converted to p-Coumaric Acid

NH2

CO2H

CO2H

OH

OH

These are important precursors for a range of well known

Shikimate metabolites ( ArC3 ArC2 Ar C1 )

CO2H
OH
O
Coumarin

OH
Caffeic Acid

NH2
CO2H
OH

Umbelliferone

Anthranillic Acid

UV absorber in
sun tan lotions

CO2H
PABA
P-Amino benzoic Acid

NH2

OH

OH

CH2

Dicoumarol
Anticoagulant (like Warfarin)

Caffeic Acid is converted to Coniferyl Alcohol

CO2H

CO2H
OH

H3CO

OH

HO

Ferulic Acid

CH2OH
H3CO
HO

Coniferyl Alcohol

Coniferyl Alcohol may polymerise to give LIGNIN

OCH3
O
O

H3CO
O

Lignin (sometimes "lignen") is is most commonly derived from wood and

is an integral part of the cell walls of plants.
It is one of most abundant organic compounds on earth after cellulose
and chitin.
Lignin makes up about one-quarter to one-third of the dry mass of wood.

In gardening terms lignification is when plants harden timberlike !

AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS

There are 6 different biosynthetic routes for
the 20 amino acids

1. From Shikimic Acid

The 3 Aromatic Amino acids:

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

2. From -Keto glutarate (from TCA Cycle)

HO2C

HO2C
C5

Glutamic Acid

CO2H

H2N

CO2H
HN
NH2
HN

NH2
H2N

CO2H
O

Glutamine

N
H
Proline

CO2H

NH2
CO2H
Arginine

Note: Glutamine to Glutamic Acid is source of N in

many biosynthetic sequences

NH2
H2N

CO2H
O

NH2
HO
CO2H
O
NH3

Glutamine (Gln)

Glutamic Acid (Glu)

3. From Oxaloacetate (from TCA Cycle)

HO2C

HO2C

C4

CO2H

HO2C

NH2

NH2

HO2C

NH2

HO2C

HO2C

NH2

NH2
SMe
H3C

O
Asparagine

Aspartate

CO2H

Methionine

HO2C

H3 C

OH
Threonine

NH2
CH3 Isoleucine

NH2

Lysine

NH2

4. From Pyruvate
HO2C

HO2C

NH2

O
CH3

CH3
HO2C

HO2C

CH3
Leucine

NH2

CH3

H3C

Alanine

NH2
CH3

Valine

5. From 3-Phosphoglycerate
H2N

CO2H

CO2H
H

OH

Cysteine

SH

OP
H2N

CO2H
H

H2 N

Serine

CO2H
OH

Glycine

6. From Ribose-5-Phosphate

H2 N
POH2C

OH
HN

HO OH
Histidine

CO2H

Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

Fructose-1,6-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Ribose 5-Phosphate

1 Amino Acid

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

1,3-Diphosphoglycerate

3-Phosphoglycerate

2-Phosphoglycerate

3 A. Acids

2-Phosphoglycerate

2-Phosphoenol Pyruvate

Pyruvate

3 Amino Acids

Pyruvate
CO2

Acetate
6
Amino
Acids

C2

C6

C4

TCA Cycle converts

Acetate into 2 CO2
Molecules.

CO2

TCA
CYCLE
C4

C5

4 Amino Acids
CO2

O
C

H3C

O2C

SCoA

CO2

CO2-

OH

Oxaloacetate

H2C

CO2-

Citrate

CO2-

C4

-H2O

C6
H2C

CO2CH2
-

CO2-

O2C
C5

- CO2

CO2-

C6

C4

CO2-

H2O
C6

CO2-

H2C

CH2

CO2-

O
CO2

CO2-

Iso Citrate

HO

CO2-

-Keto Glutarate
- CO2

The process begins with the oxidation of pyruvate, producing one CO 2, and
one acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA reacts with the four carbon carboxylic acid, oxaloacetate--to form
the six carbon carboxylic acid, citrate.
Through a series of reactions citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate.
This cycle produces 2 CO2 and consumes 3 NAD+, producing 3 NADH and 3 H+.
Since there are two molecules of Pyruvic acid to deal with, the cycle turns once
more.
The complete end result = 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 4 CO 2