Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Course Objectives:
Contents
1 Interfaces and Protocols...............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Interfaces..............................................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 A Interface.................................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Abis interface............................................................................................................................1
1.1.3 Ater Interface............................................................................................................................1
1.1.4 Gb Interface..............................................................................................................................2
1.1.5 Qx Interface..............................................................................................................................2
1.2 Protocols..............................................................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Circuit Service Protocols..........................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Packet Service Protocols........................................................................................................12
1.2.3 TCP/IP....................................................................................................................................14
1.2.4 X.25 Protocol..........................................................................................................................15
1.2.5 HDLC Protocol.......................................................................................................................16
2 Basic Signaling Procedure..........................................................................................................................19
2.1 MS Location Update Procedure........................................................................................................19
2.2 IMSI Detach Procedure.....................................................................................................................20
2.3 Mobile-Originated Call and Called Party On-hook Procedure.........................................................21
2.4 Mobile-Terminated Call and Calling Party On-hook Procedure......................................................23
2.5 Intra-cell Handover Procedure..........................................................................................................25
2.6 Inter-cell Handover Procedure...........................................................................................................25
same as A interface except transmission rate of voice signals. The voice signal at A
interface is 64 kbps A-law PCM coded signal while the voice signal at the Ater
interface is the same as that of Abis interface. Ater interface uses SS7 for transmission.
1.1.4 Gb Interface
The interface between BSC and SGSN is the Gb interface.
Gb interface is realized by E1 link between BSC and SGSN. Access rates are N x 64
kbps (1 N 32) or 2048 kbps. Operator specifies the timeslot and bandwidth used on
E1 link.
BSC implements RLC/MAC protocol, NS protocol, and BSSGP on the Gb interface.
1.1.5 Qx Interface
The interface between BSC and the background OMC is the Qx interface. Operation
and maintenance instructions are received at the BSC while system maintenance
information is sent to OMC via the Qx interface.
Qx interface supports the following connection modes:
1.2 Protocols
Two systems can communicate only when they agree to a certain protocol. Interfaces
are the connections between two entities and protocols are the rules for information
exchange using some interface. In application systems, several pieces of equipment and
various devices work together to accomplish a single function. Therefore, they are
interconnected via a variety of interfaces based on specified protocols.
The GSM signaling protocol is based on Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference
model. Fig 1.2 -1 shows the basic structure of OSI, which is a layered topology. First
layer is the Physical or Transmission layer, second is the Link or Network layer, and
third is the Application layer.
2
Applic ation
laye r
33
L ink lay er or
net work lay er
22
Phys ic al lay er o r
trans mis s ion layer
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BTS
BSC
MSC
CM
CM
MM
MM
RR
RR
LapDm
Physical
layer
RR
BTSM
LapDm LapD
Um
BSSAP
BSSAP
BTSM SCCP
SCCP
MTP3
MTP3
MTP2
MTP2
LapD
Abis
CM
A interface
RR
MM
BSSAP
BSSAP
SCCP
SCCP
MTP3
MTP3
MTP2
MTP2
Layer1
Layer1
MSC
BSC
Physical layer
The physical layer defines physical and electrical parameters as well as the
channel structure. This layer connects BSC and MSC physically.
It is implemented through MTP1 of SS7 and uses 2 Mbps PCM digital link for
transmission.
Application layer
The protocol used on application layer is the BSS Application Programs (BSSAP).
It implements maintenance and management of BSS resources and connection,
and removal of services.
Abis interface
RR
BTSM
BTSM
LAPD
LAPD
Layer1
Layer1
BSC
BTS
Physical layer
2 Mbps PCM link is often used
LapD (Link Access Procedure of D Channel) is a data link procedure for signaling
transmission between BTS and BSC, used to implement message transmission between
the L3 entities in the D channel.
LapD is a point-to-multipoint communication protocol which employs frame structure.
LapD implements the following functions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Error detection
5.
Error recovering
6.
7.
Flow control
5
OAMM
FURRM
LapD module
BSC
Physical layer
The LapD module communicates with the physical layer and L3. The L3 protocol is
processed in FURRM.
OAMM configures the parameters such as TEI and values of the timer necessary for
LapD module running.
The LapD module provides two types of information transmission modes for the
FURRM: I-frame multi-frame operation and UI frame operation.
