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Research Mathod

Meaning of Research:
Re means: again, a new, over again
Search means: to examine closely and carefully to test and
to try

Definition:
Research is a systemic effort to gain new knowledge.
It is a collection of information about a particular subject.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry specilly to search new facts in any
branch of knowledge or about a particular subject
According to John W.Best (2002) Research may to define as systematic and
objective analysis of controlled observations that may lead to development of
organizations, principles & possibility ultimate control of events.
According to Kothari (2002) Research is a systematic investigation to find solution
to a problem.
Cooper & Schindler (2003) Research in any organization is the inquiry carried out
to provide information for solving problem.
According to Fred N. Kerlinger (2004) Scientific research is systematic controlled,
empirical &critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed
relations among the natural phenomenon.

According to Wolf & Pant (2005) Research activities are deigned to discover
knowledge aid in answering specific questions or issues

Objectives Of Research:

To investigate a subject.
To collect data regarding a problem
To conduct logical or objective study.
To conduct the systematic incury of the subject
For carefully recording reporting and presenting a fact.
The Five goals of Psychology are:
1. DESCRIBING

behavior
2. EXPLAINING why those processes occur
3. PREDICTING future events
4. CONTROLLING/CHANGING behaviors and mental processes
5. OBSERVE so they know what problem their dealing with
Psychologists have four things they do:
describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior

Description: Identifying and classifying behaviors and mental processes as


accurately as possible.
Explanation: Proposing reasons for behaviors and mental processes.
Prediction: Offering educated guesses (or hypotheses) about how a given
condition or set of conditions will affect behaviors and mental processes.
Influence: Using the results of research to solve practical problems that
involve behavior and mental processes.

What is research problem?


A research problem is exactly that a problem that someone like to
research. A problem can be anything that a person find un-satisfactory, a
difficulty of some sort, a state of affairs that need to be change, anything that is
not working as well as it might. Problems involve areas of concern to researchers,
conditions they want to improve, difficulties they want to eliminate, questions for
which they seek answers.
What is psychological research?
Psychological research refers to research that psychologists conduct
to research and analyze the experiences' and behaviors of individuals or groups.
Their research can have educational, occupational, and clinical applications.
Research psychology encompasses the study of behavior for use in academic
settings, and contains numerous areas. It contains the areas of abnormal
psychology, biological psychology, cognitive psychology, comparative psychology,
developmental psychology, personality psychology, social psychology and others.
All branches of psychology can have a research component to them. Research
psychology is contrasted with applied psychology.
Aim of research in psychology
Psychological research refers to research and analyses the experience and
behavior of individual or group. Psychologist conduct research in order to
understand human and animal behavior, Psychologist conduct research to find
ways to measure and develop behavior, to understand way and how events occur
to apply this knowledge, to solve real world problem. it contain the areas such as
abnormal psychology, comparative psychology, developmental psychology, social
psychology etc all branch of psychology can have research components.

Variable
A variable is some thing that can be changed, such as a characteristics or value.
Variable are generally used in psychology experiment to determine if changes to
one thing result in changes to other.
Independent variable

The independent variable is the variable that is controlled and manipulated by


the experimenter. For example, in an experiment on the impact of sleep
deprivation on test performance, sleep deprivation would be the independent
variable.
These are those that the researcher choose to study in order to assess their
possible effects on one or more other variables.
Dependent variable

The dependent variable is the variable that is measured by the experimenter. In


our previous example, the scores on the test performance measure would be
the dependent variable.
Confounding variable
This type of variable is one that may have an impact on the relationship
between the independent and dependent variables.
For example, in our previous description of an experiment on the effects of
sleep deprivation on test performance, other factors such as age, gender, and
academic background may have an impact on the results. In such cases, the
experimenter will note the values of these extraneous variables so this impact
on the results can be controlled
Control variable
Control variable is the variable which can be control. Such as the noise, weather,
atmosphere etc

Situational variable
It is a situation that can effect variable. Situational Variables are factors in the
environment that can unintentionally affect the results of a study. Such variables
include noise, temperature, odors, and lighting. For example, lets say researchers
are investigating the effects of caffeine on mood. One day the air conditioning
breaks down in the lab. The participants who visit the lab that day to take part in
the study get very hot and comfortable, and when filling out the questionnaire to
measure their mood most of them report being in a bad mood.
Extraneous variable

These extraneous variables are related to things in the environment that may
impact how each participant responds. For example, if a participant is taking a
test in a chilly room, the temperature would be considered an
extraneous variable.
What is hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a unsure statement about the relationship between two or
more variables. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you
expect to happen in your study. For example, a study designed to look at the
relationship between sleep deprivation and test performance might have a
hypothesis that states, "This study is designed to assess the hypothesis that sleep
deprived people will perform worse on a test than individuals who are not sleep
deprived."
Unless you are creating a study that is exploratory in nature, your hypothesis
should always explain what you expect to happen during the course of your
experiment or research.