1.
The address field contains SAPI and TEI. It performs addressing for various
units via TEI in the Abis interface link. Generally, a unit has multiple functional
entities, and the logical physical links between different functional entities are
identified by the functional address of SAPI. The LapD supports three types of
information:
Signaling
(including
short
message
information),
O&M
information and LapD layer management information. Links of the three types
of information are distinguished by SAPI. SAPI = 0 represents the signaling
link, SAPI = 62 represents the O&M link, and SAPI = 63 represents the
management link of the LapD layer.
In the control field, N (S) represents the transmitting serial number and the serial
number of the I frame currently transmitted at the sending end; N (R) represents
the receiving serial number and the transmitting serial number of the next
expected I frame. N (R) is used to predict the instruction from the receiving end.
Frame check sequence (FCS) is used for error code detection.
Flag is the beginning and the end token of a frame, namely, eight bits containing
six consecutive 1s.
2.
UI frame operation
The L3 message is transmitted in the non-SN frame mode, and the receiver is
not required to send a confirmation upon reception of a UI frame. This operation
mode does not provide flow control or error recovering mechanism.
Fig 1.2 -7 shows the frame structure of a UI frame. It consists of address field,
control field and information field.
Address
SAPI
TEI
Control
Information
000
0011
The address field contains SAPI and TEI. P in the control field is a query bit. When it is
set to 1, it means that a response frame from the peer entity is required.
Application layer
This layer implements the BTS Management (BTSM) and RR protocol
transmission that includes the radio link management function and operation and
management function.
RR
LAPDm
LAPDm
Layer1
Layer1
BTS
MS
Physical layer
This layer provides transmission channel for wireless links to transmit data
through the radio carrier. It also provides different functional channels for higher
layers including service and logic channels.
This layer provides reliable data links between MS and BTS. It uses the LAPDm
protocol, a derivative of the LAPD and dedicated for GSM.
In GSM, LapDm is a data link protocol for signaling transmission between MS and
BTS, used to implement message transmission in the Dm channel to the L3 entities via
the radio interface. LapDm is based on LapD with some simplification and
modification.
LapDm implements the following functions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Checking the format and operation errors in the data link layer.
6.
7.
Flow control
8.
Supporting access of the burst solution mode after the RACH channel access is
instantly assigned.
OAMM
FURRM
LapDm module
Physical layer
The LapDm module communicates with the physical layer and L3. The L3 protocol is
processed in FURRM. OAMM configures the value of the timer necessary for LapDm
module running.
LapDm module provides two types of message transmission modes for FURRM: Iframe multi-frame operation and UI frame operation In terms of frame structure,
LapDm eliminates the frame delimiter flag (FLAG) and the frame check sequence
(FCS). In LapDm, frame delimitation information is transmitted by means of
synchronization scheme of the radio interface without the beginning frame and end
frame flags. FCS is not available in the LapDm because the transmission scheme in the
physical layer of the Um interface has the error check function.
1.
Control
N(S)
SAPI
Information
N(R)
The I frame in LapDm is made up of the address field, control field and
information field.
The address field contains the service access point identifier (SAPI). On the
radio interface, LapDm supports two types of messages: Signaling and short
message service, distinguished by the SAPI. SAPI = 0 represents the signaling
link, and SAPI = 3 represents the short message link.
The maximum length of LapDm frames on the TCH is 23 bytes, and 21 bytes on
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the SACCH. The reason for this difference is that there are two special-purpose
bytes in each SACCH block: timing advance and transmit power control. Since
the maximum length of a frame on the radio interface is 21 or 23 bytes which
cannot meet the need of majority signaling, segmentation and regrouping are
defined in LapDm. An additional bit is introduced to distinguish the last frame
of a frame from other frames. Thanks to this mechanism, packet length on the
radio channel is not restricted. The only restriction is that these packets must
also be transmitted on other interfaces, namely, 260 bytes mentioned in the radio
interface specification.
In the control field, N (S) represents the sending serial number and the I frames
serial number currently sent by the sending end; N (R) represents the receiving
serial number, the expected sending serial number of the next I frame. N (R) is
used to predict the instruction from the receiving end.
2.
UI frame operation
The L3 message is sent in the non-SN frame mode, and the receiver is not
required to send a confirmation upon reception of a UI frame. This operation
mode does not provide flow control or error recovering mechanism.
The structure of UI frame in LapDm is shown in Fig 1.2 -11.
Address
SAPI
Control
Information
000
0011
The UI frame in LapDm is made up of address field, control field and information
field. The address field contains the service access point identifier (SAPI). P in the
control field is a query bit. When it is set to 1, it means that a response frame from the
peer entity is required.
Application layer
This layer is responsible for control and management protocols and implements
CM, Mobility Management (MM), and RR protocols. It arranges subscriber
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MS
BSS
SGSN
application
IP/X.25
relay
SNDCP
SNDCP
LLC
LLC
relay
BSSGP
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
Network
Service
GSM RF
GSM RF
L1bis
Um
BSSGP
Network
Service
L1bis
Gb
12
MS
application
IP/X.25
BSS
SNDCP
LLC
relay
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
GSM RF
GSM RF
Um interface
GSM RF
GSM RF specifies carrier features, channel structure, modulation mode, and
radio frequency indices. RF part uses the same transfer mode as the GSM circuit
services.
RLC/MAC layer
RLC is the air interface protocol between BTS and MS. Its main functions
include error detection in the Um interface data block, confirmation of the error,
and re-sending selection of the data block.
MAC controls access signaling process in the radio channel. In addition, it also
maps LLC frames to the GSM physical channels.
LLC layer
This layer is a reliable encrypted logical link. It is independent of lower layer
wireless interface protocols, which ensure minimum modification to the network
when another GPRS wireless solution is introduced.
SNDCP
Sub Network Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) is a transition between
the network and data link layers and segments. It compresses IP/X.25 user data
before sending it to the LLC layer for transmission.
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Relay
LLC PDU relay between Um and Gb interfaces.
L1bis
Physical Transport layer
NS
This protocol includes two sub layers: Network Service Control (NSC) layer and
Frame Relay (FR) layer. Based on the FR, the NSC layer transmits the upperlayer BSSGP PDU.
BSSGP
This protocol provides a connectionless link between BSS and SGSN for
unconfirmed data transmission on the transmission platform.
1.2.3 TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is used for foreground and
background communication between BSC and OMCR and implements TCP/IP on the
MP. Following are the TCP/IP standard functions:
Link establishment
The background server initiates link establishment procedure to establish a TCP
link and the foreground MP receives it. MP receives port number of the latest
link establishment request as the port number of current link. Original port
number is not used for data switching by MP. Background is responsible for reestablishing the link in case it is broken.
Data transmission
Data transmission is the radical objective of TCP/IP. FAM and BAM data
transmission is performed in TCP mode.
Connection termination
If MP finds any error in the message, it terminates the connection to enable the
opposite party to resume normal status. MP never terminates an active
connection.
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Upperlayer
protocol
...
Packet level
protocol
.
.
.
Packet
layer
X.25
Frame level
protocol
Data link
layer
Physical level
protocol
Physical
layer
Packet
layer
Data link
layer
Physical
layer
Physical connection
DTE
DCE
Interface
Fig 1.2-14 X.25 Protocol Model
BSC sends messages to CBC through X.25. After the message is assembled in BSC, it
enters the message-sending queue in X.25. The X.25 transmission processor obtains
messages from the sending queue and assembles them into one or more X.25 data
packet formats for transmission.
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CBC sends messages to BSC through X.25. The X.25 receiving processor receives the
CBC message, transfers it to the X.25 message-receiving queue, and then sends the
message to MP.
Communication control implements the control functions of X.25 communication link
including link connection/disconnection, restoring after fault, resetting communication
protocol stack, abnormal communication protection, and communication link
active/standby switching.
Link establishment
Link establishment employs three-channel handshake mode when both
directions of the link are normal. This mode enables one party to originate
synchronous handshake so the other party can respond or both parties can
originate a synchronous handshake simultaneously.
Link selection
Any PP or T network can interact with MP via a pair of COMM boards for data.
MP decides the communication link of COMM board to be used.
Communication control process performs link selection, monitors the link status,
and selects a link for the link-established PP on time basis.