Types of Psychological Research

There are eight (8) basic types of psychological research


Cross sectional research
Cross-sectional research is a research method often used in developmental
psychology, but also utilized in many other areas including social science and
education. This type of study utilizes different groups of people who differ in the
variable of interest, but share other characteristics such as socioeconomic status,
educational background, and ethnicity.
For example, researchers studying developmental psychology might select groups
of people who are remarkably similar in most areas, but differ only in age. By
doing this, any differences between groups can presumably be attributed to age
differences rather than to other variables.
Co-rrelational research

Correlational studies are used to look for relationships between variables. There
are three possible results of a correlational study: a positive correlation, a
negative correlation, and no correlation. The correlation coefficient is a measure
of correlation strength and can range from 1.00 to +1.00.
Positive Correlations: Both variables increase or decrease at the same time. A

correlation coefficient close to +1.00 indicates a strong positive correlation.

Negative Correlations: Indicates that as the amount of one variable

increases, the other decreases (and vice versa). A correlation coefficient close
to -1.00 indicates a strong negative correlation.

No Correlation: Indicates no relationship between the two variables. A

correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no correlation.

Longitudinal research
Longitudinal research is a type of research method used to discover relationships
between variables that are not related to various background variables. This
observational research technique involves studying the same group of individuals
over an extended period of time.
Data is first collected at the outset of the study, and may then be gathered
repeatedly throughout the length of the study. In some cases, longitudinal studies
can last several decades.
The benefit of this type of research is that it allows researchers to look at changes
over time. Because of this, longitudinal methods are particularly useful when
studying development and lifespan issues.
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research gathers information that is not in numerical form. For
example, diary accounts, open-ended questionnaires, unstructured
interviews and unstructured observations. Qualitative data is typically descriptive
data and as such is harder to analyze than quantitative data.
Qualitative research is useful for studies at the individual level, and to find out, in
depth, the ways in which people think or feel (e.g. case studies).
Analysis of qualitative data is difficult and requires accurate description of
participant responses, for example, sorting responses to open questions and

interviews into broad themes. Quotations from diaries or interviews might be


used to illustrate points of analysis. Expert knowledge of an area is necessary to
try to interpret qualitative data and great care must be taken when doing so, for
example, if looking for symptoms of mental illness.

Quantitative Research
Quantitative research gathers data in numerical form which can be put into
categories, or in rank order, or measured in units of measurement. This type of
data can be used to construct graphs and tables of raw data.
Experiments typically yield quantitative data, as they are concerned with
measuring things. However, other research methods, such as observations
and questionnaires can produce both quantitative and qualitative information.
For example, a rating scale or closed questions on a questionnaire would generate
quantitative data as these produce either numerical data or data that can be put
into categories (e.g. yes, no answers). Whereas open-ended questions would
generate qualitative information as they are a descriptive response.
Experimental methods limit the possible ways in which a research participant can
react to and express appropriate social behavior. Findings are therefore likely to
be context-bound and simply a reflection of the assumptions which the
researcher brings to the investigation.

Basic research
The term basic research refers to study and research on pure science that is
meant to increase our scientific knowledge base. This type of research is often
purely theoretical with the intent of increasing our understanding of certain
phenomena or behavior but does not seek to solve or treat these problems.

Basic research is conducted with the intent of increasing the scientific


knowledge base, and to find theoretical truth and understanding (not specifically
to solve practical problems). For example, someone conducting basic research on
cheating behavior may design a study examining whether students from divorced
families cheat more often than students not from divorced families. Notice that
the research is not done to reduce cheating, help people who cheat, or any other
"applied" aspect, but to increase the understanding of cheating behavior.

Applied research
Applied research refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve
practical problems. Applied research is used to find solutions to everyday
problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies. Psychologists
working inhuman factors or industrial fields often do this type of research.
Applied research examines a specific set of circumstances, and its ultimate goal
is relating the results to a particular situation. That is, applied research uses the
data directly for real world application.
Experimental variable
This is conducted to systematically evaluate the effect of independent variable on
dependent variable such as effect of repeated practice on learning.

Summary
Psychologists do more than just wonder about human behavior: they conduct
research to understand exactly why people think, feel, and behave the way they
do. Like other scientists, psychologists use the scientific method, a standardized
way to conduct research. A scientific approach is used in order to avoid bias or
distortion of information. After collecting data, psychologists organize and analyze
their observations, make inferences about the reliability and significance of their
data, and develop testable hypotheses and theories.
Psychological research has an enormous impact on all facets of our lives,
from
how parents choose to discipline their children to how companies package and
advertise their products to how governments choose to punish or rehabilitate
criminals. Understanding how psychologists do research is vital to understanding
psychology itself.

Reference
www.sparknotes.com
www.simplypsychology.or
www.wikipedia.org
www.slideshare.net
www.about.com

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