Link holdover
COMM board regularly sends a link holdover message to PP for timely fault
identification of links over which no messages are transmitted for a long time. If
the PP cannot receive the message, service identifier of the link is eliminated and
the link is re-established.
Data transmission
Data transmission is the fundamental aim of HDLC. Reliable transmission is
expected when the data moves from MP to PP or PP to MP.
16
17
BTS
MS
CH REQ
BSC
MSC
CH RQD
CH ACT
CH ACT ACK
IMM ASS CMD
IMM ASS
SABM
EST IND
UA
ENCRY CMD
DI : CIPH MODECOM
CH REL
DEACT SACCH
DISC
REL IND
UA
RF CH REL
RF CH REL ACK
MSC sends a Clear CMD message to BSC, which returns a Clear COM message to
MSC. Meanwhile, BSC sends to BTS a CH REL message to release SDCCH and a
DEACT SACCH message to deactivate SACCH.
BTS sends a CH REL message to MS. MS requests BTS to release radio link (DISC).
BTS returns UA and reports the channel release indication to the BSC.
BSC sends a RF CHL REL message to BTS. BTS returns a RF CHL REL ACK
message. Radio channel is released.
18
BTS
MS
CH REQ
BSC
MSC
CH RQD
CH ACT
CH ACT ACK
IMM ASS CMD
IMM ASS
SABM
EST IND
UA
CR IMSI DETACH
DR CH REL
CH REL
CREF
DEACT SACCH
DISC
REL IND
UA
RF CH REL
RF CH REL ACK
Fig 2.3 -17 shows the mobile-originated call and the called party on-hook procedure.
19
MS
BTS
BSC
CH REQ
MSC
CH RQD
CH ACT
CH ACT ACK
IMM ASS CMD
IMM ASS
SABM
EST IND
UA
CR CM SERV REQ
CC
CIPH MODE
ENCRY CMD
CMD
DI CIPH MODE
COM
DTAP: CM SERV AC
CP
DTAP:SETUP
DTAP:CALL PROC
DT1:ASS REQ
ASS
CMD
SABM
ASS CMD
EST IND
UA
ASS COM
DI ASS COM
RF CH REL
DT1
ASS COM
RF CH REL ACK
DTAP A lerting
DTAP Connect
DTAP Connect ACK
Data flow
DTAP D isconnect
DTAP Release
DTAP Release COM
DR CH REL
CH REL
DEACT SACCH
DISC
REL IND
UA
RF CH REL
RF CH REL ACK
20
21
MS
BTS
BSC
UDT PAG
PAG CMD
PAG REQ
CH REQ
MSC
CH RQD
CH ACT
CH ACT ACK
IMM ASS CMD
IMM ASS
SABM
EST IND
UA
CR PAG RES
CC
CIPH MODE
ENCRY CMD
CMD
DI CIPH MODE C
OM
DTAP:SETUP
DTAP:CALL CONF
DT1:ASS REQ
ASS CMD
SABM
EST IND
UA
ASS COM
DI AS S COM
RF CH REL
RF CH REL ACK
DTAP
DTAP
DTAP
lertin
A
g
Connect
Connect ACK
Data flow
isconnec
t
Releas
DTAP
e
DTAP
DTAP
Release COM
DR CH REL
CH REL
DEACT SACCH
DISC
REL IND
UA
RF CH REL
RF CH REL ACK
22
MS
MEAS REP
BSC
MSC
MEAS RES
PHY CONT REQ
PHY CONT CON
CH ACT
CH ACT ACK
DR : ASS CMD
ASS CMD
SABM
EST IND
UA
ASS COM
DI : ASS COM
RF CH REL
DT1 : HO PERF
RF CH REL ACK
23
MS
BTS1
BTS2
MEAS REP
BSC
MSC
MEAS RES
CH ACT
CH ACT ACK
DRHO CMD
HO CMD
HO ACCESS
HO DET
PHY INFO
SABM
EST IND
UA
HO COM
DIHO COM
DT1HO PERF
RF CH REL
RF CH REL ACK
BTS
BSC
MEAS REP
MEAS REP
24
MS
BTS
BSC
MS POWER CTRL
MS POWER CTRL
BS POWER CTRL
MS reports the measurement data through SACCH. BSC makes the power control
decision and sends the related control commands to BTS. BTS executes power control
commands or forwards the commands to MS.
25